施氮时期对小麦籽粒HMW-GS积累及GMP粒度分布的影响

在225 kg hm^-2施氮水平下, 设置起身肥(SE, GS 30), 拔节肥(JT, GS 32)和孕穗肥(BT, GS 41) 3个追施氮肥处理(底追比1:1), 研究了追肥时期对强筋小麦济南17和弱筋小麦鲁麦21籽粒HMW-GS积累和GMP粒度分布的影响。结果表明, 两品种籽粒HMW-GS于花后14 d均已形成, 济南17籽粒HMW-GS和GMP含量均高于鲁麦21, 说明强筋小麦具有较强的谷蛋白积累能力。济南17成熟期籽粒HMW-GS和GMP含量以SE处理最高, 施氮时期后移其含量呈下降趋势。JT处理显著提高鲁麦21灌浆中后期HMW-GS的积累速度, 延长HMW-GS的快速积累期。济南17 SE处理和鲁麦21 JT处理的籽粒x型亚基(1、4或5、7)在灌浆中后期的积累速率显著提高。追肥时期对y型亚基的积累速率无显著影响。追氮时期后移均提高两品种籽粒GMP小颗粒的(粒径<12 μm)体积和表面积百分比, 降低大颗粒(粒径>100 μm)体积和表面积百分比。济南17粒径>12 μm的GMP颗粒数目百分比因追氮时期后移而增加, 鲁麦21粒径>12 μm的GMP颗粒数目百分比则降低。含4+12亚基的强筋小麦济南17比含5+10亚基的弱筋小麦鲁麦21偏向于更高的大颗粒体积比例, 说明亚基间的聚合和GMP颗粒的分布不仅与亚基类型有关, 而且与单位面粉中亚基的含量密切相关。     

磷肥对小麦籽粒HMW-GS积累及GMP粒度分布的影响

在112.5 kg hm^-2和225 kg hm^-2两种氮水平下,检测了施磷量对强筋小麦山农12籽粒高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)积累及谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)粒度分布的调控效应。结果表明,小麦籽粒HMW-GS在花后14 d已形成, 成熟期籽粒HMW-GS含量表现为施磷处理高于不施磷处理。在低氮条件下,施磷有助于HMW-GS的积累,而在正常施氮条件下过多施磷则不利于其积累。在低氮条件下,粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比随施磷量增加而显著降低;在正常氮水平下,施磷降低粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比,其效应表现施磷0 kg hm^-2处理最大,其次为施磷40 kg hm^-2和100 kg hm^-2处理,施磷160 kg hm^-2处理最小。两种施氮水平下分别增施磷肥,粒径在10~100 μm和>100 μm GMP颗粒的体积百分比均呈现随磷肥用量增加而增加的趋势。在正常氮水平下,各施磷处理间籽粒中GMP颗粒数目百分比无明显差异。成熟期籽粒中HMW-GS含量与粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比呈显著负相关,而与10~100 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比呈显著正相关。说明较大粒径GMP颗粒具有较高的HMW-GS含量。     

氮硫肥配施对小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体含量及粒度分布的影响

以优质小麦品种山农15为材料,研究了氮硫肥配施对小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)含量、高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)含量、低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)含量和谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)粒度分布的调控效应。结果表明,在一定范围内,增施氮肥可提高籽粒GMP含量、高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)含量和低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)含量。增施硫肥对籽粒GMP含量无显著影响,但降低了HMW-GS含量和D区LMW-GS含量,提高了B区和C区LMW-GS含量。增施氮肥和硫肥均降低小粒径(d < 12 µm)GMP颗粒体积和表面积百分比,提高大粒径(d ≥ 12 µm) GMP颗粒体积百分比和表面积百分比,但对GMP颗粒数目百分比无显著影响。相关性分析显示,C区LMW-GS含量与小粒径GMP颗粒体积百分和表面积百分比均呈显著负相关。说明增施氮肥能改变籽粒GMP的绝对含量,增施硫肥却改变籽粒GMP亚基的相对含量。増施氮肥和硫肥对大粒径GMP颗粒的体积及表面积分布均有正向效应;LMW-GS,特别是C区LMW-GS在大粒径GMP颗粒形成中起重要作用。     

三种禾谷类作物强、弱势粒淀粉粒形态与粒度分布的比较

本研究以水稻品种武运粳24和扬两优6号、小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13及玉米品种登海11和农乐988为试验材料,分别提取其成熟期强、弱势粒的淀粉粒,观察比较不同作物及其强、弱势粒间淀粉粒形态和淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分布特性。结果表明,3种禾谷类作物间淀粉粒形态大小差异明显,粒径表现为玉米>小麦>水稻。水稻淀粉粒呈有棱角的无规则状,小麦淀粉粒呈透镜体状或球体状,玉米淀粉粒呈椭球体状、多面体状或圆球体状。水稻和玉米淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分别成单峰、三峰和双峰分布;小麦淀粉粒数量呈单峰分布,体积呈微弱的四峰分布,表面积呈三峰分布。水稻、小麦和玉米淀粉粒按各自粒径不同人为划分为小淀粉粒、中淀粉粒和大淀粉粒,分界线分别为1.5 μm和20.0 μm、5.0 μm和50.0 μm、4.0 μm和50.0 μm。3种作物籽粒淀粉粒的总体积主要决定于中淀粉粒体积。3种作物的强、弱势粒间小淀粉粒粒度分布比例及中淀粉粒所占数量比例没有明显差异,但各作物强势粒的中淀粉粒所占的体积和表面积比例均显著高于弱势粒,大淀粉粒的分布比例低于弱势粒。强、弱势粒的中淀粉粒所占体积比例与其淀粉积累量和粒重的高低变化趋势一致。表明淀粉粒体积是决定粒重的一个重要因素,增加弱势粒的中淀粉粒体积或减小大淀粉粒体积可望增加其粒重。     

T6VS?6AL染色体易位与小麦籽粒HMW-GS和GMP积累的关系

从一套由92R137 (普通小麦-簇毛麦T6VS·6AL染色体易位系)和辉县红(地方小麦品种)杂交及以单粒传方法构建的F₈重组近交家系(RIL)群体中, 筛选出4个HMW-GS亚基组合相同而蛋白质含量差异较大的代表性家系(含和不含染色体易位片段的家系各一组), 采用SDS-PAGE电泳和切胶比色的亚基定量方法, 研究了不同家系小麦籽粒灌浆期间HMW-GS和GMP含量动态。结果表明, 小麦籽粒各亚基在花后13 d均已形成, 但不同亚基起始形成时间不同;各亚基含量随灌浆进程呈上升趋势, 花后23 d到成熟期为快速积累期。染色体易位片段对籽粒HMW-GS和GMP含量与积累量无显著作用, 而籽粒HMW-GS含量以蛋白含量高的家系高于对应的低蛋白家系。     

花后干旱和渍水对小麦籽粒HMW-GS及GMP含量的影响

采用SDS-PAGE和切胶比色进行亚基定量，研究花后干旱和渍水对小麦强筋品种豫麦34和弱筋品种扬麦9号籽粒HMW-GS和GMP含量的影响。结果表明，两品种的干旱处理和豫麦34淹水处理在花后10 d籽粒HMW-GS形成，两品种对照和扬麦9号淹水处理在花后15 d籽粒HMW-GS形成，说明花后干旱提早了小麦籽粒HMW-GS的起始形成。干旱促进了小麦籽粒HMW-GS早期积累，但对后期积累不利，使快速积累期缩短，渍水处理更明显缩短籽粒HMW-GS快速积累期。两品种成熟期总HMW-GS和GMP含量表现为对照>干旱>渍水，且豫麦34各处理大于扬麦9号的对应处理。     

小麦品质的麦谷蛋白亚基评定标准研究

测定了233份小麦面粉样品的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)含量、Zeleny-沉降值和谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)含量,并根据SDS-PAGE结果计算了其Payne亚基品质评分.结果表明,不同HMW-GS含量差异显著,不同HMW-GS所对应品种的HMW谷蛋白总量、沉降值、GMP含量、Payne品质评分平均值也存在显著差异,说明不同亚基对品质的影响存在显著差异.HMW谷     

不同高分子量谷蛋白亚基组合的小麦籽粒蛋白组分及其谷蛋白大聚合体的积累规律

用12个含有不同高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）的小麦品种(或品系)研究了小麦籽粒蛋白、蛋白组分的积累规律及谷蛋白大聚合体与总蛋白比率的动态变化。结果表明：（1）幼粒中的清蛋白和球蛋白含量在灌浆初期快速积累，然后逐渐下降，成熟期又略有上升；不同HMW-GS组合对其没有明显影响；（2）醇溶蛋白在花后16 d左右大量积累，     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基与小麦品质性状关系的研究

采用SDS-PAGE方法, 通过对4个优质亲本与3个农艺亲本间杂交获得的F2群体的每一单株及其亲本进行小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成分析, 并对每一F2单株上F3籽粒群体的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成与其籽粒蛋白质含量、 SDS-沉降值的关系进行研究,结果表明：小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成不同的群体间籽粒蛋白质含量差异不显著     

大穗型小麦品种强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累和相关酶活性的比较

在大田条件下, 以两个大穗型小麦品种山农12和PH01-35为材料, 对籽粒发育过程中强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累及其相关酶活性变化进行了比较研究。结果表明, 两品种强势粒直链淀粉积累量和支链淀粉积累量均高于弱势粒。Logistic方程模拟淀粉积累过程, 强势粒淀粉积累起始势(C₀)高, 活跃持续期长, 平均积累速率(R_mean)高, 最终淀粉积累量高。 籽粒蔗糖合酶(SS)、ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、UDPG焦磷酸化酶(UGPase)、可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合酶(GBSS)活性均呈单峰曲线变化, 强势粒上述酶活性均高于弱势粒。花后7~21 d, 弱势粒蔗糖含量明显高于强势粒, 表明弱势粒淀粉积累量低, 并不以其淀粉合成底物的供给为限制因子, 而主要与淀粉合成能力低有关, 同时与籽粒灌浆前期胚乳细胞的数量关系密切。     

Effects of Post-Anthesis Drought and Waterlogging on Accumulation of High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits and Glutenin Macropolymers Content in Wheat Grain

Drought and flooding during grain filling have become major constraints to wheat quality and yield. The impacts of water deficits and waterlogging during the grain filling on contents of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and of glutenin macropolymers (GMP) in grains of the winter wheat cultivar Yumai 34 with high grain protein content (GPC) and Yangmai 9 with low GPC were studied. At maturity, GPC was higher under drought and lower under waterlogging compared to the control, while contents of GMP and HMW-GS were reduced by the two water-stress treatments. The contents of both HMW-GS and GMP were higher in Yumai 34 than in Yangmai 9. A drought event after anthesis increased the accumulation of HMW-GS during the early grain filling stage. By contrast, waterlogging reduced the accumulation of HMW-GS during the whole grain filling phase. At maturity, the HMW-GS and GMP to protein ratios were also depressed under the two water-stress events, while the HMW-GS to GMP ratio was very close between the three treatments in Yumai 34 and much higher under the control than the drought and waterlogging treaments in Yangmai 9. It is concluded that the variation in GMP content with various water-stress treatments is attributed to the changing in accumulation of HMW-GS in the grain.     

冬小麦高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基形成时间和积累强度及其与沉降值的关系

采用6个不同品质类型冬小麦品种研究高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基形成时间和积累强度及其与沉降值的关系。结果表明, 在籽粒形成过程中,各品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）开始形成时间及形成速度不同,低分子量谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）B区在花后10 d基本形成;随着籽粒发育,HMW-GS和LMW-GS的类型和积累量都逐渐增多。强筋小麦     

Independent and Combined Effects of Soil Warming and Drought Stress During Anthesis on Seed Set and Grain Yield in Two Spring Wheat Varieties

Increase in soil temperature together with decrease in soil moisture during anthesis of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L) crops is predicted to occur more frequently in a future climate in Denmark. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of two Danish spring wheat varieties (Trappe and Alora) to soil warming (H), drought (D) and both (HD) during anthesis. The plants were grown in pots in a climate‐controlled glasshouse. In H, the soil temperature was increased by 3 °C compared with the control (C). In both D and HD treatments, the plants were drought‐stressed by withholding irrigation until all of the transpirable soil water had been depleted in the pots. Results showed that, particularly under D treatment, Alora depleted soil water faster than Trappe. In both varieties, flag leaf relative water content (RWC) was significantly lowered, while spikelet abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was significantly increased by D and HD treatments. Compared with the C plants, D and HD treatments significantly reduced ear number, ear to tiller ratio, shoot biomass, grain yield, harvest index and seed set but hardly affected tiller number and 1000‐kernel weight, whereas H treatment alone only decreased shoot biomass and reduced seed set. When analysed across the varieties and the treatments, it was found that the reduction in seed set was closely correlated with the increase in spikelet ABA concentration, indicating that D and HD treatments induced greater spikelet ABA concentrations might have caused seed abortion. It was concluded that the grain yield reduction under D and HD treatments during anthesis in spring wheat is ascribed mainly to a lowered seed set and wheat varieties (i.e. Alora) with more dramatic increase in spikelet ABA concentration are more susceptible to D and HD treatment.     

滴灌带布置模式对冬小麦干物质积累、分配和运转的影响

为了研究滴灌带布置模式对冬小麦籽粒灌浆,干物质积累、分配和运转的影响,以‘青麦7号’为材料,采用4种滴管带布置模式（T3：一管三行、T4：一管四行、T5：一管五行、T6：一管六行,对照CK为无灌水处理）分别对冬小麦进行大田栽培处理,对冬小麦籽粒灌浆、干物质积累和运转等指标的测定和分析。结果表明,与CK相比,滴灌冬小麦收获期籽粒干重以及灌浆后期灌浆速率显著提高;成熟期干物质在籽粒中的分配率显著提高;花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率显著提高。不同滴灌带配置模式对冬小麦籽粒灌浆,干物质积累及运转的影响不同。T5处理在灌浆末期保持较高的灌浆速率和籽粒干重。地上部总干物重呈现近似“S”型生长曲线,成熟期干物质在籽粒的分配率表现为T4>T5>T6>T3>CK,且差异显著。花后转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率表现为T5>T4>T6>T3>CK,其中T5处理为58.86%,显著高于其他处理。说明T5处理最利于冬小麦籽粒灌浆,显著提高花后光合器官同化物的积累,获得较高的籽粒产量。