核盘菌侵染拟南芥的过程及其芥子油苷的变化

研究了核盘茵侵染拟南芥哥伦比亚生态型(Col-O)过程中,拟南芥的发病症状、活性氧和芥子油苷组分和含量的变化,及其抗性相关基因和芥子油苷生物合成相关基因表达的变化.结果表明,在侵染过程中,拟南芥的受侵染部位出现黄色水渍状病斑,随发病时间的延长病斑逐渐扩大到整株,其相对含水量逐渐下降,相对电导率不断上升,活性氧(过氧化氢...     

油菜毛状体发育相关基因GLABRA2启动子的克隆与功能验证

GLABRA2(GL2)基因在拟南芥毛状体发育中具有重要作用.实验利用基因组步移巢式PCR的方法,通过两次步移克隆得到一个油菜(Brassica napus)GL2基因启动子序列,序列分析发现它与拟南芥GL2启动子同源性较差,但有一些共同的顺式作用元件如MYB结合位点、G box等,也有油菜GL2基因所特有的应答元件如E-box.将其中具有启动子的基本特征的序列GP1与GUS报告基因融合构建重组载体pBI121-GP1,转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis).用卡那霉素筛选得到10株阳性苗.在T2代转基因株系中有6个株系的绿苗与黄花苗的比例都接近3:1,推定T-DNA是以单拷贝的形式插入拟南芥基因组DNA.GUS组织化学染色表明,GP1调控下报告基因主要在子叶、真叶的表皮毛以及根部的幼嫩组织中表达,与拟南芥GL2基因启动子表达模式基本一致,但也有明显不同:油菜GL2启动子GP1只在表皮毛发育早期强烈表达,而拟南芥GL2启动子调控表皮毛发育的整个过程.     

花生中低温胁迫相关转录因子基因的筛选

为了研究花生低温胁迫下的基因表达调控机理,以花生花育19为材料,通过低温处理后芯片杂交实验,筛选花生叶片中低温胁迫响应转录因子基因。结果表明,175个具有转录调控活性的基因在低温胁迫的花生叶片中表达变化量达到2倍以上,其中92个为上调基因,83个为下调基因。通过基因功能分类分析发现,这些基因中53个上调基因和46个下调基因编码转录因子。进一步分析发现,参与花生低温抗性调控的转录因子主要包括MYB、WRKY、NAC及AP2/ERF等家族蛋白。此外,一些不包含已知保守结构域的转录因子也参与了花生低温抗性调控。本研究为花生低温抗性调控研究提供了新的转录因子基因资源。     

黄瓜生长素受体同源基因CsAFB和CsTIR在拟南芥中的转化与功能表达

植物生长素受体是生长素信号通路中的重要因子.基于前期克隆得到了黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)生长素受体同源基因生长素信号F-box蛋白基因(auxin signaling F box protein,CsAFB)和转运抑制响应基因(transport inhibitor response,CsTIR),为进一步证实和研究这2个基因的功能,本研究利用拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)Col-0野生型和生长素受体编码基因功能缺陷突变体tirl-1为材料,导入黄瓜生长素受体同源基因,获取纯合转基因系.检测发现,拟南芥突变体tirl-1转入CsAFB/TIR基因后根系发育、外源生长素敏感性和细胞伸长反应均恢复至野生型水平.检测发现,野生型拟南芥中过量表达黄瓜CsAFB/TIR,尤其是Cs TIR基因,植株主根伸长明显受抑,侧根数量剧增,子叶下卷,叶柄上翘,真叶叶缘向离轴面弯曲,顶端优势明显.本研究表明,CsAFB/TIR基因功能类似拟南芥TIR1基因,为黄瓜生长素受体同源基因;过量表达该类基因通过增加生长素受体数量、扩大生长素信号的方式参与调控植物生长发育;为进一步在黄瓜中研究生长素受体功能及作用机理提供理论依据.     

基于不同颜色山楂花MYB家族的挖掘与比较分析

为了研究MYB转录因子家族对山楂花色的影响,明确MYB转录因子在花色芽变品种中的表达情况,采用MYB蛋白质理化性质分析、motif结构预测、基因进化树分析以及基因表达量分析等方法对转录组数据进行深度挖掘.结果表明,共筛选出73个MYB转录因子,其中35个1R-MYB成员、36个2R-MYB成员、2个3R-MYB成员.1...     

芥子油苷及其代谢产物的生物学效应研究与应用

本文综述了芥子油苷及其代谢产物对病虫害的防御及其具有的抗癌活性等方面的最新进展,并结合我们的研究结果对影响芸薹属蔬菜芥子油苷含量及其抗癌活性的因素进行了探讨,得出这一研究在农业上有广阔的应用前景。     

通用型植物表达载体pCamE的构建及功能验证

为了探索通用型植物表达载体的快捷构建,本研究通过PCR克隆、酶切连接和PCR扩增获得CaMV 35S启动子序列及pUC19多克隆位点部分限制性内切酶位点和NOS终止子,构建成完整的表达组件,并将该组件插入pCAMBIA1300的多克隆位点,构建成通用型植物表达载体pCamE(GenBank登录号:JX841315)。pCamE表达组件的启动子上游、多克隆位点和终止子下游分别含有4、8和3个单拷贝限制性内切酶位点,利于外源基因的克隆和插入以及对载体启动子或终止子的修饰和更换。以绿色荧光蛋白基因(enhanced green fluorescent protein,eGFP)为报告基因,分别构建了表达载体pCam::GFP、pCam::SalGFP和pCam::DAHPS-GFP,转化洋葱(Allium cepa L.)表皮细胞和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana L.),绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)和融合蛋白DAHPS-GFP在洋葱表皮细胞中均成功稳定表达;在pCam::GFP转基因拟南芥株系的根、根尖、根毛、茎表皮毛、幼叶基部、叶柄微管组织和未成熟花药等组织均能观察到强烈的绿色荧光。表明,植物表达载体pCamE是可将不同目的基因与植物染色体整合并稳定遗传的通用型植物表达载体,不受外源片段大小及插入位点的影响,具有经济实用、适用广泛、操作简便和外源基因在转基因植物中遗传稳定且正常表达等特点。该载体可用于不同基因和不同功能表达载体的快捷构建,为植物的遗传转化和基因功能研究提供了新的通用型基因表达载体工具。     

番茄茸毛相关基因ShMYB1的克隆与表达分析

番茄茸毛具有多种生物学功能,为了探究番茄中控制茸毛的基因,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)从野生种多毛番茄(Solanumhabroc haites)LA1777中,获得了一个与茸毛相关的R2R3 MYB Subgroup 9家族新成员EST241733的全长编码区cDNA序列,命名为ShMYB1。经生物信息学分析,克隆的ShMYB1基因长1350bp,编码338个氨基酸。该基因具有保守的R2R3MYB结构域和Subgroup 9特异motif序列。荧光定量PCR结果表明,ShMYB1基因在番茄叶和花中表达量高,在根、茎、果实中没有表达。在不同发育时期的叶片中表达量差异不大,但是在幼花蕾表达量最高,随花蕾的增大,表达量显著降低。在几个番茄茸毛突变体与对应的野生型中,这个基因表达量存在明显差异。推测该基因与番茄表皮茸毛发生和花发育有关。     

水稻HTD1基因启动子在转基因拟南芥中的表达特征

通过分析β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(β-glucuronidase, GUS）基因产物,对水稻HIGH-TILLERING DWARF1(HTD1)基因启动子在转基因拟南芥中的表达特性进行初步研究。用已构建的含HTD1基因启动子和GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导转化拟南芥,对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色,观察该启动子的表达特性。结果表明,在HTD1基因启动子的驱动下,GUS报告基因主要在转基因拟南芥幼苗期的叶片、叶柄、下胚轴以及主根基部的维管组织中表达。     

高羊茅细胞色素FaP450基因克隆及其在非生物胁迫下表达分析

细胞色素P450属于一种含亚铁血红素单加氧酶的超基因家族,在植物多种代谢途径与防御反应中起着重要作用。为探究细胞色素P450基因在高羊茅中的表达模式,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术从高羊茅叶片中克隆了细胞色素P450基因,命名为FaP450。FaP450全长1 737 bp,含1 437 bp的开放阅读框,共编码478个氨基酸,具有P450基因家族典型的P450结构域。系统进化树分析表明,高羊茅FaP450与禾本科植物小麦、山羊草的P450蛋白亲缘关系较近。荧光定量PCR表明,高羊茅FaP450基因受干旱、高温、氮胁迫及盐胁迫的诱导表达上调,表明该基因与非生物胁迫的抗性相关。构建FaP450超量表达载体,利用农杆菌侵染法转化拟南芥,对其进行低氮胁迫,发现低氮胁迫下FaP450基因过量表达植株的鲜重与根长显著高于野生型,表明FaP450基因的超量表达可以增强拟南芥对低氮的适应性。本研究为深入探索P450基因家族在牧草生长发育与抗逆功能的研究奠定了理论基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.