8种药剂对紫花三叉白及主要害虫的田间防治效果

为明确不同药剂对白及上初次发现的两种重要害虫朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和棘跳虫Hypogastrura communis的防治效果,筛选高效低毒的杀虫剂,共使用8种药剂在普洱市白及规模化种植基地内进行了药剂试验。结果表明,喷施7天后,防治朱砂叶螨的5种药剂中,20%甲氰菊酯EC 2 000倍液的防效(91.4%)和速效性最优;10%阿维菌素SG 10 000倍的防效(84%)略低于15%哒螨灵EC 2 000倍(85.1%),但无显著差异,为次优;5%苦参碱AS 6 250倍液的防效(23.2%)和速效性均最差。防治棘跳虫的5种药剂中,喷施7天后,10%阿维菌素SG 10 000倍液的防治效(97%)最优、5%苦参碱AS 6 250倍液的防效(41%)最差;5%啶虫脒EC 3 000倍液的速效性最优,70%吡虫啉WG 1 200倍液的速效性最差。综合考量药剂对朱砂叶螨和棘跳虫的持效性、速效性及防治效果,10%阿维菌素SG 10 000倍液是普洱紫花三叉白及重要害虫防治的首选生物防治药剂。     

25%噻虫嗪WG等药剂防治柑橘粉虱田间药效试验

选用25%噻虫嗪WG等8种药剂进行柑橘粉虱田间药效试验,结果表明:参试8种药剂对柑橘粉虱都有一定的防治效果,且对柑橘生长和果实发育安全,可在生产上推广使用。各药剂处理的防效差别较大,其中以400g/L杀扑磷EC1000倍液速效性最好,施药后3d防效可达90.18%,与其它药剂处理差异显著;240g/L螺虫乙酯SC3000倍液和25%噻虫嗪WG4000倍液持效期最长,药后21d防效分别为99.50%和98.27%,与其它药剂处理差异达极显著水平。在生产中建议将速效性好与持效期长的药剂混合使用,防治效果更好。     

几种药剂对枸杞木虱的田间防效

为有效防控枸杞木虱,提高宁夏枸杞产品品质,以当地常用药剂吡虫啉为对照药剂,另选4种药剂开展田间枸杞木虱防治试验,比较各药剂处理的田间防效。结果表明,供试药剂中,以22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 000倍液、1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 500倍液处理的速效性较好,药后3 d的防效分别为72.07%、74.09%;持效性方面,22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 000倍液处理表现最好,药后10、14 d的防效分别为85.94%、75.41%,30%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂7 500倍液次之,药后10、14 d的防效分别为69.12%、66.81%,1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 500倍液在药后10 d的防效保持在70%以上,但药后14 d防效下降幅度较大。     

20%噻虫胺悬浮剂防治柑橘木虱田间药效试验

应用20%噻虫胺SC进行柑橘木虱田间药效试验,结果表明:20%噻虫胺SC 1 500倍液、2 000倍液和2 500倍液,施药后1 d对若虫的防效分别为89.93%、85.07%和81.01%,对成虫的防效分别为91.67%、85.55%和81.65%;施药后10 d对若虫的防效均为100%,对成虫的防效分别为100%、88.89%和84.40%,由此可见20%噻虫胺SC对柑橘木虱的防效好,具有速效性快、持效期长等特点。     

4种杀虫剂防治柑橘木虱药效对比试验

使用4种药剂对柑橘木虱进行田间药效试验,结果表明,10%高氯·吡丙醚ME 1 500倍液、22.4%螺虫乙酯SC4 000倍液、21%噻虫嗪SC 1 500倍液和100 g/L联苯菊酯EC 2 000倍液,按1 800 L/ha稀释浓度,在柑橘树平均每嫩梢上若虫和成虫达到2头以上时施药,这4种杀虫剂药剂处理对柑橘木虱都有较好的防治效果。药后5 d防效分别达97.14%、95.40%、91.46%和92.24%;药后10 d,防效分别为93.95%、85.58%、81.85%和82.97%;药后15 d,防效分别为87.93%、81.89%、71.54%和76.06%。其中,10%高氯·吡丙醚ME的防效速效性和持效性优势突出,持效期达15 d以上。建议在生产上推广使用,并根据不同季节与其它药剂轮换使用。     

20%阿维·螺螨酯悬浮剂防治柑橘全爪螨田间药效试验

以1.8%阿维菌素EC和24%螺螨酯SC为对照,进行复配药剂20%阿维·螺螨酯SC防治柑橘全爪螨田间药效试验。结果表明:20%阿维·螺螨酯SC对柑橘全爪螨具有良好的防治效果,其3000倍液和4000倍液药后1～35d防效达82.68%以上,极显著高于2个对照药剂;5000倍液防效达80.59%以上,极显著高于1.8%阿维菌素EC,速效性明显优于24%螺螨酯SC。其速效性好、持效期长、且对柑橘安全,值得在生产中推广应用。     

1%蛇床子素水乳剂防治草莓白粉病药效试验

田间药效试验表明,1%蛇床子素水乳剂对草莓白粉病有较好的防治效果,3次药后7d1%蛇床子素水乳剂400倍液的防效为86.58%,500倍液的防效为76.59%,对照药剂10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂2000倍液的防效为76.45%。从防治效果和使用成本等方面考虑,1%蛇床子素水乳剂400-500倍液防治草莓白粉病,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

7.5%氟环唑乳油对香蕉叶斑病毒力测定与防治试验

香蕉叶斑病在华南香蕉产区夏秋生长季节大量发生,严重危害香蕉功能叶片。7.5%氟环唑乳油是防治香蕉叶斑病的新型杀菌剂。室内毒力测定表明,7.5%氟环唑乳油对香蕉尾孢菌的抑菌效果明显,25 μg/mL和50 μg/mL的抑菌效果分别为91.73%和93.31%。2004-2005年田间药效试验表明,在香蕉营养生长期使用7.5%氟环唑乳油 1 000、750、500、250倍液喷药3次,对香蕉叶斑病的防效为66.25%～84.37%,其中250倍液防效达82.48%～84.37%,显著优于对照药剂25%丙环唑乳油1 500倍液的防效,值得在生产上推广使用。     

3%啶虫脒乳油防治柑桔蚜虫田间药效试验报告

用3%的啶虫脒乳油6 000、3 000及2 000倍3个药液浓度与对照药剂10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2 500倍及对照药剂20%氰戊菊脂乳油2 000倍液进行防治柑桔蚜虫试验,结果表明,新生产的3%啶虫脒乳油对柑桔蚜虫防效高,与对照药剂的防效相当,具有良好的速效性与持效性,经方差分析,使用3%的啶虫脒乳油防治柑桔蚜虫以6 000倍液较为经济.     

42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂防治大青枣白粉病田间药效试验

采用42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯SC及对照药剂进行大青枣白粉病田间药效试验。结果表明,42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯SC 1 000倍液和1 500倍液平均防效分别达91.3%和83.27%,显著优于25%三唑酮WP 1 000倍液和70%甲基托布津WP 1 000倍液的防效。建议对大青枣白粉病防治应用42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯SC 1 000倍液和其他药剂轮换使用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.