水产品质量安全管理的现状与措施

我国是世界第一水产养殖国,2003年全国水产养殖面积690公顷,养殖产量4706.11万吨,养殖产量占水产品总产量的64%,是世界养殖产量的70%.从发展方面看,水产养殖仍将是我国渔业发展的主要领域.虽然我国水产养殖生产发展取得了巨大成就,但也面临许多严重问题,其中水产养殖质量安全问题最突出,成为制约当前水产养殖持续健康发展的主要因素.主要表现在:     

一种监测集鱼一体化仿生机器鱼设计

我国是水产养殖大国,养殖产量位居世界第一.仿生机器鱼的投入使用将为水产养殖行业带来新的血液与运作监管模式.相较于传统水产养殖行业,其具有高度机械化、自动化的特点,符合新时代水产养殖行业的发展需求.     

我国水产养殖保险初探

我国是水产养殖大国,水产养殖保险的健康发展对我国保持水产养殖大国的地位尤为重要。水产养殖保险是由保险机构为水产养殖者在水产养殖的过程中,对遭受自然灾害和意外事故所造成的经济损失提供经济保障的一种保险。中国的水产养殖保险主要分为二大类。一是淡水养殖险;二是海水养殖险。1发展水产养殖保险的必要性目前全国非国有渔业专业劳动力628.7万人,其中养殖专业劳动力372.2万人。不管从消费量还是劳动力的角度,水产养殖产业在我国都应该是一个不容忽视的产业。但是,水产养殖业又是一个集聚着多种复杂风险的产业,如2005年的“麦莎”台风…     

浅谈北方地区水产技术推广面临的问题及应对策略

水产技术推广为渔民生产提供了技术支持,为渔业的可持续发展提供了技术保障,为渔民增收、渔业增效做出了重要贡献.但在推广过程中也面临一些问题,针对出现的问题,提出有效的解决措施,这是保障水产养殖业健康发展的关键. 一、水产技术推广面临的问题 水产养殖业是我国北方地区农民致富的重要渠道,水产技术推广提高了养殖的技术水平,增加了农民收入,但在水产养殖技术推广过程中面临着一些问题,主要问题如下: 1.水产养殖户缺乏先进的养殖理念和相关的专业知识 水产养殖户基本都是农民,尤其规模小的水产养殖户没有专业知识,对养殖理念不清楚.在养殖技术推广过程中,对其专业技能要求有所提高,养殖不仅是养殖技术,还要对水产市场等都要有所了解,这样才能在养殖过程中,不断积累经验,提高养殖的质量,符合现代养殖要求;不能盲目养殖,必须对水产市场有一定认识,这是科学养殖的基础.     

浅谈陆上水产养殖项目的给排水设计

随着我国水产养殖的快速发展,各地都兴建了很多大大小小、形式各异的海淡水水产养殖项目。不论其形式为工厂化车间养殖、温室大棚养殖还是室外池塘养殖等,都离不开给水排水,由此可见给排水设计在陆上水产养殖项目中的重要性,本文试从以下几个方面对陆上水产养殖项目的给排水设计进行介绍。一、给水1.水源水源对于水产养殖项目来说非常重要,一个好的水源可以说是项     

介绍一种节约型水产养殖模式

"十一五"规划建议把节约资源作为基本国策,号召发展循环经济,保护生态环境,加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会.本文介绍一种符合我国水产养殖业未来发展要求的节约型水产养殖模式,它具有较高的推广价值和发展前景,在现阶段水产养殖生产中,节约型水产养殖模式能够实现土地资源、水资源、饵料、药物等的节约和合理利用,是一种"资源节约、环境友好"型健康养殖模式.     

中国水产养殖装备发展现状

水产养殖是我国渔业的最重要组成部分,水产养殖机械装备是现代水产养殖业发展的重要标志,绿色、高效的现代化水产养殖产业结构升级对水产养殖装备提出了更高的要求,基于装备与信息技术协同的智慧水产养殖成为现代渔业发展的新趋势。本文围绕池塘、工厂化、网箱、筏式以及底播养殖等我国主要养殖方式,梳理了当前水产养殖中常用的机械化装备和技术,并从环境监测、养殖对象感知、智能投喂、分级计数和养殖机器人等方向分析了我国水产养殖智能装备技术的研究进展,指出了制约我国水产养殖智能装备发展的关键问题。为实现我国从水产养殖大国向强国转变,融合机械装备和智能技术等两个领域的前沿技术,提出了“机械化、自动化、智能化并举”的水产养殖智能装备发展新思路。     

“一带一路”沿线国家马来西亚、印度尼西亚水产养殖情况及合作设想

正水产养殖是新时期我国渔业"走出去"的主要内容和载体。东南亚地区具有发展水产养殖得天独厚的自然条件和区位优势,马来西亚和印度尼西亚是东盟"一带一路"热带地区重要国家,是发挥我国水产养殖技术装备优势开展水产养殖国际合作、实施渔业"走出去"的重点国家。为更好了解包括两国在内的东南亚国家水产养殖状况、开展优势互补互利共赢的国际合作,农业部设立了《"一带一路"沿线热带国家水产养殖科技合作》项     

水产养殖互助保险的实践与思考

水产养殖保险,是构建渔业风险保障体系的重要组成部分,是保障水产养殖持续健康发展的有效途径。从现有研究和渔业实际来看,水产养殖保险必须走互助保险的路子。本文依据浙江省部分地区试点水产养殖保险的情况,分析了开展水产养殖互助保险的困难,并提出了发展建议。一、目前我国推进水产养殖互助保险的主要困难水产养殖互助保险难以全面展开的原因主要有以下几个方面：     

“特种水产动物养殖学课程”教学改革与探析

“特种水产动物养殖学”是水产养殖专业重要的一门课程,为了适应时代发展及学生群体发展特征,增强学生学习积极性,提高教学效果,笔者结合多年教学经验,总结了目前该课的现状及存在的问题。通过进一步完善培养方案,明确培养目标,丰富教学方式,提升教学水平,多元化考核体系,提高学生综合能力等方式,来实现该课的教学改革,并最终提升教学效果,培养高质量专业人才的目的。     

SOCIOECONOMIC INTERACTIONS OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN GREECE: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH EVOIKOS GULF

The present study investigates the socioeconomic sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture in the South Evoikos Gulf. The results show poor labour mobility between fisheries and aquaculture. Internal geographical mobility, relatively high salaries and the relatively high educational level of the aquaculture workers contribute to the sustainability for the aquaculture sector. There is a high probability of young, low-educated individuals entering the fishing industry. Furthermore, earnings and professional training prevent people from exiting the fisheries sector, and this may act as a means towards fisheries' sustainability. Grants and subsidies do not seem to influence fishermen's decision to remain or exit the sector. On average more fishermen than aquaculture workers perceive that their profession is supported by the local community and tourist industry.     

提高水产养殖专业生产实习质量的实践与思考——产学研合作教育

生产实习是水产养殖专业实践教学的重要组成部分。它重在理论联系实际，使学生能巩固所学的专业知识，提高发现问题、解决问题的能力。生产实习对于大学生实践能力的培养、综合素质的提高起着重要作用。通过产学研合作教育的实践，探索出了一种适合新时期生产实习教学模式，提高生产实习质量的有效途径，并对实习中存在的一些问题进行了探讨。     

《养殖水环境化学实验》的教学改革探讨

《养殖水环境化学实验》是水产养殖学专业的重要基础课程,具有比较强的应用性与实践性,为了增强学生学习的积极性、主动性和学习效果,拟对其进行教学改革。我们设计化学物质对水生生物毒性评估、水质调查与评估、养殖水体的水质调控以及水环境化学实验技能的灵活应用四个专题。在实验过程中培养学生的科学思维,锻炼动手操作、科研分析和解决问题的能力,为毕业后进一步深造或从事水产养殖工作奠定基础。     

World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting Honolulu, Hawaii. President's Address Through the Looking Glass: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

As the aquaculture industry evolves it molds the professional and trade organizations that support it. A glance at the past, the present and the future of the aquaculture industry and the World Aquaculture Society.     

Italian aquaculture and the diffusion of alien species: costs and benefits

The aim of this review is to clarify the relation between Italian aquaculture and the introduction on alien species in Italy. In Italy, the most common aquatic alien species are rainbow trout and Manila clam, and they represent main economic product of Italian aquaculture. Wels catfish and red clawed crayfish have been voluntarily or involuntarily introduced for aquaculture scope, and they are now the most invasive alien aquatic species. Other alien naturalized species, as some salmonid species, are important economic resources in north Italy for inland professional fishery and are considered worthwhile of conservation. Thus, aquaculture is directly or indirectly responsible of the introduction of several alien species in Italy, but its effect on alien species diffusion is peculiar, as few successfully farmed species have become rapidly common. Until now, conventional aquaculture has played main role in the diffusion of alien species in Italy, while ornamental aquaculture will be the main source of alien introductions in the future.     

Evaluation of antimicrobial products used in tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture

Despite the importance of aquaculture increases for feeding the growing world population, professional farm management and proper use of aquaculture products or drugs are needed. It is important to know the quality of commercial antimicrobial products on the market while there is wide use of antimicrobials to treat fish diseases. The most commonly used antimicrobial products were identified from a previous survey, included amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, sulphadiazine, sulphamonomethoxine and sulphadimidine. Eight local chemical supply shops were randomly sampled in representative aquaculture areas in Maoming and Zhanjiang districts of south China in 2013. In this study, only eight products contained active substances within ±10% of the concentration declared on the product label among the 30 different most used commercial products; while six products did not contain any of the declared antimicrobials. Three products without labels were sold as ‘pure antimicrobial’ and had high concentrations of active antimicrobials. Furthermore, most products only provided ambiguous information on the packages on both antimicrobial usage and dosage; and only one product stated how to prepare medicated feed which is important for efficient usage. The results of this study showed that the aquaculture antimicrobial products sold on the market were of low quality and thus compromised effective fish disease treatment. Moreover, insufficient information on products’ labels would provide limited instruction on correct antimicrobial usage. Inspection and supervision by both private companies and the government's sector require strengthening.     

中国水产养殖种类组成、不投饵率和营养级

根据1950–2014年水产养殖种(类)有关统计和调研数据,并在对养殖投饵率、饲料中鱼粉鱼油比例、各类饵料(配合饲料、鲜杂鱼/低值贝类/活鱼、天然饵料等)营养级等基本参数进行估算的基础上,研究分析了中国水产养殖种类组成、生物多样性、不投饵率和营养级的特点及其变化。结果表明:中国水产养殖结构相对稳定,变化较小,其显著特点是种类多样性丰富、优势种显著、营养层次多、营养级低、生态效率高、生物量产出多。其中:(1)养殖种类296个、品种143个,合计为439个。种类组成区域差异明显,淡水养殖鱼类占绝对优势,如2014年草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼、鲤鱼、鲫鱼和罗非鱼排名前6个种类的养殖占淡水养殖产量69.6%,其次为甲壳类、其他类、贝类及藻类,而海水养殖则以贝藻类为主,如2014年牡蛎、蛤、扇贝、海带、贻贝和蛏6个种(类)的养殖占海水养殖产量71.3%,其次为甲壳类、鱼类及其他类;(2)养殖种类多样性特征显著,与世界其他主要水产养殖国家相比,独为一支,具较高的多样性、丰富度和均匀度,发展态势良好;(3)由于养殖方式从天然养殖向投饵养殖转变,不投饵率呈明显下降趋势,从1995年90.5%降至2014年53.8%(淡水35.7%,海水83.0%),但与世界平均水平相比,仍保持较高的水准;(4)与世界相比,营养级低且较稳定。由于配合饲料的广泛使用及其鱼粉鱼油使用量减少,近年营养级略有下降,从2005年较高的2.32降至2014年2.25(淡水2.35,海水2.10)。营养级金字塔由4级构成,以营养级2为主,近年占70%,表明其生态系统有较多的生物量产出。中国水产养殖未来发展需要遵循绿色、可持续和环境友好的发展理念,探讨适宜的、特点各异的新生产模式,发展以养殖容量为基础的生态系统水平的水产养殖管理,建设环境友好型的水产养殖业,为保障国家食物安全、促进生态文明建设作出更大贡献。     

The solution to pollution? The value and limitations of environmental economics in guiding aquaculture development

Abstract

The notable increase of aquaculture production in recent decades has in many instances been matched by growing concern for its impacts. Environmentalists, consumers and members of the general public are increasingly demanding to account for its resource use and to balance its proposed benefits with its environmental sustainability. Although conventional financial and economic analyses have demonstrated a broadly positive impact for many forms of aquaculture, including the more intensive resource‐demanding systems, the use of economic tools embracing wider measurements of social and environmental costs and benefits might provide different and possibly more critical perspectives. However, although these techniques hold promise for such analyses, their development and application in sectors such as aquaculture are as yet limited. This paper reviews the relevant issues, considers the tools and applications of environmental economics and proposes ways in which these may be more effectively be applied in strategic and local decision‐making for aquaculture development.     

高效低碳——中国水产养殖业发展的必由之路

养殖种类不断增加,营养层次不断提高,集约化水平不断提升已成为我国水产养殖业总体发展的趋势,疾病流行、良种匮乏、污染严重、产品质量堪忧等诸多难题也随之而来。但从大尺度来审视,影响水产养殖近中期目标实现和可持续发展的主要问题则是水资源短缺、排污问题和产业发展对能源、鱼粉不断增大的需求。就产业主体而言,为保障我国的食物安全、实现我国CO₂减排目标,高效低碳模式是水产养殖业发展的必由之路。对未来10年甚或更长时期我国水产养殖发展目标的实现还会主要依靠一些相对简单且易被大众掌握的新技术的应用。积极发展碳汇渔业,特别是海水大型藻类和滤食性贝类的养殖,是实现水产养殖产业总体上走高效低碳道路的结构性保障。高效低碳养殖模式的建立需要大水域协同生产机制的体制保障,需要政府加强对养殖污染物排放监管的法律保障,需要生态学与经济学结合的学科保障。