金川牦牛生境牧草微量元素及重金属含量分析

为了研究金川牦牛放牧草场牧草中矿物元素含量,改善饲养管理,提高生产水平,采用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪(ICP-OES)测定牧草矿物元素含量,并进行牧草矿物元素的盈缺分析。结果显示,牧草微量元素B、Se、Zn(P0.01)以及Fe(P0.05)6月高于9月,而Cu、V(P0.01)以及Mo(P0.05)低于9月;常量元素Ca、P、Na(P0.01)6月高于9月,而K(P0.01)低于9月。林间草场微量元素Zn(P0.01)以及Mn、Mo(P0.05)低于高山草甸草场;常量元素K、P(P0.01)林间草场高于高山草甸草场,而Na(P0.01)低于高山草甸草场。结论:金川林间和高山草甸草场牧草中微量元素Co、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Se含量均处于缺乏状态,应对放牧牦牛适当补饲这些元素;牧草Ca、P比失衡,应适量补饲Ca;牧草中重金属元素含量均低于国家相关标准。     

矿物元素固相逐级扩散法

<正> 在动物所需的矿物元素中,常量元素主要有 Ca、P、Mg、Cl、Na 等,微量元素主要有 Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Co、Se、Ⅰ等。不同品种、不同生育阶段的动物对矿物元素的需要量是不同的,采食过少会对畜禽的生长和生产造     

对三峡库区土壤、粮食、饮水中微量元素含量的分析

对重庆三峡库区涪陵等15个区县的土壤、粮食、饮水中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Se5种微量元素含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明：重庆三峡库区土壤中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Se含量不缺乏；但小麦、稻谷及玉米中Cu、Zn、Se含量缺乏；饮水中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Se含量符合国家标准对生活饮用水的限量规定，但从微量元素营养作用的角度看，该饮水为Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Se含量缺乏型饮水。     

西藏环拉萨地区土壤—牧草—家畜系统中Cu等六种元素含量的分析

对西藏环拉萨地区土壤、牧草、家畜（羊）被毛中六种元素含量进行了测定，结果表明：该区土壤、牧草及家畜被毛中Cu,Fe,Zn,Mn,Mg五种元素均不表现缺乏，但土壤及牧草中Se含量处于缺乏的临界水平，家畜被毛中Se含量低于其缺乏临界值，提示该区为低Se生态。     

贵州典型地区放牧肉山羊几种矿物元素盈缺分析

矿物元素缺乏或过剩均会对动物的生产性能和繁殖性能产生不良影响.在贵州典型地区对放牧肉山羊进行的研究表明,山羊生长环境中饲草矿物质元素存在不同程度的缺乏,其中Na缺乏严重,Ca、Fe、Cu处于临界状态,Mg、Mn、Zn、Se则不缺乏.     

贵妃鸡肌肉及肝脏中八种矿物元素的测定与分析

为了探讨贵妃鸡体内矿物元素的含量,开发安全的绿色营养食品,改善人们的膳食和提供丰富的营养,以及为其人工饲养的饲料添加剂配方与微量元素疾病(缺乏症或中毒症)的诊断提供一定的科学依据.本试验采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定分析了贵妃鸡胸肌、腿肌及肝脏中Ca、Cu、Fe、zn、Mn、K、Mg和Se八种矿物元素的含量.试验结果表明,贵妃鸡肝脏中Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn和Mn的含量极显著高于胸肌和腿肌(P<0.01),其他元素差异不显著(P>0.05).Cu、Zn在腿肌与胸肌中的含量差异显著(P<0.05),腿肌含量高于胸肌,其他元素均无明显差异(P>0.05).与地方良种庄河鸡比较,贵妃鸡组织中矿物元素Fe、Cu和Se的含量明显高,矿物元素Zn、Mg的含量较高,矿物元素Ca、Mn、K的含量与地方鸡种基本一致.由此可见,贵妃鸡中矿物元素Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu、Se的含量非常丰富.     

西藏那曲地区高寒草地牧草矿物元素动态变化及盈缺分析

测定了那曲地区尼玛县高寒草地不同月份围栏内和围栏外牧草矿物元素（Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Cu和Zn）含量，并根据元素的吸收率及藏山羊矿物元素需要量，对放牧藏山羊采食牧草中矿物元素的盈缺进行了分析。结果表明：同月份围栏内与围栏外的矿物元素含量差异不显著（P〉0．05），但不同季节的变异很大。夏秋季牧草Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Cu、Zn的含量（Ca1．25％DM，P0．1419％DM，Na0．06％DM，K1．51％DM，Mg0．28％DM，Cu8．70mg／kg，Zn27．35mg／kg）高于冬春季（Ca0．72％DM，P0．0005％DM，Na0．02％DM，K0．43％DM，Mg0．10％DM，Cu3．02mg／kg，Zn8．49mg／kg）。除Mg和青草期的K能满足藏山羊的需要外，其余元素不能满足藏山羊生长、繁殖和泌乳对矿物元素的需要量。     

Fisher判别法在青海湖东地区不同草地类型中的应用

为了研究青海湖东普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)生境地不同草地类型微量元素变化状况,在夏、秋、冬3季对7个主要草地类型的混合牧草中Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn、Mo和Se 6种微量元素的含量进行测定,利用费歇法判别分析,对普氏原羚生境地不同季节不同草地类型牧草作了定量分析,找出代表草地类型变化的主要微量元素。结果表明,判别方法真实有效,除冷蒿（Artemisis frigida）草地外,Mo元素是代表草地类型变化的主要微量元素,所建立模型可以作为与其他地区相同草地类型的鉴别依据。     

矿物质元素对斑点叉尾鮰生长的影响

按照L12(2^11)正交表设计11种微量、常量矿物质元素12种组合的配合饲料，进行54d的室内养殖试验。结果表明在现有的斑点又尾鮰微量、常量矿物质元素需要量的基础上，Mn、Cu、Co、Mg增加50％用量后显著促进了斑点又尾鮰的生长速度；酵母Cr的添加(0．5mg／kg)非常显著地抑制了生长速度，在斑点又尾鮰饲料中不能添加Cr；Zn、Fe、I用量增加显著抑制了生长速度，在实际使用时不能增加用量。Fe、Zn、I、Se、P的用量增加将使斑点又尾鮰的饲料系数也增加，尤其是Fe、Zn、I、Se较为明显；而Cu、Mn、Co、Cr、Ca、Mg用量的增加使饲料系数降低。Fe、Cu、Mn、Co、I、Mg使内脏比增加，以Fe最为明显；而Zn、Se、Cr、Ca、P使内脏比减少，以Cr最为明显。Fe、Zn、I的增加可使体长／体重比增加、使体长生长快于体重的增长，其结果使鱼体向“长条形”发展；而Cu、Mn、Co、Se、Cr、Ca、P、Mg的增加使体长／体重的值减小，可使体重的增长大于体长的生长，使鱼体向“肥”、“粗壮”体型发展。综合分析以第5组的组合最佳，使斑点又尾鮰的生长速度比第1组高30％、饲料系数低21％。     

配合饲料中四种微量元素的剂量监测

用干、湿两种样品消化法对杨陵两个饲料厂的配合饲料样品作预处理，用原子吸收分光光度法测出样品中微量元素的含量，与《畜禽饲养标准及饲料营养价值表》上畜禽对微量元素的需要量对照得出：小鸡混合料中Cu的含量比正常需要量高60％，Fe高208％，而Zn和Mn则接近正常伍；青年鸡混合料中Cu的含量比正常需要量高123％，Fe高425％，Mn高65％，Zn接近正常值；蛋鸡混合科中Cu的含士比正常需要量高160％，Fe高456％，Mn高97％，Zn低44％，仔猪混合村中Cu的含量比正常需要量高124％，Fe高217％，Mn高1624％，Zn低52％；1号蛋鸡配合科中Cu的测量仅比正常需要量高65％，Fe高587％，Mn高209％，Zn较接近正常值;2号蛋鸡配合科中Cu的含量接近正常值，Fe高612％，Mn高168％，Zn接近正常需要量。样品须处理方法干法较湿法好。     

新疆伊犁夏牧场铁、铜、锰、锌、硒营养生态环境的研究(Ⅱ)

本试验通过研究伊犁夏牧场不同年龄、不同性别绵羊羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量及变化规律,为夏季放牧绵羊科学补饲微量元素提供依据。选择在新疆伊犁夏牧场卡拉卓恩(南坡)和唐布拉草地(北坡)1 400~2 999 m垂直带放牧的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)羊毛和血液样品,测定其铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量,并评估其微量元素的营养生态环境。结果表明,放牧绵羊羊毛铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为520.70、3.89、30.16、102.64 mg/kg和41.18 μg/kg,其中铜和硒分别低于正常值48.3%和79.7%,而铁高于正常值603.4%;血液中铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为357.05、4.18、0.25、3.08 mg/L和45.23 μg/L,其中铜、硒分别低于正常值29.9%和73.9%,而铁高于正常值95.5%。羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒含量均随年龄而增加。不同性别绵羊间血液中锌、硒含量差异明显。     

Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅱ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents and change rule in the blood and wool of sheep pastured of different age and different gender, provide the basis for summer grazing sheep scientific supplementary feeding trace elements.At the altitudinal belt of 1 400 to 2 999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, Chinese merino (Xinjiang type) sheep wool and sheep blood were collected, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of summer pasture of Yili.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in wool of grazing sheep wool were 520.70, 3.89, 30.16, 102.64 mg/kg and 41.18 μg/kg, respectively, in which the contents of the Cu and Se were lower than normal value by 48.3% and 79.9%, respectively, and that of Fe was higher by 603.4%.The contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in blood were 357.05, 4.18, 0.25, 3.08 mg/L and 45.23 μg/L, respectively, in which the contents of the Cu and Se were lower than normal value by 29.9% and 73.9%, respectively, and that of Fe was higher by 95.5%.The contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in the wool and blood were increased with the age.The blood contents of Zn and Se between male and female were extremely different.     

短花针茅荒漠草地放牧系统微量元素季节变化及盈缺分析

为更有效地防治内蒙古自治区四子王旗地区家畜微量元素代谢病,合理使用微量元素添加剂,采用实地采样和实验室分析相结合的方法,对该地区短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）荒漠草地土壤-牧草-家畜生态系统中微量元素的水平进行检测。结果显示,土壤中铜和硒处于缺乏状态。牧草中铁和锰元素处于过量状态,硒为缺乏状态。与健康绵羊的各项指标相比较,血浆中铁和锰分别于夏秋季节和全年高于正常水平,硒和铜元素分别于秋季和冬季低于正常水平;肝脏中铁和锰全年高于正常水平,铜冬季低于临界值,硒元素秋冬季节低于正常水平;被毛中铁全年高于正常水平,而铜和硒全年低于正常水平。结合放牧绵羊对各种矿物质的进食量和消化率进行综合分析表明,该地区为高铁、高锰、低硒的生态环境,同时铜和锌处于季节性缺乏状态。     

Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅰ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents, distribution characteristics and mutual relations in the soil-grass-water (stream) in Yili pastoral area of Xinjiang, to evaluate the trace elements nutritional-ecologic environment of Yili summer pasture in Xinjiang.At the altitudinal belt of 1400 to 2999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, the samples of soil (n=75), herbage (n=75), stream water (n=75) were collected according to the altitude, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of Yili summer pasture.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn in the soil of summer pasture on average were 15 418.4, 32.6, 474.5 and 115.8 mg/kg, respectively;And 446.0, 7.8, 85.7 and 41.9 mg/kg, respectively in forage;The correlation (R²) of the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn between soil and forage were 0.43, 0.82, 0.47 and 0.72, respectively;The changes of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the soil and forage were not significantly related with the altitude.There were no the 4 elements mentioned above in river streams, there was no Se in the soil and forage, and there was infinitesimal of Se in the river streams.It was concluded that in Yili summer pasture there were excessive Fe, suitable Zn and Mn, insufficient Cu, and more insufficient Se.     

新疆伊犁夏牧场铁、铜、锰、锌、硒营养生态环境的研究(Ⅰ)

试验旨在研究新疆伊犁牧区土壤－牧草－水(溪流)中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量、分布特征与相互关系,以评估新疆伊犁夏牧场微量元素的营养生态环境。在伊犁夏牧场卡拉卓恩(南坡)和唐布拉草地(北坡)海拔1400~2999 m垂直带,根据海拔分别采取土壤(n=75)、牧草(n=75)和溪水(n=75)样品,测定其铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量。结果表明,伊犁夏牧场土壤中铁、铜、锰和锌平均含量分别为15 418.4、32.6、474.5和115.8 mg/kg,牧草中分别为446.0、7.8、85.7和41.9 mg/kg,土壤与牧草铁、铜、锰和锌含量的相关性(R²)分别为0.43、0.82、0.47和0.72,土壤和牧草中铁、铜、锰、锌含量随海拔变化规律不明显;溪水中不含以上4种元素;土壤和牧草中不含硒,溪水含硒极微量。由此说明,伊犁夏牧场铁元素过多,锌、锰基本适宜,铜缺乏,而硒则严重缺乏。     

青海海南州土-草-畜系统中钼、硒的季节变化研究

结果表明:土壤和牧草中钼浓度秋季最高;血清中钼浓度的季节间差异不显著(P＞0.05),秋季最高,夏季最低;被毛中钼浓度夏季极显著高于冬春季和秋季(P＜0.01);日摄入量夏季极显著高于秋季(P＜0.01),秋季极显著高于冬春季(P＜0.01).土壤和被毛中硒浓度在三季间差异不显著(P＞0.05);牧草硒夏季最高;绵羊血清硒冬春季显著低于秋季(P＜0.05);被毛中硒在季节间差异不显著(P＞0.05);硒的日摄入量夏季极显著高于秋季(P＜0.01),秋季极显著高于冬春季(P＜0.01).     

北京黑白花乳牛蹄底角质中25种元素含量的研究

本实验采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪,在1987年春、秋两季对北京某牛场的黑白花成年乳牛蹄底角质中25种元素(K、Na、S、Ca、P、Mg、Mn、Mo、Cu、Zn、Fe、I、Se、Co、Cd、Cr、Ni、B、Al、Si、Ti、Ba、Ph、As、Hg)进行了测定,并对春、秋季正形蹄与变形蹄、正形蹄与病变蹄,以及春秋正形蹄、变形蹄之间做了对比,还测定了饲料地的土壤、水和饲料中25种元素的含量,与国内外有关资料的结果进行了对比,初步探讨了某牛场成乳牛中正形蹄蹄底角质中25种元素的含量,指出春秋两季正形蹄蹄底角质中25种元素的含量是有差异的,春季正形蹄与变形蹄相比各元素差异均不显著;秋季变形蹄含Mg量显著高于正形蹄,含Ca、Al、Cd和Ti量显著低于正形蹄;春季病变蹄含K、Fe、Mn、Cu、Mg、Al、Ti、Se、I、Pb、Hg量显著高于正形蹄。本文首次提出北京黑白花乳牛正形蹄蹄底角质中Ca、P比值,春季是5.822/1,秋季是6.253/1。此牛场乳牛饮水中Hg含量过高是环境污染的结果。本文为今后进一步研究北京黑白花乳牛蹄角质与元素的关系提供了临床参考的依据。     

天山北坡季节牧场牧草营养动态研究

对天山北坡四季牧场牧草营养动态测定分析,结合放牧绵羊体重变化态势,揭示“夏壮、秋肥、冬瘦、春乏”这一传统草原畜牧业的规律,转变经营方式,揭高冷季饲养水平是实现草原畜牧业可持续发展的正确途径。     

Epidemiological investigations of trichostrongylid infections in young cattle in different parts of Norway

The occurrence of trichostrongylid nematodes in young cattle was studied in relation to climate and geographical location, by examination of herbage and faecal samples from 8 farms in 7 different regions in Norway, during 3 consecutive summers. Species of Ostertagia and Cooperia were dominant. Infective larvae, especially those of Ostertagia, were able to survive the winter in the pasture to a great extent in all the areas studied. The spring larval counts varied considerably from place to place, and from year to year, but were often at fairly high levels. This confirms previous findings that the larvae which overwinter on the pasture may be a major cause of losses. Overt clinical disease, however, was only seen at 1 farm during this investigation.The large number of larvae often seen in the autumn seems to be of less significance as a cause of disease, due to the late appearance, but is of major importance as a source of the larvae which survive the winter in the pasture and infect young cattle the following spring.There was no obvious correlation between pasture larval counts and the climate, except that there seemed to be higher counts in the warmer parts of the country, where the grazing season is also longer. The only place were both faecal egg counts and larval counts in the herbage were consistently low, was in the very far north.     

Study on Seasonal Impact to the Distribution of Bovine E.coli O157: H7 in Xinjiang

To study the impact of season to the distribution of bovine E.coli O157:H7,samples of anus swabs (399),feces (68),water (29) and feed (43) were collected in the spring, summer,autumn and winter from A,B and C farms of Xinjiang. After enrichment by EC broth, SMAC and MUG selective culture were then performed. Finally,PCR was used for identification and virulence gene detection of isolated strains. A total of 5 E.coli O157:H7 strains were isolated from 539 samples from three farms (0.93%,5/539), 2 of them were from spring (1.44%,2/139),1 from autumn(0.56%,1/180),2 from winter (1.38%,2/145) and no strains were isolated from summer samples. One strain were isolated from anus swab samples in farm B (0.69%,1/145) and one were isolated from anus swabs (0.66%,1/152) and three strains were isolated from feed samples in farm C (20.00%,3/15),and no target strains were isolated from water samples. The distribution of bovine E. coli O157:H7 had obvious seasonal characteristics.One E.coli O157:H7 strain of farm B was isolated from autumn and four of farm C were from isolated spring (2 strain) and winter (2 strain),and the isolation rate of E. coli O157:H7 in spring and winter were higher than that in summer and autumn. In conclusion,under the special climate characteristics and feeding mode in Xinjiang,to prevent and control the spreading of E. coli O157:H7 of cattle,we must pay great attention on hygiene management of pens at cold season, specially avoiding the feed contaminated by feces.