新生荷斯坦犊牛心脏左心室的解剖学观测

对新生荷斯坦犊牛心脏左心室的结构进行了观测。结果 :左心室内肉柱多集中在两乳头肌下部至心尖的中隔面上 ,心室侧壁上也有肉柱 ,主动脉半月瓣结的出现率为 61 5 4% ;流入道、流出道长度分别为 ( 6 84± 0 5 7)cm和 ( 7 41± 0 61)cm ;左心室侧壁和室间隔厚度分别为 ( 1 14± 0 14 )cm和 ( 1 41± 0 15 )cm ;左房室口和主动脉口周径分别为 ( 5 11± 0 76)cm和 ( 4 2 9± 0 60 )cm。     

苏淮猪高肌内脂系的生长、胴体和肉质性能测定

为了培育更优良肉质的苏淮猪新品系,跟踪苏淮猪高肌内脂系的选育进展,本试验对苏淮猪与苏淮猪高肌内脂系(暂命名为苏淮猪B22系)进行了饲养和屠宰试验比较。结果表明:在生产性能方面,苏淮猪B22系日增重(g)极显著低于苏淮猪(399.88±13.11)vs(453.95±13.71),(P0.01);在胴体性状方面,苏淮猪B22系的平均背膘厚(mm)(29.25±1.33)vs(24.45±1.64),(P0.05)和第6-7肋背膘厚(mm)(29.49±2.02)vs(23.55±4.30),大于苏淮猪(P0.05),而眼肌面积(cm2)小于苏淮猪(33.50±2.39)vs(37.83±1.37),P0.05;但在肉质性状方面,苏淮猪B22系的肉色红度a值(9.53±0.79)vs(7.07±0.74),P0.05;失水率(35.45±0.72)%vs(39.17±1.39)%,P0.05和肌内脂含量(4.29±0.45)%vs(2.76±0.35)%,P0.05,均优于苏淮猪。总之,苏淮猪高肌内脂B22系具有更优良的肉质性状。     

猪囊虫病诊断及防治

猪囊虫病又称猪囊尾蚴病,是由猪带绦虫寄生于人体小肠所引起的肠寄生虫病.其幼虫为猪的囊尾蚴,寄生于猪、野猪等中间宿主引起的动物寄生虫病.其症状因寄生部位不同而异,主要寄生在横纹肌,亦见于其它实质器官和组织,如肩胛外侧肌、臂肌、咬肌、腰肌、腹内斜肌、膈肌、舌肌和心肌以及脑、眼、淋巴结、胃壁、食道和肺脏等处.猪囊尾蚴在猪体内可寄生3∽5年,一般猪感染虫卵后约经60∽70 d即发育为成熟的囊尾蚴,大小为5 mm×（8∽10）mm,呈乳白色椭圆的半透明囊体,内充满囊液,头节倒缩囊内.囊尾蚴寄生的猪肉俗称“豆猪肉”或“米糁肉”.     

猪囊虫病的症状及感官检验

猪囊虫是人的有钩绦虫的幼虫。囊虫虫体外观为长圆形、黄豆粒大、白色半透明的囊状水疱,囊内充满透明的液体,在囊膜上可见1个绿豆大的白色头节。猪囊虫寄生于猪的肌肉内,以舌肌、咬肌、咽喉部肌肉、腰肌、心脏等处较常见,严重时全身肌肉以及肝、肺、脑及脂肪内也能发现。     

民猪Y-box结合蛋白基因的克隆、表达以及冷刺激对其表达方式的影响

为了探讨Y-box结合蛋白(YB1)是否参与哺乳动物的冷适应反应,本研究采用RT-PCR和Real-time PCR 的方法克隆测序了民猪YB1基因的序列,检测了该基因在大肠、腿肌、肺脏、脂肪、心脏、脾脏和肝脏组织的表达情况,比较了该基因在冷刺激13 d后常温组((10±2)℃)和冷刺激组((-20±3)℃)个体的骨骼肌组织内的表达变化.结果表明,民猪的YB1基因完整的CDS区长975 bp,编码325个氨基酸,具有1个高度保守的冷休克域,存在多个磷酸化位点,不包含任何跨膜区域,是一种存在于细胞质中的蛋白质.组织表达谱表明YB1基因在所检测的7种组织内均高水平表达.该基因在被冷刺激13 d后,在腿肌内的表达水平出现显著下降(P＜0.05).冷刺激造成了YB1基因转录发生了变化.     

不同品种猪在不同生理阶段骨骼肌葡萄糖转运体和胰岛素受体表达的发育性变化

本试验旨在研究不同品种猪在不同生理阶段骨骼肌葡萄糖转运载体(GLUT)1、GLUT4和胰岛素受体(IR)mRNA表达的发育规律.试验以1、7、30、60、90和150日龄蓝塘和长白两品种猪背最长肌、半膜肌和半腱肌组织样品cDNA为模板,采用实时荧光半定量PCR的方法,检测猪GLUT1和GLUT4 mRNA在不同骨骼肌中的表达模式.结果显示:1)1～ 150日龄蓝塘和长白猪背最长肌、半膜肌和半腱肌GLUT1 mRNA表达存在相似的发育变化规律,在1日龄时相对表达丰度最高.2)1 ～ 150日龄蓝塘和长白猪半膜肌和半腱肌GLUT4 mRNA相对表达丰度随日龄呈波形式变化,变化速度和程度存在品种差异.1日龄和150日龄时蓝塘猪背最长肌GLUT4mRNA相对表达丰度低于同日龄长白猪(P>0.05),而在其余日龄时高于同日龄长白猪(P>0.05).3)蓝塘和长白猪背最长肌、半膜肌和半腱肌IR mRNA相对表达丰度在1和30日龄时表现出较高水平,而在7、60、90和150日龄时无显著差异(P>0.05);同日龄蓝塘和长白猪之间IR mRNA相对表达丰度无显著性差异(P>0.05).结果表明:猪骨骼肌GLUT1 mRNA的表达在不同生理阶段存在差异,猪骨骼肌GLUT4 mRNA的表达在不同品种和生理阶段存在显著差异,且其与IR mRNA的表达相关性较弱,无明显规律.     

机械化屠宰场如何快速准确检出猪囊虫

猪囊虫病是寄生于猪小肠的猪带绦虫蚴虫而引发的一种寄生虫病。猪和人是该病原的中间宿主,囊虫的外观整体呈现长圆型,大小约为一粒黄豆大小,是半透明的囊状水泡,可看到囊内有明显的透明液体,而囊膜上可见到一个绿豆大的白色头节。猪囊虫主要寄生于猪的肌肉内,常见部位包括咬肌、心脏和腰肌等,严重时猪的全身肌肉甚至肝脏和肺部内也有该病原,会对人畜造成极大的危害,所以该病是我国生猪卫生检验工作中的一个重点项目。     

民猪哈白猪及其正反交F_1的肉质研究(摘要)

1981年对民猪23头和哈白猪8头的肉质进行了测定。1982年对体重75和90公斤的民猪、哈白猪及其正、反交F_1的肉质进行了研究。结果表明,民猪在肌肉颜色和大理石纹评分、熟肉率、贮存损失、肌肉中干物质含量和粗脂肪含量上均优于哈白猪。例如,背最长肌颜色评分,民猪没有被评为1分(异常肉色)者,而哈白猪却有16.7%;光密度值,民猪为0.937±0.064,而哈白猪为0.657±0.09,与肉色评分结果相符。大理石纹评分:民猪半膜肌得4分者为25%,哈白猪为零,但哈白猪被评为二分者占50%,相当于民猪的二     

利用白色杜洛克×二花脸资源家系定位影响猪肉硬实度的QTL

为定位影响猪背最长肌和半膜肌硬实度的数量性状基因座(QTL),本研究测定了白色杜洛克×二花脸资源家系中490头F_2代猪的背最长肌和半膜肌硬实度,检测了3代个体在19条染色体上194个微卫星的基因型,并据此进行了QTL定位分析.共检测到9个QTLs,包括影响背最长肌硬实度的4个QTLs,分别位于SSC1、SSC2、SSC7和SSC10,其中SSC1和SSC7的QTLs达到1%基因组显著水平;影响半膜肌硬实度的5个QTLs分别位于SSC1、SSC7、SSC10、SSC12和SSC14,其中SSC7和SSC14的QTLs分别达到5%和1%基因组显著水平.     

野家杂交猪与东北民猪肌肉组织学特性的比较研究

为探讨东北民猪和野家杂交猪的肉质特点与差异,以东北民猪和野家杂交猪的背最长肌和股二头肌为试验材料,采用常规组织学技术和免疫组织化学技术,对东北民猪和野家杂交猪的肌纤维组织学特性进行比较研究。结果显示,野家杂交猪背最长肌的肌纤维直径显著大于东北民猪背最长肌的肌纤维直径(0.01P0.05),野家杂交猪股二头肌的肌纤维直径比东北民猪股二头肌的肌纤维直径大(P0.05),同品种不同部位的肌纤维直径差异不显著(P0.05),野家杂交猪的肌纤维密度比东北民猪的肌纤维密度大(P0.05),野家杂交猪背最长肌的肌纤维面积比东北民猪背最长肌的肌纤维面积大(P0.05),野家杂交猪股二头肌的肌纤维面积比东北民猪股二头肌的肌纤维面积小(P0.05)。野家杂交猪的快肌比东北民猪的多(P0.01),野家杂交猪的快肌所占比例比东北民猪的高。结果表明,东北民猪的猪肉品质比野家杂交猪的肉品质好。     

Anatomical study of the cardiac conduction system in swine hearts

The cardiac conduction system (CCS) is crucial for regulating heartbeats; therefore, clinicians and comedicals involved in cardiovascular medicine treatment must have a thorough understanding of the CCS structure and function. However, anatomical education of the CCS based on actual dissection and observation is uncommon, although such educational methodology promotes three-dimensional structural understanding of the observed object. Based on previous studies, we examined the CCS structure in the heart of a swine (pig, Sus scrofa domestica) which has been used in the biological, medical and anatomical curricula as science teaching materials, by using macroscopic dissection procedures. Most CCS structures in a young pig heart were successfully identified and illustrated on a macroscopic scale. The atrioventricular bundle (His bundle) was located on the lower edge of the membranous interventricular septum and was clearly distinguished from the general myocardial fibres by its colour and fibre arrangement direction. Following the atrioventricular bundle towards the atrium or ventricle with properly removing the endocardium and myocardium, the atrioventricular node or the right and left bundles appeared respectively. In contrast, the sinoatrial node was not identified. The anatomy of the CCS in young pig hearts was essentially similar to that previously reported in humans and several domestic animals. Our findings of the CCS in young pig hearts are expected to be useful for medical and anatomical education for medical and comedical students, young clinicians and comedical workers.     

Gerbode type defect and third degree atrioventricular block in association with bacterial endocarditis in a dog

Gerbode type defects are rare left ventricular outflow tract–right atrial communications in people that may be congenital or acquired; they have been reported only once previously in dogs. Acquired forms in humans have been reported secondary to bacterial endocarditis, trauma, and valve replacement surgery, among other causes. We report a case of left ventricular outflow tract to right atrium and right ventricle communications (Gerbode type defect) in association with aortic and tricuspid valve bacterial endocarditis in a geriatric dog. The dog also developed third degree atrioventricular block and had underlying subaortic stenosis. The authors hypothesize that the Gerbode type defect in this case was acquired secondary to invasion and destruction of the membranous interventricular septum due to bacterial endocarditis.     

The anatomy of the atrioventricular bundle in the heart of camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular bundle (AVB) was studied in the heart of six camels (Camelus dromedarius). The trunk of the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) was a direct continuation of the atrioventricular (AV) node with no sharp line of demarcation between the node and the bundle. The atrioventricular bundle ran through the fibrous trigone and entered the lower part of the interventricular membranous septum, beneath the right endocardium, then lay over or slightly to the side of the centre of the muscular interventricular crest. The AVB of camels measured 4.12±1.00 mm in length, 3.66±1.13 mm in width and 1.13±1.85 mm in thickness, its maximum sectional area being 12.68±6.13 mm².Histologically, the AVB in the heart of camels comprised multiple strands of Purkinje cells separated by collagen fibres and surrounded by connective tissue. It resembled that in human beings and dogs except that, in camels, intercalated discs were present at the intercellular connections in the AVB.Abbreviations AVB trunk of the atrioventricular bundle - AV node atrioventricular node     

Swine Hearts: Quantitative Anatomy of the Right Ventricle

The right ventricle was studied in 75 anatomically normal swine hearts, using, in all, nine geometric and volumetric parameters: ventricular-wall thickness, length of the right-ventricular inflow and outflow tracts, and volume of the right-ventricular inflow and outflow tracts. The data for these parameters were compared with previously published patterns for human hearts and volumetric data were compared with patterns of normality found in human hearts. As in the human heart, the ventricular inflow tract in swine hearts was significantly shorter than the outflow tract (P < 0.0001).     

Normal Development of the Muscular Region of the Interventricular Septum. II. The Importance of Myocardial Proliferation

In a first paper, we concluded that the muscular region of the interventricular septum is developed by the trabecular branches and showed evidence that the developing interventricular septum elongates in a direction opposite to that of atria. Nevertheless, to date the literature is lacking precise information on the importance of myocardial proliferation not only in this process but also in the morphogenesis of the ventricular cavities. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of high-intensity foci of cycling myocytes in the ventricular region of the heart of chicken embryos during cardiac septation. Histological studies, detection of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen by light and confocal microscopy and flow cytometric analysis were carried out. The results corroborate that the developing interventricular septum grows in a direction opposite to that of atria. A remoulding mechanism that results in fenestrated trabecular sheets and trabecular branching is discussed. Our findings allowed us to summarize the normal morphogenesis of the muscular region of the interventricular septum in a way that is different from that suggested by other researchers.     

Canine dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: assessment of myocardial function and clinical outcome

Objective : The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate echocardiographic findings and myocardial function including pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging in dogs with naturally occurring dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and (ii) to investigate the clinical outcome and response to therapy in these dogs. Methods : Two cases were retrospectively reviewed and three cases were prospectively evaluated including clinical findings, diagnostic test results (including standard Doppler echocardiography and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging), response to treatment and outcome. The two retrospective cases received no treatment. Other cases were treated with a β‐blocker. Results : All dogs had a variable intensity left apical systolic murmur. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and scimitar‐shaped left ventricular outflow tract Doppler flow profile were present in all cases. Pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging interrogation of the interventricular septum revealed E′/A′ reversal in all but one patient. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and total resolution of the dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction were observed in all cases. Clinical Significance : Young dogs are affected with a possible terrier breed predisposition. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction may be distinguished from canine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as progressive resolution of echocardiographic abnormalities was documented. Pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging abnormalities provide further evidence for significant diastolic dysfunction associated with the hypertrophy.     

The Coronary Arteries of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The pattern of distribution of the coronary arteries of the camel was studied by combining dissection and vinyl acetate casts. The results showed that in the camel the right coronary artery supplies the interventricular subsinuosal artery, characteristic of a right coronary pattern. The septal branch that supplied the interventricular septum originated from the paraconal interventricular artery. A muscular bridge was observed crossing each of the paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular arteries in the middle third of the longitudinal grooves.     

Echocardiographic features of accessory mitral valve tissue presenting left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a dog

In a 3-year-old Samoyed, aortic bulging was found on radiography during a general check-up. On echocardiography, turbulent flow was found in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) with high velocity (6.1 m/s). A linear structure was attached to the interventricular septum and connected to the chordae tendineae reaching the papillary muscle. A part of the structure moved during cardiac cycle, similar to mitral motion. This dog was diagnosed with LVOT obstruction caused by accessory mitral valve tissue (AMVT). This is the first report of AMVT in veterinary medicine. AMVT should be considered as a possible cause of LVOT obstruction in dogs.     

Is the Male Dog Comparable to Human? A Histological Study of the Muscle Systems of the Lower Urinary Tract

Because of their superficial anatomical resemblance, the male dog seems to be suitable for studying the physiologic and pathological alterations of the bladder neck of human males. The present study was carried out to compare and contrast the muscular anatomy of the male dog lower urinary tract with that of humans. The complete lower urinary tract, including the surrounding organs (bulb of penis, prostate, rectum and musculature of the pelvic floor) were removed from adult and newborn male dogs and histologically processed using serial section technique. Based on our own histological investigations, three-dimensional (3D)-models of the anatomy of the lower urinary tract were constructed to depict the corresponding structures and the differences between the species. The results of this study confirm that the lower urinary tract of the male dog bears some anatomical resemblance (musculus detrusor vesicae, prostate, prostatic and membranous urethra) to man. As with human males, the two parts of the musculus sphincter urethrae (glaber and transversostriatus) are evident in the canine bladder neck. Nevertheless, considerable differences in formation of individual muscles should be noted. In male dogs, no separate anatomic entity can be identified as vesical or internal sphincter. The individual course of the ventral and lateral longitudinal musculature and of the circularly arranged smooth musculature of the urethra is different to that of humans. Differences in the anatomy of individual muscles of the bladder neck in the male dog and man suggest that physiological interpretations of urethral functions obtained in one species cannot be attributed without qualification to the other.     

M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic reference values for male New Zealand white rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To determine M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic reference values in healthy New Zealand white rabbits. ANIMALS: 52 healthy male rabbits. PROCEDURES: The rabbits were anesthetized and M-mode measurements of the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta and Doppler measurements of pulmonary and aortic outflow and mitral inflow were recorded. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD heart rate during echocardiographic examination was 155 +/- 29 beats/min. Mean +/- SD measurements in diastole and systole for the interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular free wall thickness were 2.03 +/- 0.37 mm and 3.05 +/- 0.45 mm; 14.37 +/- 1.49 mm and 10.25 +/- 1.22 mm; and 2.16 +/- 0.25 and 3.48 +/- 0.55 mm, respectively. Mean +/- SD left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio was 1.17 +/- 0.14, and mean +/- SD mitral valve E-point-to-septal separation interval was 1.71 +/- 0.29 mm. Mean +/- SD for fractional shortening and ejection fraction were 30.13 +/- 2.98% and 61.29 +/- 4.66%, respectively. Mean +/- SD maximal aortic and pulmonary artery outflow velocities were 0.85 +/- 0.11 m/s and 0.59 +/- 0.10 m/s, respectively, and the peak E-to-peak A wave velocity ratio of the mitral valve was 2.19 +/- 0.46. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results provide echocardiographic reference values for young adult male New Zealand white rabbits anesthetized with ketamine and medetomidine. Values obtained from unanesthetized rabbits, rabbits sedated with other agents, or rabbits of different size may differ from those reported here.