贵州香猪内源钙磷代谢及7～25kg生长阶段的钙磷沉积规律与需要量研究

为研究贵州香猪维持和生长的钙、磷需要量,选择3.5 ～4.0月龄,遗传来源相似,体重(11.06±2.61) kg的贵州从江香猪和剑白香猪去势公猪各6头,采用无钙无磷纯合饲粮法进行代谢试验,测定贵州香猪内源钙与内源磷的代谢规律.并选择60～75日龄贵州从江香猪34头,采用扣除蛋白质等消化能(DEpf)饲粮设计和比较屠宰...     

贵州香猪内源氮与内源氨基酸代谢规律研究

选择3.5～4.0月龄、遗传来源相似、体重(12±2) kg的贵州从江香猪、剑白香猪去势公猪各6头,采用无氮饲粮(NFD)法和NFD+5%酶解酪蛋白(EHC)法进行代谢试验,测定贵州香猪内源氮与内源氨基酸的代谢规律,探索贵州香猪的维持蛋白质和氨基酸需要量.研究显示,贵州香猪内源氮排泄量为0.212 g/d W0.75,内源氨基酸排泄量为1.463 g/d W0.75.结果表明,贵州香猪可消化粗蛋白质维持需要量(DCPm)为1.91 g/d W0.75,可消化氨基酸维持需要量为2.10 g/d W0.75,以Lys为100建立贵州香猪维持需要可消化氨基酸模型为:Lys 100、Thr 54、Val 188、Met 40、Ile 79、Leu 126、Phe 101、His 25、Arg 58、Trp 17.     

性别对长白×荣昌仔猪赖氨酸需要量的影响

为了研究性别对长白×荣昌(以下简称长×荣)仔猪赖氨酸需要量的影响,试验选用体重约10kg的长×荣杂交猪30头(公母各半),通过饲养试验和屠宰试验测定其生产性能和胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数,结合杨飞云等(2002)20～100kg长×荣生长肥育猪的试验结果,建立胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数与体重的回归方程。根据该方程及无脂瘦肉的蛋白质沉积系数和蛋白质沉积的赖氨酸需要系数,建立不同性别长×荣杂交猪的赖氨酸需要量模型,利用此模型预测10～20kg不同性别长×荣杂交猪的赖氨酸需要量。试验结果显示:根据NRC(1998)生长模型的参数,用胴体分离法建立10～100kg长×荣杂交猪的赖氨酸需要量模型为:公猪真可消化赖氨酸需要量(mg/d)=-0.0531BW3+5.7592BW2-22.522BW+5255.6+36BW0.75,母猪真可消化赖氨酸需要量(mg/d)=-0.0499BW3+5.3233BW2-11.286BW+5123.5+36BW0.75;据此模型计算10～20kg长×荣公猪和母猪的真可消化赖氨酸需要量分别为6.308g/d、6.258g/d,总赖氨酸需要量为7.264g/d、7.197g/d;按占风干日粮百分比表示,公猪和母猪的真可消化赖氨酸需要量分别为0.689%、0.693%,总赖氨酸需要量分别为0.793%、0.797%;用NRC(1998)生长模型胴体分离法估测的10～20kg不同性别长×荣杂交猪的赖氨酸需要量相近,说明性别对长×荣仔猪赖氨酸需要量的影响很小。     

贵州香猪7～25kg生长阶段的氨基酸沉积规律与需要量的研究

为研究贵州香猪7 ～25 kg生长阶段的氨基酸沉积规律,本试验选取60 ～ 75日龄的贵州香猪34头(公母各占1/2),采用扣除蛋白质等消化能(protein-free equalized digestible energy,DEpf)饲粮设计,通过比较屠宰试验,旨在建立贵州香猪在此生长阶段的氨基酸需要量模型.结果表明...     

长×荣杂交猪体蛋白沉白觉积模型及氨基酸需要量的预测

以长×荣二元杂交猪为研究对象,通过饲养试验和屠宰试验,测定了试验猪20～35、35～50、50～80、80～100 kg阶段的生产性能和胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数(胴体无脂瘦肉沉积速度).试验结果表明试验猪全期日增重平均为762 g,平均日采食量2 153 g,饲料报酬(F/G)2.787,各生产性能公母间差异不显著(P > 0.05);日增重与体重的回归方程为ADG(g/d)=293.03+15.1BW-0.1 034BW2(R2= 0.9988);试验猪全期胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数为227 g/d;体蛋白沉积模型Y(g/d)=72.211-1.5275BW+0.0648BW2-0.0005BW3(R2= 0.955) ;真可消化赖氨酸需要模型Y(mg/d)= 8 665.41-183.3BW+7.7788BW2-0.0612BW3+36BW0.75,据此模型推算出20～50、50～80、80～100 kg阶段真可消化赖氨酸需要量分别为9.67、13.63和11.61 g/d,总赖氨酸需要量为11.12、15.76和13.42 g/d,真可消化赖氨酸按占风干日粮的百分比表示为0.61 %、0.56 %和0.41 %,总赖氨酸需要量按占风干日粮的百分比表示为0.70 %、0.64 %和0.47 %,其他必需氨基酸需要量按NRC(1998)推荐的理想蛋白模式及各种表示方法的转换系数进行计算.     

杜×长×大生长育肥猪体蛋白沉积模型及氨基酸需要量预测的研究

为了验证NRC(1998)生长模型的参数对中国杜×长×大生长育肥猪的适用性并确定其氨基酸需要量,试验选用体重约20kg的杜×长×大公猪和母猪各27头,通过饲养试验和屠宰试验测定了20～35、35～50、50～80、80～100kg阶段猪的生长性能、无脂瘦肉生长指数,并预测其氨基酸需要量。试验结果表明:试验猪的全期日增重、日采食量、料重比分别为782、2147g/d和2.739;试验猪全期胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数为312.1g/d;体蛋白沉积动态模型为公猪Y(g/d)=74.588 1.5375BW-0.0104BW2(R2=0.9085);母猪Y(g/d)=77.753 1.4617BW-0.0119BW2(R2=0.8375);真可消化赖氨酸需要模型为公猪Y(mg/d)=8951 184.5BW-1.25BW2 36BW0.75;母猪Y(mg/d)=9330 175.4BW-1.43BW2 36BW0.75。     

可消化钙水平对饲喂不同磷含量日粮生长猪生长性能和骨成分的影响

本研究开展了30 d的饲养试验以确定可消化钙水平对饲喂不同磷含量日粮生长猪生长性能和骨成分的影响。试验选择平均体重为(50.21±2.1)kg的生长猪180头,随机分为15组,每组12头猪,每个重复4头猪。试验日粮采用3×5因子设计,可消化磷水平分别为1.4、2.7、4.1 g/kg,可消化钙水平分别为1.3、2.5、3.8、5.0,和6.3 g/kg。结果表明,日粮可消化钙和可消化磷水平对生长猪末重、日增重、饲料报酬、骨钙和骨磷含量的影响具有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。在可消化钙磷比值分别为1.20∶1和1.25∶1,可消化磷水平为2.7 g/kg时,预测的最大体重为87.20 kg,日增重为1.23 kg。但由于方程的线性性质,没有得到预测的最大饲料报酬。随着日粮可消化钙水平的增加,无论饲粮中可消化磷水平是多少,平均日采食量均表现为显著降低(P<0.05)。可消化磷含量为2.7和4.1 g/kg时,预测的骨骼灰分最大值分别为55.8和60.1 g/kg,对应的可消化钙磷比值分别为2.03∶1和1.59∶1。综上所述,当日粮磷水平达到或低于需要水平时,过量的钙对50~85 kg猪生长性能具有负面影响。而当可消化钙水平高于需要水平时,饲粮中含有高于需要水平的可消化磷可以使猪的生长性能最大化。骨灰分最大化所需的可消化钙水平大于生长性能最大化需要的可消化钙水平,同时当磷水平达到需要量时,保证足够的骨矿化而不影响生长性能所需的可消化钙磷比为1.23∶1。     

贵州香猪生长的蛋白质沉积规律与需要量研究

为研究贵州香猪生长的蛋白质需要,选择60～75日龄贵州香猪34头（公母各半）,采用扣除蛋白等消化能（DEpf）饲粮设计和比较屠宰试验,测定贵州香猪生长的蛋白质沉积规律。研究显示,贵州香猪每千克增重的体蛋白沉积量7～16b、16—25k两个体重阶段相近,平均为172．17g,DCP用于体蛋白沉积的效率为73．93％;每千克增重的赖氨酸沉积量,两个体重阶段及不同DCP与D—lys梯度日粮基本一致,平均为12．03g,摄入D—lys扣除增重相应的维持赖氨酸消耗后剩余的几乎全部用于体蛋白沉积,沉积率平均为98．74％。结果表明,每千克增重生长的DCP需要量为247．38—0．95BW（g）、D—lys需要量为13．11—0．072BW（g）。     

长×荣二元杂交仔猪的氨基酸需要量预测

为了验证NRC(1998)生长模型对我国长×荣二元杂交仔猪的适用性并确定其氨基酸需要量,试验选用体重约10kg的长×荣公猪和母猪各15头,通过饲养试验和屠宰试验测定其生产性能、胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数及胴体成分,结合杨飞云等(2002)20～100kg长×荣生长肥育猪的试验结果,建立日增重与体重、胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数与体重、体蛋白沉积速度与体重之间的回归方程。根据胴体无脂瘦肉生长指数与体重的回归方程以及无脂瘦肉的蛋白质沉积系数和蛋白质沉积的赖氨酸需要系数,建立长×荣杂交猪赖氨酸需要量的数学模型,利用此数学模型预测10～20kg长×荣杂交猪的氨基酸需要量,并用全胴体法进行验证。试验结果显示:①根据NRC(1998)生长模型,用胴体分离法建立10～100kg长×荣杂交猪赖氨酸需要量的数学模型为:真可消化赖氨酸需要量(mg/d)=-0.0515BW3+5.5412BW2-16.904BW+5189.6+36BW0.75,据此模型计算10～20kg长×荣杂交猪的真可消化赖氨酸需要量为6.28g/d,总赖氨酸需要量为7.26g/d;按占风干日粮百分比表示的真可消化赖氨酸需要量为0.69%,总赖氨酸需要量为0.80%。其它必需氨基酸的需要量按NRC(1998)推荐的理想蛋白氨基酸模式中各种氨基酸与赖氨酸的比例计算;②用全胴体法测得10～20kg长×荣杂交猪的赖氨酸沉积速度为5.32g/d,?     

35～50 kg杜泊羊×本地寒羊F1代育肥羊矿物质生长需要的研究

本试验针对35～50 kg杜寒杂交育肥羊进行试验,建立钙、磷、钠、钾、镁净生长需要模型,旨在研究出符合白城地区肉用羊特点的矿物质需要量。结果显示:育肥羊体内矿物质含量与空腹体重(EBW)具有高度相关性,钙、钠、钾、镁净生长需要量(NRG)预测公式分别为:NRG_(Ca)=14.2485×EBW~(-0.457),NRG_p=1.4658×EBW~(-0.0257),NRG_(Na)=1.8547×EBW~(-0.0459),NRG_K=1.789×EBW~(-0.0235)和NRG_(Mg)=0.4579×EBW~(-0.1248)。35～50 kg杜寒杂交公羊矿物质元素钙、磷、钠、钾、镁净生长需要量以空腹体增重(EBG)表示,分别为:10.52～12.35 g/kg EBW、7.75～8.22 g/kg EBW、1.63～1.76 g/kg EBW、1.07～1.31 g/kg EBW、0.34～0.35 g/kg EBW。以体增重(BWG)表示,分别为:8.81～10.24 g/kg SBW、6.49～6.81g/kg SBW、0.90～1.09 g/kg SBW、1.35～1.47 g/kg SBW、0.28～0.29 g/kg SBW。     

Net mineral requirements for growth of Saanen goat kids in early life are similar among genders

The current mineral requirements for growing goat kids are based on sheep and cattle studies without differentiating between the stages of development or gender. The aims of this study were to determine the net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K of Saanen goat kids during the initial stages of growth and to analyse the effect of gender on the net requirements for growth of these macrominerals. Eighteen female, 19 intact male and 10 castrated male Saanen goat kids were studied. The kids were selected applying a completely randomized design and slaughtered when their body weight (BW) reached approximately 5, 10 and 15 kg to determine the mineral requirements for growth at these stages. The net mineral requirements for growth were similar among genders. The goat kids had slightly increased net requirements of Ca, P and Mg for growth with increasing BW from 5 to 15 kg. The net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K ranged from 9.61 to 9.67 g/kg of BW gain, 7.14 to 7.56 g/kg of BW gain, 0.34 to 0.37 g/kg of BW gain, 1.26 to 1.13 g/kg of BW gain, 1.88 to 1.82 g/kg of BW gain as the animals grew from 5 to 15 kg respectively. In conclusion, when formulating diets for Saanen goat kids in early growth stage mineral levels do not need to adjusted based on gender.     

Mineral requirements of hair sheep in tropical climates

In this study, we evaluated the requirements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) for sheep hair growth. Experimental diets contained different levels of metabolizable energy [ME; 0.96, 1.28, 1.72, 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg of dry matter, (DM), corresponding to 4.23, 5.64, 7.58, 9.61 and 11.55 MJ/kg DM]. The lambs' hair (n = 48) at 2 months of age presented an average body weight (BW) of 12.05 ± 1.81 kg. At the beginning of the experiment, eight animals were slaughtered as a reference group to estimate the initial empty body weight and body composition. Net mineral requirements (g/day) ranged from 0.73 to 0.71 g of Ca, 0.51 to 0.49 g of P, 0.026 to 0.026 g of Mg, 0.16 to 0.19 g of Na and 0.15 to 0.13 g of K for animals with a BW ranging from 15 to 30 kg and a daily gain of 100 g. The results of this study indicate that the net macromineral requirements for weight gain in Morada Nova lambs are different from the values commonly recommended by the Agricultural and Food Research Council.     

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of Boer crossbred kids

Meat production by goats has become an important livestock enterprise in several parts of the world. Nonetheless, energy and protein requirements of meat goats have not been defined thoroughly. The objective of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of 34 (3/4) Boer x (1/4) Saanen crossbred, intact male kids (20.5 +/- 0.24 kg of initial BW). The baseline group was 7 randomly selected kids, averaging 21.2 +/- 0.36 kg of BW. An intermediate group consisted of 6 randomly selected kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of 28.2 +/- 0.39 kg. The remaining kids (n = 21) were allocated randomly on d 0 to 3 levels of DMI (treatments were ad libitum or restricted to 70 or 40% of the ad libitum intake) within 7 slaughter groups. A slaughter group contained 1 kid from each treatment, and kids were slaughtered when the ad libitum treatment kid reached 35 kg of BW. Individual body components (head plus feet, hide, internal organs plus blood, and carcass) were weighed, ground, mixed, and subsampled for chemical analyses. Initial body composition was determined using equations developed from the composition of the baseline kids. The calculated daily maintenance requirement for NE was 77.3 +/- 1.05 kcal/kg(0.75) of empty BW (EBW) or 67.4 +/- 1.04 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW. The daily ME requirement for maintenance (118.1 kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW or 103.0 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW) was calculated by iteration, assuming that the heat produced was equal to the ME intake at maintenance. The partial efficiency of use of ME for NE below maintenance was 0.65. A value of 2.44 +/- 0.4 g of net protein/kg(0.75) of EBW for daily maintenance was determined. Net energy requirements for growth ranged from 2.55 to 3.0 Mcal/kg of EBW gain at 20 and 35 kg of BW, and net protein requirements for growth ranged from 178.8 to 185.2 g/kg of EBW gain. These results suggest that NE and net protein requirements for growing meat goats exceed the requirements previously published for dairy goats. Moreover, results from this study suggest that the N requirement for maintenance for growing goats is greater than the established recommendations.     

20～35 kg杜泊羊×湖羊F_1代公羔常量元素维持和生长需要量

本研究采取比较屠宰法测定20~35 kg杜泊羊×湖羊(杜湖)F_1代公羔代常量元素[钙(Ca)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钠(Na)和镁(Mg)]的维持和生长需要量。选择35只杜湖F1代公羔[初体重为(19.20±0.36)kg]作为试验动物。随机选取7只羊,体重达约20 kg时进行屠宰以测定羊体常量元素含量的初始值。再随机选取7只羊,饲喂全混合颗粒饲粮,自由采食(AL),体重达约28 kg时进行屠宰。剩余的21只羊随机分为3个组,分别为AL组、70%AL组和40%AL组,每组7只羊。当AL组体重大约为35 kg时,这3组将被屠宰。屠宰后,测定空腹体(头+足、皮、内脏+血液和胴体)常量元素含量。结果表明:在20~35 kg体重阶段,杜湖F1代公羔的钙、磷、钾、钠和镁维持需要量[空腹体重(EBW)为基础]分别为24.01、11.70、3.20、6.60、1.20 mg/kg EBW,生长需要量[空腹体增重(EBW G)为基础]分别为11.55~11.41 g/kg EBW G、5.82~5.77 g/kg EBW G、1.47~1.69 g/kg EBW G、0.42~0.44 g/kg EBW G和0.98~0.88 g/kg EBW G。总之,20~35 kg杜湖F_1代常量元素需要量的确定将有助于此生长阶段合理饲粮的配制,有利于羔羊生长性能的提高。     

35～50kg道赛特×小尾寒羊杂交公羔矿物质需要量研究

本试验旨在研究35~50 kg道赛特×小尾寒羊杂交公羔钙、磷、钾、钠、镁的维持需要量和净生长需要量。选取(34.54±0.40)kg、6月龄道赛特×小尾寒羊杂交公羔25只分为5组,初期组,中期组,末期100%组、末期60%组、末期40%组(饲喂水平分别为100%、60%、40%),初期组、中期组、末期组分别在羔羊体重为35、43和50 kg时屠宰。测定动物体组织中的钙、磷、钾、钠、镁含量,建立数学模型对矿物质的维持需要量和净生长需要量进行预测。结果显示:道寒杂交公羔在35~50 kg体重阶段,钙、磷、钾、钠、镁的维持需要量分别为0.73、0.72、0.32、0.32、0.13 g/d,基于空腹体重(EBW)的净生长需要量分别为13.47~14.00 g/kg EBW、7.18~7.41 g/kg EBW、0.13~0.17 g/kg EBW、1.20~1.73 g/kg EBW、0.45~0.58 g/kg EBW。本研究得出了35~50 kg道赛特×小尾寒羊杂交公羔矿物质维持需要量和净生长需要量的模型。     

P and Ca requirements for Japanese quail

Four experiments were conducted to estimate the phosphorus and calcium requirements for weight maintenance and weight gain in Japanese quails during their growth phase from 16 to 36 days. Japanese quails aged 16 days were used for estimating the phosphorous and calcium requirements for weight maintenance or weight gain, with these quails composing each reference slaughter group and the others distributed in a completely randomized design, housed in cages of galvanized wire (33 × 33 × 16 cm) that were stored in acclimatized chambers with specific environmental temperatures. The light programme used during the 20‐day experimental period was 24 h of artificial light. Analysis of the data showed that the prediction equations for estimating the phosphorus and calcium requirements for weight maintenance and weight gain of Japanese quails between 16 and 36 days of age were P (g/quail/day) = P^0.75*(9.3695 + 7.7397*T) + 9.70*WG, in which P is the phosphorus requirement, and Ca (g/quail/day) = P^0.75*(363.99 – 8.0262*T) + 28.15*WG, in which Ca is the calcium requirement, P is BW (kg), T is temperature (°C) and WG (g/quail/day).     

Growth, nutrient utilization and parameters of mineral metabolism in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed plant-based diets with graded levels of microbial phytase

Diets with graded levels of the experimental microbial phytase SP1002 (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 FTU/kg) were fed to juvenile Nile tilapia (average BW = 68.8 g) for 60 days (n = 4). A digestibility trial ran parallel to the growth trial using 0.3 g TiO2/100 g as an indigestible marker. The efficiency of phytase supplementation was evaluated by parameters of growth response, crude protein and mineral utilization (using body composition data), apparent nutrient digestibility, mineral content in scale and vertebra and inorganic phosphorus in blood plasma. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey-test using SAS-program. Significant improvements (p < 0.01) were found for growth, FCR and SGR, mainly for diets with 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg phytase supplementation. Protein utilization was significantly increased and maximized between 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg. Phosphorus utilization increased significantly up to 4000 FTU/kg. Digestibility of protein and phosphorus was also significantly improved. Phosphorus concentration in the blood, vertebra and scale increased significantly after phytase addition. Similarly, calcium and magnesium concentration in vertebra and scale were increased. Generally, phytase supplementation between 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg resulted in growth rates and mineralization parameters similar to a control diet with inorganic phosphorus.     

Energy requirements of early‐weaned Dorper cross‐bred female lambs

The net and metabolizable energy (NE and ME) requirements of Dorper cross‐bred female lambs with BWs of 20–35 kg were assessed in a comparative slaughter trial. Thirty‐five Dorper × thin‐tailed Han cross‐bred female lambs weaned at ~50 days of age (20.3 ± 2.15 kg BW) were used. Seven randomly selected lambs were slaughtered at the start of the trial (baseline group). An intermediate group consisting of seven randomly selected lambs fed ad libitum was slaughtered when the lambs reached an average BW of 28.5 kg. The remaining 21 lambs were allotted randomly to three levels of dry matter intake: ad libitum or restricted to 70% or 40% of the ad libitum intake. All the lambs were slaughtered when the sheep fed ad libitum reached a BW of 35 kg. Total body energy, nitrogen, fat, ash and moisture content were determined. In a digestibility trial, an additional 15 Dorper × thin‐tailed Han cross‐bred female lambs (28.7 ± 1.75 kg BW) were housed in metabolism cages and used in a completely randomized design experiment to evaluate the ME value of the diet at the three feed intake levels. The maintenance requirements for NE and ME were 245.5 and 380.3 kJ/kg metabolic shrunk body weight (SBW^0.75) respectively. The partial efficiency of energy use for maintenance was 0.645. The NE requirements for growth ranged from 1.18 to 5.18 MJ/d for the lambs gaining 100–350 g/d from 20 to 35 kg BW. Partial efficiency of ME for growth was 0.44. In conclusion, the current study suggests that the NE requirement for maintenance and growth of Dorper early‐weaned cross‐bred female lambs is lower than the current AFRC and NRC recommendations.