玉米弯孢菌叶斑病流行环节的研究

对玉米弯孢菌叶斑病流行环节的若干问题研究表明:玉米叶面渗出物对弯孢菌孢子萌发及附着孢形成有显著的促进作用;弯孢菌孢子主要在白天飞散;弯孢菌叶斑病较大面积发病田经1个月左右,顺风向可传播约250 m;病害传播梯度模型为xi=159.33.exp(-0.010 3di);病害空间分布为随机分布。     

山区玉米当家品种川单15高产栽培技术模式研究

选择生产实践中对玉米子粒产量影响较大的5项因素:播种期(X₁)、密度(X₂)、施N肥量(X₃)、施锌肥量(X₄)和施攻穗肥比例(X₅);作为主要影响目标函数(y)的决策变量,应用二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立了山区玉米当家品种川单15的高产栽培技术模型.并通过计算机进行因子水平寻优,得出单产700kg/666.7m₂以上的高产栽培技术模式是:播种期为3月25日,密度为4 82     

河西灌区玉米间套作吨粮栽培综合农艺措施数学模型的研究及应用

本项试验根据系统工程学最佳模拟配合法的原理,应用二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法,选择玉米密度(X₁)、小麦播量(X₂)、玉米施N量(X₃)、施P₂O₅量(X₄)作为主要影响目标函数(Y)的决策变量,经田间试验将结果利用计算机运算分析,建立小麦∥玉米间套作高产函数模型,并进行模拟寻优获得667 m²产量≥1000 kg的最佳农艺措施组合方案,结合传统栽培技术和经验,制定生产技术规程和模式图表进行大面积示范推广,取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。     

旱地玉米高产综合农艺措施数学模型的研究

本试验研究用系统工程方法和高等数学原理,采用四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,并借助于电子计算机的高速模拟功能,建立数学模型。剖析了播期(X₁)、密度(X₂)、氮肥(X₃)、磷肥(X₄)四项综合农艺措施的主效应和交互效应与产量的关系。它们对产量的影响大小顺序是:密度>氮肥>磷肥>播期。并筛选了每公顷产量8200～9000kg以上,其最优组合方案农艺措施是:播期5月5日～5月10日,密度公顷4.8～5.4万株,氮肥(纯N)每公顷155.93～168.53kg,磷肥(纯P)每公顷64.8～87.7kg。确定了置信区间,为旱地玉米高产综合运用农艺措施提供科学依据。     

稻田春玉米氮、磷、钾配方施肥数学模型的初步研究

采用氮、磷、钾三因素旋转组合设计,通过计算机模拟寻优,建立了稻田春玉米--杂交晚稻种植制度中玉米产量--施肥量,玉米生产利润--施肥量数学模型:分析了氮(X₁)、磷(X₂)、钾(X₃)的主效应及交互效应与产量的关系,它们对产量的影响为氮＞钾＞磷.筛选出玉米产量≥8250kg/hm²的最优方案为:N394.96～401.25kg/hm²、P₂O₅116.99～121.8kg/hm²、K₂O 232.29～237.06kg/hm²,其比例为N∶P₂O₅K₂O=3.4∶1∶2.并筛选出玉米利润≥6800元/hm²的最优方案为:N380.60～385.55kg/hm²,P₂O₅104.73～108.03kg/hm²、K₂O222.20～225.12kg/hm².其比例为N∶P₂O₅K₂O=3.6∶1∶2.1。     

玉米见展叶差的研究

玉米见展叶差是可见叶片数与展开叶片数的差值。用13个基因型(5个单交种及8个亲本自交系),在两个地点,每地点2个播期进行试验。结果表明,见展叶差在相同条件下表现尚为稳定,但因不同播期、地点而有不稳定表现。最大见展叶差也不稳定,并与雌穗分化没有很好地恒定关系。最大见展叶差(y)与出叶速度(X₁)、叶片见展历时(x₂)、叶片生长速率(x₃)之间有回归方程y=2.8277+0.4271x₁+0.0979x₂+0.0396x₃。通径分析结果,决定系数D=0.5816。5个单交种F₁和F₂的遗传分析,最大见展叶差广义遗传力h²_β％=25.34±9.278。这些都表明该性状易受环境影响。由此,对见展叶差的应用价值作了讨论。     

玉米新品种绵单七号高产栽培技术研究

通过五因素二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立了玉米新品种绵单七号子粒产量与种植密度(X₁),施氮量(X₂),施磷量(X₃),施钾量(X₄),施锌量(X₅)的数学模型.经用计算机进行因子水平寻优,得出产量在8 550 kg/hm²以上的栽培模式为:密度45 970～47 707株/hm²,施纯氮263.9～271.5 kg/hm²,施用P2O5为113.77～121.4 kg/hm²,施用K2O为99.4～107.9 kg/hm²,施用ZnO为8.0～9.7 kg/hm²。     

施氮对高淀粉玉米子粒产量形成的影响

采用田间试验、植株生理生化分析方法,研究了不同施氮量对高淀粉玉米吉单535和普通玉米军单8号子粒产量形成的影响。结果表明,高淀粉玉米粒重的增长符合Logistic方程;营养体干重随时间的变化符合回归方程Y=axe^bx;生物产量依子粒产量和营养体干重变化符合回归方程Y=exp(a+b₁x₁+b₂x₂)。与普通玉米军单8号比较,高淀粉玉米吉单535营养体干重增长期较长,干重下降速率低,即由营养体干物质向子粒转运量较低。适宜的施氮量可有效地促进高淀粉玉米植株生育前期总生物量的积累以及生育后期干物质从营养体向子粒的转移,从而获得较高产量。高淀粉玉米吉单535的适宜施氮量为200 kg/hm²。     

吉林省气候变化对玉米气象产量的影响

利用吉林省梨树县1986～2008年的气象资料和玉米产量资料,在确定梨树县玉米的气象产量与积温、降雨以及日照时数之间关系的基础上,分析吉林省气候变化规律及其对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：玉米的气象产量(Y_w)与降雨量(x₁)呈显著正相关,与生育期内的积温(x₂)呈显著负相关,与日照时数无显著相关关系,与生育期内的降雨量和积温存在显著的二元线性关系：Y_w=15768.77+2.87x₁-5.42x₂,(r=0.63)。吉林省整个生育期内的平均气温、积温分别以每年0.05℃和10℃左右增加,降雨量以每年5mm左右减少,日照时数没有明显变化。随着吉林省气候变暖和降雨减少现象的加剧,对吉林省的旱情和玉米产量的影响越来越重。     

不同水分条件下小麦碳同位素分辨率的遗传分析和QTL定位

为探讨小麦碳同位素分辨率(△)与抗旱性及产量性状的关系,以小麦品种宁春4号和宁春27号杂交构建的重组自交系（RILs）群体为材料,分析△在不灌水（W0）、灌1水（W1）、灌2水（W2）和灌3水（W3）四种水分条件下与其他不同性状间的遗传相关性,并定位控制小麦△的QTL位点。结果表明,△在RILs群体中呈双向超亲分离,分布频率表现为正态分布。随着干旱胁迫的增强,△值降低,RILs株系间的△变异程度增大,△双向超亲分离的比例增加。四种水分处理下叶片△与千粒重、穗粒重均呈负相关。穗粒重（Y）与△ (X₁)、叶绿素含量(X₂)、千粒重(X₃)的回归方程为:Y=0.056-0.110X₁+0.046X₂+0.037X₃,表明在适度干旱条件下低△影响了穗粒重。采用QTL IciMapping 4.0对△进行QTL检测,共检测到5个QTL,其中位于7B染色体上的有3个,位于5B和3D上的各1个。位于7B染色体上的3个QTL是在W0、W2和W3三种水分条件下分别检测到的,且W0和W3下检测到的2个QTL的标记区间相同（barc267~gwm46）,其中Q△-7B.3对△表型的贡献率达到40.3%。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.