荧光标记基因转化棉花黄萎病菌及标记菌系选育

为了研究黄萎病菌的侵染机制,通过农杆菌介导的转化方法,将绿色荧光蛋白基因sGFP导入落叶型黄萎病菌VD07038,将红色荧光蛋白基因mCherryRFP导入非落叶型黄萎病菌Bp2中,分别获得了具有绿色、红色荧光信号的阳性转化子。经过分子验证和连续继代培养,证明了这些转化子具有遗传稳定的对潮霉素的抗性。通过对转化子的菌落形态、生长速度和致病力进行检测,发现大部分转化子与野生型基本一致,少量转化子发生变异,其中转化子Bp2R-30不能产生微菌核,致病力显著下降。利用荧光显微镜观察了转化子VD07038G-10在感病棉花品种苏棉22幼苗根部的侵染情况。结果表明,在接菌12 h后VD07038G-10的孢子可吸附在根表面;接种7~9 d后,菌丝入侵到棉花根部的维管组织。本研究获得的荧光蛋白标记的棉花黄萎病菌VD07038G-10可用于实时观测黄萎病菌侵染棉花根系的过程,并且可以定量鉴定不同棉花品种对该菌系的抗性,为棉花黄萎病菌抗性鉴定提供一种新方法。     

转基因抗虫棉抗黄萎病鉴定及黄萎病发生规律

采用田间病圃鉴定法,研究了国内外45个转基因抗虫棉品种(系)的黄萎病抗病性,结果表明,以相对抗性指数(IR)划分抗性类型,抗病品种(系)占6.7％,耐病品种(系)占51.1％,感病品种(系)占42.2％。美国引进品种(系)比国内自育品种(系)的抗病性稍差。棉花黄萎病菌在不同转基因抗虫棉品种(系)上的侵染、扩展规律有较大差异,可分为5类。不同品种(系)的抗病特性不同,可分为3大类。此外,筛选出抗虫棉抗病性鉴定的对照品系—J103。     

接种不同致病力黄萎病菌的F1代棉花的基因型抗性研究

 在乌兹别克斯坦,棉黄萎病对棉花造成严重损失。为了选育能抗强致病力菌系的棉花品种,需确定棉花对不同地域的强致病力菌系的基因型抗性和F₁代的抗性遗传度。研究发现,品种Omad和品系L-44,L-408,L-155,L-1708对所选菌系的抗性最好。当受到侵染时,它们表现出超敏感性,但不表现黄萎病症状。F₁代的黄萎病抗性为超显性和显性遗传,且与鉴定方法无关。同时,存在中间性遗传。遗传优势度取决于其亲本的配合力、F₁代受侵染时的基因反应型和不同地域菌系的致病力。其中,Omad,С-5621,L-44,L-1708的表型抗性高;在F₁代中,组合L-155×С-5621和L1708×С-5621的表型抗性较高,在50％～80％。黄萎病抗性遗传控制的特点是趋向于最好或最差亲本的负或正的超显性、显性遗传以及中间型遗传。对所选菌系,杂交组合L-155×С-5621 和 L-155×L-44的综合抗性最好。     

棉花黄萎病菌与抗黄萎病遗传育种研究进展

简要综述了棉花黄萎病菌及抗黄萎病遗传育种的研究进展。研究表明 ,各地的棉花黄萎病菌均存在致病力的分化 ,其致病机理是病菌侵入棉花后菌丝及孢子在导管内大量繁殖 ,同时刺激邻近的薄壁细胞产生胶状物质及侵填体而堵塞导管 ,使水分和养分运输发生困难 ,更重要的是病菌在棉株体内产生的糖蛋白毒素作用的结果。棉花抗黄萎病的遗传方式争论较大 ,但一般在温室由单一菌系接种鉴定时棉花黄萎病抗性表现为单基因遗传 ,而在田间病圃或用多菌系混合鉴定时 ,棉花黄萎病抗性表现为多基因遗传。由于陆地棉内缺乏高抗黄萎病资源 ,给棉花抗黄萎病育种带来一定困难 ,但 90年代以来 ,已育成 86 - 6、川 73 7、川 2 80 2、豫棉 1 9号、豫棉 2 1号等一些抗黄萎病的新品种。上述抗黄萎病品种在棉花黄萎病综合防治中起了重要作用     

不同抗性品种对棉花黄萎病菌致病力的影响

 以1个海岛棉品种和15个陆地棉品种为分离寄主,采取单孢分离,共分离出67个黄萎病菌系。以抗性差异较大的海岛棉品种Pima90-53和陆地棉品种冀棉20、邯208和中棉所8号为鉴别寄主,采用苗期营养钵定量注菌液法对分离菌系进行了致病力鉴定。结果表明,同一地块田间不同品种所分离菌系的致病力类型并非单一类型,而是由致病力连续变化的多种致病力菌系类型组成;由不同品种分离出的菌系致病力存在差异,寄主品种的抗性与分离的黄萎病菌系的致病力无关,但不同基因型品种可能会影响不同致病力菌落的消长。     

棉花抗黄萎病新抗源种质川737、川2802的抗性研究

采用不同棉黄萎病菌系及枯萎病菌系，对新种质川７３７、川２８０２进行病圃抗性鉴定及不同区域的抗性测定研究。结果表明，川７３７、川２８０２对我国棉黄萎病三大生理型１１个不同菌系的抗性均好，又抗落叶型棉黄萎病，并高抗棉与枯萎病，是我国抗棉黄萎病多菌系，且高抗枯萎病的新抗源种质，在棉花抗病育种中，具有广泛的利用价值和重大的学术意义。     

棉花黄萎病不同抗性品种接菌前后体内酶活性及酚类物质含量的变化

研究了对黄萎病不同抗性棉花品种在接菌前后酶活性与酚类物质含量的变化。结果表明 :棉花对黄萎病的抗性与棉株组织中的过氧化物酶 (POD)、多酚氧化酶 (PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及酚类物质 (主要为二元酚 )含量密切相关。不同抗感黄萎病棉花品种接种病原菌后 ,4个指标都有不同程度地提高 ,并于接种后 3～ 5d内出现峰值 ,峰值高低与抗性程度呈正相关     

棉花GbSTK基因调控开花和黄萎病抗性的功能研究

棉花是重要的经济作物,实现既抗病又早熟是棉花重要的育种目标,但棉花抗病与早熟基因之间的关联性研究报道甚少。本课题组前期鉴定到一个响应黄萎病菌诱导的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因GbSTK,可以提高转基因拟南芥的黄萎病抗性。本研究发现多个抗病棉花品种中STK基因的表达量显著高于感病对照品种H208。在抗病品种农大601中沉默STK基因,沉默植株在接菌后20d,其黄萎病抗性显著降低,病情指数由27.5(耐病)升高到63.2(感病),表明该基因正向调控棉花黄萎病抗性。对转GbSTK基因拟南芥表型鉴定发现,其开花时莲座叶片数平均为7.5个,显著低于空载体对照植株(11.9个),转基因植株开花时间较对照平均提早5~7 d。进一步对拟南芥开花途径标志基因FT、SOC1和LFY的转录水平检测发现,转基因不同株系中FT和SOC1的表达水平显著高于对照植株,而LFY基因的表达受影响较小,表明STK基因可以影响开花关键基因FT和SOC1的表达,进而调控植株提早开花。基于酵母双杂交互作蛋白筛选试验,初步获得30个与GbSTK具有互作关系的候选蛋白,为进一步揭示GbSTK的分子调控网络奠定了基础。本研究首次鉴定出可同时提高黄萎病抗性和提早开花的一个功能基因,为棉花抗病早熟遗传改良提供了参考依据。     

不同来源海岛棉品种黄萎病抗性遗传研究

以国内外4个来源不同的海岛棉品种与我国育成的8个陆地棉品种组配的32个不同类型的杂交组合为材料, 在人工生长室条件下, 用4个不同致病力类型黄萎病菌系于棉花苗期接种, 进行了海岛棉黄萎病抗性的鉴定和遗传研究。 结果表明, 海岛棉品种Pima90-53(美洲型)、 Giza70(埃及型)、 5010F和吐海2号(中亚埃及型)具有对强致病力     

棉花黄萎病抗性与过氧化物酶同工酶分析

采用等电聚焦电泳方法 ,对棉花二对抗黄萎病近等基因系以及三对色素腺体近等基因系的子叶进行过氧化物同工酶 (POD)分析。结果表明 ,色素腺体和棉酚含量与棉花抗性没有必然的联系 ;环境条件对棉花抗性表现有一定的影响 ,但对子叶中 POD同工酶谱带无显著的影响 ;4条 POD同工酶酶带 (P4、P6、P7、P10 )的表现与棉花抗黄萎病性有关 ,这些酶带的特殊表现可用于棉花抗病性辅助鉴定和辅助育种     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...