瓜尔豆利用与研究进展

瓜尔是收获指数最高的经济作物之一,该文阐述了瓜尔豆的利用和研究进展,并指出重点研究方向,为进一步推动瓜尔豆的深入研究与合理开发利用提供理论基础。     

1985-2020年河南省育成大豆品种亲缘分析及骨干亲本挖掘

为给大豆育种选配亲本提供参考依据,对河南省1985-2020年育成的132个大豆品种进行系谱追溯,系统分析其育种方式、亲本组成、细胞核、细胞质遗传贡献率,并归纳骨干亲本.结果表明:常规杂交是河南省大豆品种选育的主要途径,占参试品种的85.5％.132个品种共有185个细胞核遗传的原始亲本,核遗传率最大的祖先亲本是齐黄1号,其次是沁阳水白豆和野岗1号;共59个细胞质遗传的原始亲本,遗传率最高的是郑80024-10.常被用作育成大豆品种直接亲本的有濮豆6018、郑9805、郑59、开豆4号和周豆23.根据衍生品种数归纳出6个骨干亲本,包括豫豆2号、豫豆3号、豫豆10号、豫豆18和豫豆22.其中豫豆2号作为亲本衍生出57个大豆品种,占参试育成大豆品种的43.2％,为河南省大豆育种作出了重大贡献.     

巴西橡胶树主栽品种指纹图谱构建

以24个橡胶树主栽品种为试材,从75对SSR引物中筛选到14对多态性引物,构建了24个品种的指纹图谱。结果每对引物可以检测到2～5个数目不等多态性等位基因,平均为4.00个等位基因,PIC 平均值为0.48。聚类分析可将24份主栽品种分为三大类,具有相同来源的多数品种聚为一类。24个橡胶品种的SSR指纹图谱互不相同,可以作为各品种的特定图谱。     

9个瓜尔豆品种过氧化物酶同工酶分析

对９个瓜尔豆（Ｃｙａｍｏｐｓｉｓｔｅｔｒａｇｏｎｏｌｏｂａ）品种萌动种子过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）同工酶分析表明,酶带数目及酶活性在不同品种间存在差异。对照田间幼苗抗（耐）寒性观察结果,发现抗（耐）寒性强的品种比抗（耐）寒性弱的品种的ＰＯＤ同工酶带多,酶活性高,这一研究结果可供抗寒品种选育和抗寒机理研究参考。     

珍珠豆型花生的简单序列重复(SSR)多态性

从36对SSR引物中筛选出10对引物,能在24个珍珠豆型花生品种DNA中扩增出多态性片段,每对SSR引物可扩增出1～6个DNA片段,扩增位点数为2～11个,平均6.5个;多态性位点为1～11个,平均6.1个.根据SSR标记分析24个珍珠豆型花生的遗传距离为0.04～0.69,平均为0.37.聚类分析将24个珍珠豆型花生品种划分为4个品种群.     

SRAP和SSR标记构建的甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱比较

利用SRAP ( sequence - related amp lified polymorphism)和SSR标记构建了甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱,并对 两种标记方法进行了比较。结果表明: (1)每对SRAP引物扩增出20. 36个条带,其中4. 44个是清晰、易于辩认的 多态性带;每对SSR引物扩增出3. 88个条带,均为多态性条带。(2)采用25对SRAP和SSR引物分别构建40个和 75个品种的特异指纹图谱, SRAP指纹中具有特异图谱的比例(82. 5%和50. 7% )高于SSR指纹图谱的结果( 60. 0%和44. 4% ) 。品种数越多具有特异指纹的品种越少。(3)运用引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱,大大地提高了指 纹图谱的特异性。25对SSR引物组合扩增97个多态性谱带,两个不同的品种具有相同谱带的概率只有6. 3108 × 10 - 30。组合指纹图谱比组合数码图谱更直观。与SRAP标记相比, SSR标记以其扩增谱带少、易于识别和统计而 更适合用于引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱。     

不同大豆品种对触杀型除草剂耐受性研究

采用不同浓度除草剂处理大豆叶片,对4个大豆品种的草铵膦和百草枯耐受性进行研究。结果表明,不同品种对两种除草剂的耐受性存在明显差异,以中豆32对百草枯耐受的最高浓度为0.24mg/L;中黄10号次之,为0.18mg/L;东农50和小粒豆最低为0.12mg/L。中豆32对草铵膦耐受的最高浓度为6mg/L;吉林小粒豆1号次之,为4mg/L;中黄10号和东农50的耐受浓度均为3mg/L。     

农田镉污染对大豆镉吸收特性及其产量的影响

选取62份大豆品种在土壤镉含量为0.63 mg/kg的农田中进行小区试验,通过检测不同大豆品种的籽粒和秸秆镉的含量,比较不同大豆品种对镉转运能力的差异。结果显示:不同大豆品种,其籽粒和秸秆镉含量存在很大差异,且所有大豆品种秸秆镉含量明显高于籽粒镉含量,产量对大豆镉的吸收和积累有一定的影响。聚类分析结果表明,2014品8和2014品10这两个粒用品种可视为高产组品种分类;益阳紫皮豆、桂阳紫金豆和望城酱色豆等8个粒用品种可视为低产组品种分类;其余52个大豆品种可视为中产组品种分类。     

不同大豆品种发芽期耐旱性评价及耐旱种质筛选

为鉴定不同大豆品种种子发芽期的耐旱性,以20%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液为渗透介质模拟干旱胁迫条件,比较了30个大豆品种发芽期与耐旱性相关的形态和生理指标的差异,并利用隶属函数法对30个品种进行了耐旱性的综合评价。结果表明:20%PEG-6000浸种降低了大豆种子的吸水率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,抑制了胚芽和胚根的伸长,不同品种的耐旱指数和胁迫指数存在明显差异;隶属函数法综合评价结果表明,30个大豆品种发芽期的耐旱性存在差异,耐旱性较强的是叙永黄毛白水豆(G25)、叙永六月半(G21)、武冈青豆(G27)和淳平小子药黑豆(G13),耐旱性最差的是早踏扁青(G08)、丹波黑(G02)和桐庐牛吃豆(G11)。     

国审大豆品种临豆10高产稳产性及适应性分析

为了解国审大豆品种临豆10的生产利用价值,以2008年国家黄淮海大豆区域试验结果为依据,通过对产量、变异系数、高稳系数、回归系数分析大豆品种临豆10的高产性、稳产性及适应性。结果表明,临豆10是一个高产性和稳产性均好,适应范围广的品种,可以在生产上大面积推广应用。     

Variability of survival and yield traits in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones under marginal field conditions in Ghana

Increasing the genetic base of current parental cacao varieties grown in West Africa with clones that are able to perform well under marginal conditions could improve cacao production. Survival and yield of 30 different cocoa clones of more recent introductions were compared with five parental clones of improved cocoa varieties under natural field conditions in Ghana. A randomized complete-block design with five replications was used to evaluate the 35 clones for the following traits: percentage survival, increase in trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), canopy spread, bean mass and bean yield. Significant (p < 0.05) clone effects for all traits and broad-sense heritability range of 0.16–0.51 were observed. Bean mass and bean yield varied from 0.90 to 1.44 g and 149 to 467 kg/ha, respectively. Bean yield and TCSA was positively and moderately correlated (r = 0.46; p < 0.01). Clones A 1/197, ICS 70 and MO 20 outperformed the best control clone for both survival and yield, which could be used in cacao breeding to improve production under marginal conditions in Ghana.     

Use of two varieties of hard-to-cook beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) in the processing of koki (a steamed legume product)

Koki is a nutritious cowpea-based food product usually processed by steam cooking whipped cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) paste mixed with spices and palm oil. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of the partial replacement of cowpeas (CP) with hard-to-cook (HTC) beans on the chemical, nutritional and sensory characteristics of koki. Towards this objective, two varieties of beans – Phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney beans – RKB and mottled brown beans – MBB), each with the HTC defect, were separately incorporated into cowpea paste in the following Bean:CP ratios 0:100, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40 and processed into koki. Incorporation of dry HTC beans into cowpeas in the making of koki affected the bulking properties of the uncooked paste, the nutrient composition, essential amino acid content, antinutritional factors, digestibility as well as the sensory attributes of cooked koki. Sensory tests showed that a highly acceptable, nutritious and digestible koki can be processed from cowpeas partially replaced with dry HTC bean paste up to levels of about 40–50% depending on the variety of dry bean used.     

不同结荚习性大豆品种生育特性的研究

通过对不同结荚习性大豆品种各生育阶段的长短、生长发育的速度和植株上、中、下各部位的产量分布、子粒内含品质的测定,明确了不同结荚习性大豆品种各自的生育规律与特点。结果表明,不同结荚习性大豆品种子粒的大小和子粒蛋白质与脂肪总含量与子粒产量在各部位分布的规律基本一致。研究还进一步讨论了不同结荚习性大豆品种的形成机理、子实产量形成的重点时期与部位及其对环境条件的适应特点与分布规律,以及在优质高产栽培中应注重其不同的重点促进期。     

测定豆类胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性和种类的电泳方法改良

以赤豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(ABTI)及绿豆的胰蛋白酶抑制剂(MBTI)为材料,采用明胶-PAGE技术对其进行活性和种类检测。同时对影响明胶-PAGE技术体系的明胶浓度、酶解时间、脱酶液及电泳的灵敏度等因素进行探讨。结果表明:改良后的明胶-PAGE技术,鉴定胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性和种类的时间大大缩短,成本低,技术操作可行性强,重复性好,且检测ABTI的种类达7种,灵敏度达到每孔1.0 BAEE、蛋白点样量为每孔0.154μg。     

套作模式下大豆品种与密度二因素试验分析

试验研究了春大豆在与小麦套种模式下.品种和密度二因素对大豆产量的影响.结果表明:品种之间的产量差异极显著.晋豆19号品种的产量均高于承豆6号、晋豆42号两个品种.品种与密度间除了简单效应累加外,还存在互作效应.在套作条件下,晋豆19号在播种密度1.21万株/667m2时,产量最高,密度在1.0万株/667m2时,产量次之;晋豆42号在密度1.42万株/667m2时,产量位居第三;承豆6号在密度1.00万株/667m2时.产量为223.22 kg/667m2,位居第四.     

菜豆中总黄酮提取工艺及含量测定

目的测定菜豆豆荚总黄酮含量，优化菜豆中黄酮提取工艺。方法以芦丁为对照品通过紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量，将回流法、超声法、煎煮法提取黄酮类化合物的提取效率进行对比，采用正交法优化了超声提取工艺。用最佳提取工艺验证实验结果。结果提取次数对黄酮提取率影响显著．超声时间和乙醇浓度对提取率影响不显著。结论最佳提取工艺为85％乙醇、超声60min、提取3次，菜豆中总黄酮含量为158．86mg／100g。     

应用HSC法评价蚕豆高产稳产性

用高稳系数（HSC）法分析了1999年吞豆区域试验7个参试品种的高产稳产性，结果表明，95－08高产又稳产，95－20产量一般，但稳产性好，95－25丰产性最好，但稳产性很差，95－22稳产性最好，但丰产性最差，95－23既低产又不稳产，HSC是反映高产性的参数，又是反映稳产性的参数，使高产与穗产两因素得到了科学的有机结合，用HSC法分析评价蚕豆新品种高产稳产性是一种准确，简便，可靠的方法。     

Volatile Compounds of Dry Beans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis> L.)

Volatile compounds of uncooked dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars representing three market classes (black, dark red kidney and pinto) grown in 2005 were isolated with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 62 volatiles consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols and ketones represented on average 62, 38, 21, 12, and 9 x 10(6) total area counts, respectively. Bean cultivars differed in abundance and profile of volatiles. The combination of 18 compounds comprising a common profile explained 79% of the variance among cultivars based on principal component analysis (PCA). The SPME technique proved to be a rapid and effective method for routine evaluation of dry bean volatile profile.     

Evaluation of common bean lines for their reaction to tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Ir2

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) can cause an economically relevant disease in the major tomato growing regions, and no resistance has been identified in commercial and wild tomato cultivars in Iran. In the present study, 34 common bean lines were screened for their reaction to TYLCV-Ir2 under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Bean plants were inoculated at the first trifoliate stage with viruliferous whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci biotype B) and were then sprayed with an insecticide and maintained in whitefly-proof greenhouse. The inoculated plants were monitored for the development of symptoms and the presence of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) four weeks after inoculation. Results revealed that out of the 34 lines, five were resistant. These lines exhibited either no symptoms or very mild symptoms and no viral DNA was detected in them by PCR. Two lines, which showed no typical disease symptoms but contained viral DNA, were identified as tolerant to TYLCV-Ir2. The vector feeding preference for common bean lines was assessed. Results indicated a significant difference in adult whitefly numbers among bean lines but there was no relationship between the number of whiteflies and disease symptom severity. The resistance to TYLCY-Ir2 expressed in common bean lines may be useful as source of resistance for the development of resistant commercial common bean cultivars.     

Variability of Nutritional and Cooking Quality in Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) as a Function of Genotype

Screening of natural biodiversity for the better quality traits are of prime importance for quality breeding programs. The objective of this investigation was to select candidate accession of bean having high concentrations of protein as well as macro and micro minerals with good cooking quality for use as parents in breeding programme for these compounds. Thirty-five accessions of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) were field grown and their seeds were analyzed for their cooking quality and nutritional composition. Wide variations were observed in most of the measurements e.g. protein (18.7–26.2%), iron (79.4–137.6 ppm) and hardness after cooking (4.65–9.88 Kg) suggesting that there are considerable levels of genetic diversity. Across all accessions the concentration of potassium was negatively correlated with protein (r = −0.43, P < 0.05). Concentrations of protein was significantly greater in accessions VIII, XIII and XIX compared to other accessions analyzed. Iron concentrations were greatest (137 ppm) in XIX and lowest (79 ppm) in XXVII. Lines with less cooking time were line III, X, XXVI, XXX and XXXI. Bean line XIX contains high protein (24.9%) with high zinc (33.3 ppm) and highest iron (137.6 ppm), but it has high hardness after cooking (7.32 kg). Four clusters were computed by cluster analysis that explained quite a good variation in the traits. The great variability for these attributes suggests that these selected accessions may be useful as parents in hybridization programs to produce bean with value-added traits. This information was also potentially useful for pulse breeders working on the development of new varieties.