Umsatz von 15N-Harnstoff und 15N-Ammonsulfatsalpeter mit Zusatz von Dicyandiamid unter anaeroben Bedingungen im Boden

Turnover of ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N-ammonium sulfa-nitrate with addition of dicyandiamide under anaerobic conditions in the soil In model trials, the turnover of ¹⁵N-urea (UR) and ¹⁵N-ammonium sulfa-nitrate (ASN) was studied with and without dicyandiamide (DCD) after 42 days of preincubation at 14°C followed by waterlogging with a solution of glucose. By use of DCD, nitrification was considerably retarded, and therefore losses by denitrification were markedly reduced from 62 to 39% (UR) and 65 to 32% (ASN). DCD-application resulted in an increased incorporation of labelled N into the non exchangeable soil N-fraction. This incorporation amounted to more than 60% of the applied N, whereas in the case of the treatments without DCD the incorporation was only in the range of 35 to 38%.     

Stickstoffbilanz von 15N-Harnstoff bzw. 15N-Ammonsulfatsalpeter mit Dicyandiamid in Gefäßversuchen zu Grünhafer und Sommerweizen

Recovery of Nitrogen of ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N-ammonium sulfa-nitrate with addition of dicyandiamide in pot trials with green oats and spring wheat In pot trials with green oats and spring wheat, the effect of ¹⁵N-urea (UR) and ¹⁵N-ammonium sulfa-nitrate (ASN) with addition of the unlabelled nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) was investigated on the basis of equal amounts of N by fully taking into account the DCD-N, with respect to yield, N-removal, distribution of ¹⁵N in plants and soil (sandy loam, pH 6.5) as well as the fate of DCD.

• 1 In Neubauer experiments with green oats, 62–69% of fertilizer-N were found in the shoots, 21–31% in the roots and 4–9% in the soil. In Mitscherlich trials with spring wheat, 85–88% of fertilizer-N were found in grain and straw, 7–10% in the roots and 3–4% in the soil. ¹⁵N-recovery, in all cases was between 98-100%, thus exhibiting pratically no loss in course of the experiment.
• 2 Yields of green oats (shoots), resp. spring wheat (grain and straw) were about 4-11 % lower in pots with DCD; on the contrary, N-contents and removal were somewhat higher compared to control without DCD.
• 3 With conditions given by these pot trials (strong root penetration, favourable temperature, repeated supply during early growth, slow soil-specific decomposition), water-soluble DCD was taken up partly by the plants and appeared mainly in leaves resp. straw. In grains of spring wheat, DCD-contents were, however, very low (maximum 3 ppm DCD-N); in roots it could not be detected. In comparison, analysis of crop-material in field trials showed no DCD in grains and only very few ppm DCD in straw.
• 4 In pots with DCD, the residual-N in the soil was higher, probably because of the prolonged time of reaction between ammonium and the organic matter of the soil.

     

Dicyandiamidabbau im Boden in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur

Effect of temperature on the breakdown of dicyandiamide in the soil The breakdown of dicyandiamide in a soil (sandy silty loam, pH 6.2, 0.13 % N) was investigated in relation to temperature. 1. The rate of conversion of dicyandiamide (DCD) (20 mg DCD-N/100 g soil) to guanylurea increased with rising temperature (10°–90°C). After 20 days, 14–100 % of the added DCD was metabolized. Small amounts of DCD (0.67 resp. 1.34 mg DCD-N/100 g soil) were broken down completely within 20–80 days at 8°–20°C. 2. Guanylurea was transformed to guanidine and then to ammonium. Increasing temperature in the region of 10° and 30°C accelerated the transformation. At higher temperatures (up to 70°C) an accumulation of guanidine occurred.     

The effect of dicyandiamide and neem cake on the nitrification of urea-derived ammonium under field conditions

Summary Dicyandiamide (DCD) and neem cake were evaluated for their efficiency in inhibiting nitrification of prilled urea-derived NH ₄ ⁺ –N in a wheat field. Prilled urea was blended with 10% and 20% DCD-N or 10% and 20% neem cake and incorporated into the soil just before the wheat was sown. Both DCD and neem cake partially inhibited nitrification of prilled urea-derived NH ₄ ⁺ ; DCD was better than neem cake. The nitrification-inhibiting effects of DCD lasted for 45 days, while that of neem cake lasted for only 30 days. Blending the prilled urea with DCD (20% on N basis) was most effective in inhibiting the nitrification of urea-derived NH ₄ ⁺ , both in terms of intensity and duration, and maintained substantially more NH ₄ ⁺ –N than the prilled urea alone and 20% neem-cake-blended urea for a period of 60 days.     

Umsatz und Wirkung von Harnstoff-Dicyandiamid- sowie Ammonsulfat-Dicyandiamid-Produkten zu Weidelgras und Reis

Transformation and effect of urea – dicyandiamide and ammonium sulphate – dicyandiamide products with ryegrass and rice The transformation of urea or ammonium sulphate fertilizers both in combination with dicyandiamide was tested in soil under aerobic conditions. Nitrification was determined after percolation and different incubation periods by measuring the amount of nitrate leached. The mineralisation of urea and ammonium sulphate in the fertile soil was relatively quick. However the addition of 5 to 10 % DCD of the total fertilizer-N inhibited vigorously the nitrification for 6 weeks, 20 % DCD even for 10 weeks. In this way the danger of nitrate leaching was greatly diminished and a slow and constant release of available nitrogen rendered. After a preceding aerobic incubation (up to 4 weeks), flooding and rice-seeding diminished the nitrogen losses by leaching and denitrification remarkably in the Ha/DCD – as well as AS/DCD-pots if compared to urea or ammonium sulphate alone. This effect was particulary clear after a 4 weeks incubation period. Therefore these urea – and ammonium sulphate-dicy-andiamide products guarantee a proper and constant N-nutrition of the rice plants and may decrease the N-losses caused by leaching and denitrification. Nitrogen fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors are of special interest for rice culture, because they allow a better timing of N-fertilizer application, rice seeding and water flooding and render a more economical utilization of nitrogen fertilizers.     

Effect of ammonium thilosulfate and dicyandiamide on residual ammonium in fertilizer bands

Abstract

Ammonium thiosulfate (ATS, 12–0–0–26S) and dicyandiamide (DCD, 66–0–0) are fertilizer products that also inhibit nitrification. It has also been proposed that ATS can improve the nitrification inhibition properties of DCD. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of ATS, DCD, and ATS/DCD mixtures on the nitrification of banded urea solution or urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) under laboratory, field microplot, and field conditions. The laboratory study demonstrated that adding 8.7% (vol vol^‐1) ATS to a urea solution inhibited nitrification by 68%. Inhibition of nitrification was greater with ATS + DCD than with DCD alone. Some nitrite accumulated when ATS was added, but little or no nitrite accumulated when both ATS and DCD were present In field microplot studies, the addition of ATS to urea solution significantly (P ≤ 0.10) increased residual soil ammonium levels over urea alone at six of 11 trials. ATS was usually a less effective nitrification inhibitor than was DCD, and ATS + DCD outperformed DCD at only one of 11 trials. In all three field trials, adding ATS to banded UAN solution led to increased residual ammonium levels. Again, ATS was less effective than DCD or nitrapyrin as a nitrification inhibitor, and no ATS/DCD synergism was observed. It was concluded that the use of ATS as a sulfur fertilizer in fluid fertilizer bands can lead to measurable inhibition of nitrification, but ATS was not as reliable as DCD or nitrapyrin.     

Effect of dicyandiamide and hydroquinone on the transformation of urea-nitrogen-15 in soil cropped to wheat

A pot experiment with a loam soil and spring wheat as test crop showed that an application of dicyandiamide (DCD), and especially its combination with hydroquinone (HQ), gave a much larger recovery of soil urea-¹⁵N than treatments based on the application of urea alone or urea plus HQ. Most of the urea-¹⁵N applied to soil was present as organic plus chemically fixed ¹⁵N in the DCD and DCD plus HQ treatments. These two treatments showed the smallest accumulation of urea-derived (NO₃^-+NO₂^-)-¹⁵N. Under well-drained conditions, there was a synergistic effect of the nitrification inhibitor DCD and the urease inhibitor HQ on urea-¹⁵N transformations and the recovery of fertilizer ¹⁵N in soil after the application of urea.     

Evaluation of Two Products Recently Introduced as Nitrification Inhibitors

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two products recently introduced as nitrification inhibitors with other materials used to inhibit nitrification. Four soils were treated with 0, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 mg kg^?1 of nitrapyrin (NP), a new microencapsulated nitrapyrin product (ENP), dicyandiamide (DCD), a new maleic-itaconic polymer product (MIP), and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS). The soils were also treated with 200 mg N kg^?1 as urea, and percent inhibition of nitrification determined after 2 or 4 weeks of incubation. After 4 weeks, similar levels of nitrification inhibition were provided by 1 mg kg^?1 of NP (72%), 5 mg kg^?1 of ENP (79%), and 25 mg kg^?1 of DCD (73%), averaged across soil. After 4 weeks with a sandy soil, the highest rate of MIP and ATS provided 15 and 36% inhibition, respectively. MIP and ATS were ineffective at inhibiting nitrification when added to the other three soils.

Abbreviations: ATS: ammonium thiosulfate; DCD: dicyandiamide; ENP: encapsulated nitrapyrin; MIP: maleic-itaconic polymer; NP: nitrapyrin; UAN: urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer     

Zur nitrifikationshemmenden Wirkung von Dicyandiamid zu Gülle in der Zeit zwischen Spätherbst und Frühjahr

Effect of dicyandiamide on the nitrification of liquid manure between late autumn and spring The influence of soil temperature on the nitrification of slurry manure with and without addition of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide and the decomposition of dicyandiamide was tested in model experiments. 1. NH₄-N of cattle slurry was completely nitrified within 10 or 30 weeks at 4°C or 0°C respectively in a growth chamber. The addition of dicyandiamide retarded the formation of NO₃ in the first case for about 15 weeks (dicyandiamide was completely decomposed after 25 weeks), in the latter case for more than 30 weeks. 2. A simulation of field soil temperatures from October till May in an incubation trial resulted in full nitrification within four weeks, with dicyandiamide within 30 weeks. 3. Slurry mixed with soil, burried in polyethylene-bottles into the top soil of the open field, was nitrified until February when applied at the beginning of November, or until April when applied at the beginning of March. With DCD-addition, however, only one fourth of March-Slurry or hardly half of November-Slurry was nitrified. At the same time, in each case about 30% of the applied amount of DCD was still detectable.     

Nitrifikation von Gülle-N in Abhängigkeit von Ausbringungstermin,pH-Wert des Bodens und Dicyandiamidzusatz

Nitrification of slurry N as dependent on application time, soil pH and addition of dicyandiamide Formation of nitrate after slurry application was investigated in relation to soil pH and dicyandiamide application in model trials at simulated outdoor temperatures of October or November till July. In the soil of pH 5.7, a supplement of 20 mg/kg DCD to slurry applied in October was sufficient to remarkably reduce nitrification which started not before March. In the soil of pH 7.2, formation of nitrate without DCD mainly occurred before winter, but was retarded by 20 mg/kg DCD till April/May. Higher amounts of DCD further delayed nitrification for about another month. After slurry application end of November (soil temperature 0°C), nitrification was retarded by dicyandiamide for up to 3 month.     

Laboratory evaluation of dicyandiamide as a soil nitrification inhibitor

Abstract

Laboratory studies to evaluate dicyandiamide (DCD) as a soil nitrification inhibitor showed that it is considerably more effective than several compounds that have been patented or proposed as fertilizer amendments for retarding nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in soil, but is considerably less effective than 2‐ethynylpyridine, nitrapyrin (N‐Serve), etridiazole (Dwell), 3‐methylpyrazole‐l‐carboxamide (MPC), or 4‐amino‐l,2,4‐triazole (ATC). Other findings in studies reported were as follows: a) DCD is more effective for inhibiting nitrification of ammonium‐N than of urea‐N; b) the effectiveness of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor is markedly affected by soil temperature and soil type and is limited by the susceptibility of DCD to leaching; c) DCD has very little, if any, effect on urea hydrolysis, denitrification, or seed germination in soil; d) products of DCD decomposition in soil (guanylurea and guanidine) have little, if any, effect on nitrification compared with DCD; e) in the absence of leaching, the persistence of the inhibitory effect of DCD on nitrification decreases with increase in soil temperature from 10 to 30°C, but the inhibitory effect of 50 μg DCD g^‐1 soil is substantial even after incubation of DCD‐treated soils at 20 or 30°C for 24 weeks.     

Methane consumption from ambient atmosphere by a Typic Ustochrept soil as influenced by urea and two nitrification inhibitors

The effect of urea and urea mixed with different doses of two nitrification inhibitors, dicyandiamide (DCD) and karanjin [a furanoflavonoid, extracted from seeds of the karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent.) tree], on methane (CH₄) consumption was examined in a Typic Ustochrept (alluvial inceptisol) soil, collected from a field under rice-wheat rotation. The soil, fertilized with urea (100 mg N kg^-1 soil) and urea combined with different doses of the two inhibitors, DCD and karanjin (each added at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of applied N), was incubated at 25°C, at field capacity moisture content for 35 days. The methane consumption rate ranged between 0.2 and 1.7 µg CH₄ kg^-1 soil day^-1 with little temporal variation (CV =10–31%). It was significantly higher in the control (no fertilizer-N) than other treatments except for a few cases, while total CH₄ consumption in the incubation period was significantly higher in the control than other treatments. Methane consumption rate was found to be negatively and positively correlated with soil NH₄ ⁺ and NO₂ ^- + NO₃ ^- content, respectively. Mean CH₄ consumption rate, as well as total CH₄ consumption, was lower on the addition of karanjin due to slower nitrification and higher conservation of NH₄ ⁺ released from applied urea. Addition of urea led to a 17% reduction of total CH₄ consumption while urea combined with karanjin and DCD had 50–64% and 19–34% reduction, respectively. Karanjin was a more effective nitrification inhibitor than DCD during the incubation period.     

Dicyandiamide increases the fertilizer N loss from an alkaline calcareous soil treated with <Superscript>15</Superscript>N-labelled urea under warm climate and under different crops

Using an alkaline calcareous soil, experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on the fate of ¹⁵N-labelled urea applied to cotton, maize, and wheat under greenhouse conditions. Combined effects of DCD and two levels of wheat straw (applied to cotton) and of fertilizer application method (conventional broadcast vs. point injection in maize and wheat) on the recovery of the fertilizer N were also studied. High soil temperatures prevailed under cotton and maize, whereas the soil temperature was relatively moderate during the wheat growing season. The fertilizer N loss under cotton was lowest (44% of the applied) when urea was applied alone; the loss increased due to DCD (54%) or wheat straw (50–54%) and was highest (63–64%) when DCD and wheat straw were applied together. Under maize also, DCD increased the loss of the fertilizer N applied by the conventional method (51% without DCD vs. 66% with DCD) or by point injection (26% without DCD vs. 42% with DCD). With the conventional method under wheat, DCD had no effect on the fertilizer N loss (34–37% of the applied). The fertilizer N loss under wheat was least (16%) when urea solution was point-injected but increased (24–26%) due to DCD or/and when pH of the urea solution was reduced to 2. Besides, DCD significantly reduced the fertilizer N uptake and increased the fertilizer N immobilization in soil under cotton and maize. However, DCD applied in combination with a higher level of wheat straw significantly increased the cotton dry matter and N yields due to increased N availability from sources other than the fertilizer. The results suggested that the use of DCD may not be beneficial in alkaline calcareous soils and that point injection of urea solution without any amendment is more effective in conserving the fertilizer N as compared to the conventional broadcast method.     

Use of urea coated with natural products to inhibit urea hydrolysis and nitrification in soil

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with uncoated urea or urea coated with dementholized oil (DMO), pitch (the mint oil discard), terpenes (the products of menthol mint oil), or dicyandiamide (DCD) to study the retardation of urea hydrolysis and nitrification in soil. Two levels (0.5 and 1 %) of coating were tested. Urea was applied at a rate of 200 mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight of soil. The urea hydrolysis and nitrification processes were inhibited by all three natural products. All the three natural products viz., DMO, terpenes, and pitch significantly retarded urease activity of soil.     

Effects of concentration,incubation temperature,and repeated applications on degradation kinetics of dicyandiamide (DCD) in model experiments with a silt loam soil

Summary The kinetics of dicyandiamide (DCD) decomposition were studied (at 80% water-holding capacity) in pretreated and non-pretreated soils, using model experiments. DCD was added in different concentrations (6.7, 16.7, and 33.3 g DCD-N g^–1 dry soil) and incubated at various temperatures (10°, 20°, and 30°C). Additionally, DCD decomposition was examined in sterile soil (with or without Fe₂O₃) after inoculation with a DCD-enrichment culture. In the sterile variant, (30°C)the applied dicyandiamide concentration remained constant, even after 36 days. In the sterilized and reinoculated variant, DCD disappeared within 7 days. Addition of Fe₂O₃ powder to the sterilized soil had no effect on DCD degradation. In the pretreated soils, DCD mineralization started immediately at all temperatures and concentrations without a lag phase. A temperature increase of 10°C doubled the mineralization rate. The mineralization rates were independent of the initial concentrations. In the non-pretreated soils (except at 30°C with 16.7 and 33.3 g DCD-N g^–1 dry soil) DCD decreased only after a short (30°C) or a long (10°C) lag phase. These results suggest that an inducible metabolic degradation occurred, following zeroorder kinetics.     

Effect of dicyandiamide on growth and nutrient uptake of cotton

Abstract

The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) offers potential for improving efficiency of N applications to cotton grown on sandy soils of the southeastern Coastal Plain. Research has indicated that cotton is sensitive to DCD. The purpose of this greenhouse experiment was to investigate the effect of DCD on growth and nutrient uptake of DPL 90 cotton grown for 73 days in pots containing a typical Coastal Plain soil (Norfolk sandy loam, Typic Paleudult). Nitrogen (50 mg kg^‐1) as NaNO₃ or urea, and DCD (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg^‐1) were applied to the soil at first true leaf and plants were harvested 58 days later. Sodium nitrate increased leaf dry weight and total dry weight of plants 9.1 and 6.0%, respectively, over urea fertilized plants. Leaf area, dryweight, and stem dry weight were reduced linearly with DCD. Fertilization with urea increased concentrations of leaf P, K, and Mn and reduced the concentration of Mg in leaf tissue. Dicyandiamide increased leaf N, P, and K concentrations but reduced concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn. Uptake rates (μg^‐1 g^‐1 fresh root day^‐1) of Ca and Mg were increased 7.5 and 13.7%, respectively, with NaNO₃ vs. urea, while P uptake rate was 15.5% greater for urea‐fertilized plants vs. NaNO₃‐fertilized plants. Dicyandiamide reduced Ca and Mg uptake rates. Phosphorus uptake rates were increased by DCD when urea was the N source. The effects of DCD on cotton growth and nutrient uptake generally resulted from the compound itself and were not an indirect result of nitrification inhibition. Although significant reductions in plant growth did not occur unless DCD exceeded that normally applied with recommended N rates on this soil, these results suggest a need for caution when applying DCD to cotton grown on sandy soils.     

Effect of urea pellet size and dicyandiamide on residual ammonium in field microplots

Abstract

Nitrification of urea can be slowed by adding a nitrification inhibitor or by fertilizer localization. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of urea pellet size (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 g) and level of dicyandiamide (DCD) addition (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10% of N as DCD‐N) on residual ammonium in field microplots. Trials were conducted at ten locations in North Dakota during 1988 and 1989. Adding DCD to 0.01 g urea pellets slowed nitrification at all locations and the lower rates of DCD (1–2% of N as DCD‐N) often performed as well as higher rates. Increasing urea pellet size to 1.0 g was more effective in inhibiting nitrification than adding DCD to 0.01 g pellets. Increased pellet size plus addition of DCD led to a very slow nitrification. A 1.0 g urea pellet containing 1–2% of N as DCD‐N should be a practical fertilizer formulation where a very slow nitrification is required.     

The effect of water movement on the transport of dicyandiamide,ammonium and urea in unsaturated soils

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the relative mobility of dicyandiamide (DCD) and jointly applied ammoniacal salts or urea in three different soils of lower Egypt, and to determine the extent to which DCD separates from N-fertilizer in unsaturated soil undergoing leaching. The experimental results suggest that, under conditions of water flow, DCD is readily separated from NH₄⁺ but parts from urea to a far lesser extent. The large difference in mobility between DCD and NH₄⁺ should severely limit the effectiveness of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor in the three soils considered when applied in conjunction with ammoniacal salts. In two out of three cases, the situation is similarly unfavorable in the case of joint DCD and urea application. However, the observation that DCD, in a low CEC sandy loam, moves within the soil solution at a slightly lower rate than urea suggests that joint application with urea would keep at least part of the DCD in contact with the NH₄⁺ ions and, therefore, would preserve some of the effectiveness of DCD under leaching conditions in this soil.     

Effect of dicyandiamide on the form and recovery of 15N‐labeled urea in the delayed flood soil system

Abstract

Dicyandiamide (DCD) is a nitrification inhibitor that has been proposed for use in drill‐seeded rice. Immobilization of fertilizer NH₄ ⁺‐N by soil microorganisms under aerobic conditions has been found to be significantly enhanced in the presence of a nitrification inhibitor. The objective of this laboratory study was to determine if DCD significantly delayed nitrification of urea‐derived N, and if this enhanced immobilization of the fertilizer N in the delayed‐flood soil system inherent to dry‐seeded rice culture. Nitrogen‐15‐labeled urea solution, with and without DCD (1: 9 w/w N basis), was applied to a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) and the soil was incubated for 10 weeks in the laboratory. The soil was maintained under nonflooded conditions for the first four weeks and then a flood was applied and maintained for the remaining six weeks of incubation. The use of DCD significantly slowed the nitrification of the fertilizer N during the four weeks of nonflooded incubation to cause the (urea + DCD)‐amended soil to have a 2.5 times higher fertilizer‐derived exchangeable NH₄+‐N concentration by the end of the fourth week. However, the higher exchangeable NH₄+‐N concentration had no significant effect on the amount of fertilizer N immobilized during this period. Immobilization of the fertilizer N appeared to level off during the nonflood period about the second week after application. After flooding, immobilization of fertilizer N resumed and was much greater in the (urea + DCD)‐amended soil that had the much higher fertilizer‐derived exchangeable NH₄ ⁺‐N concentration. Immobilization of fertilizer N appeared to obtain a maximum in the urea‐amended soil (18%) about two weeks after flooding and for the (urea + DCD)‐amended soil (28%) about four weeks after flooding.     

Nitrification Inhibitor Reduces Nitrous Oxide Production from Different Soil Profiles of an Andosol Soil

A laboratory incubation was conducted to evaluate nitrous oxide (N₂O) production during nitrification and the effect of a nitrification inhibitor on N₂O production from different profiles in a Japanese orchard Andosol. Soils were collected from five profiles: A1, A2, Bw1, Bw2, and BC. The soils were treated with ammonium sulfate at the rate of 200 mg N kg^?1 with or without dicyandiamide (DCD) and incubated under aerobic conditions for 32 days. The net nitrification rate without DCD during the first 8 days was greater in the surface soils than in the subsurface soils. Accordingly, the surface soils showed a greater cumulative N₂O production than the subsurface soils. Application of DCD significantly reduced the nitrification rate and thus N₂O production from any depths of soils by 33.8 to 62.9%. Our study showed that substantial N₂O was produced from the subsurface soil, although the amount was less than from the surface soils.