甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮素积累与转运特征

【目的】 比较分析甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮素吸收利用与转运特征,从氮素层面阐明甬优系列籼粳杂交稻高产形成特征。 【方法】 2013～2014 年,选用 7 个甬优系列籼粳杂交稻组合为试验材料,以 2 个常规粳稻品种和 2 个杂交籼稻品种为对照,比较研究甬优系列籼粳杂交稻主要生育时期植株含氮率、氮素积累量,不同生育阶段氮素积累量与吸收速率,抽穗期和成熟期各器官的含氮率和氮积累量所占比例,抽穗至成熟期各器官间的氮素转运,以及氮素利用效率等特征。 【结果】 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻抽穗期植株含氮率和氮积累量分别为 1.47%、202.67 kg/hm2,成熟期植株含氮率与氮积累量分别为 1.31%、257.23 kg/hm2,极显著大于对照类型。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮素最大阶段性积累量为 107.63 kg/hm2,所占比例为 41.84%,最大吸收速率为 2.73 kg/(hm2·d),且均出现在拔节至抽穗阶段,杂交籼稻出现在移栽至拔节阶段。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻抽穗期茎鞘和叶的含氮率分别为 1.19% 和 2.34%,成熟期分别为 0.75% 和 1.58%,高于对照类型。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻抽穗期茎鞘和叶氮积累量所占比例分别为 43.92% 和 43.87%,成熟期分别为 16.44% 和 17.44%,极显著大于杂交籼稻。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮素转运量大,表观转运率和转运贡献率不高,抽穗后的氮素净积累量贡献率为 32.06%,显著大于对照类型。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻百公斤籽粒吸氮量为 2.29 kg,极显著大于杂交籼稻;氮肥偏生产力为 37.54 kg/kg,极显著大于常规粳稻;氮素籽粒生产效率、氮素干物质生产效率和氮素收获指数偏低。 【结论】 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻总吸氮量大,在拔节期足量氮素积累的基础上,提高了拔节至抽穗期与抽穗至成熟期两个阶段的氮积累比例;抽穗至成熟期茎鞘和叶的氮素转运量大,但表观转运率与表观转运贡献率低,抽穗后氮素积累优势明显,氮素净积累量贡献率高,满足了灌浆期籽粒对氮素的需求。      

不同氮肥水平下玉米与龙葵竞争吸收镉的差异性研究

【目的】 研究不同氮肥用量处理对玉米镉 (Cd) 积累的影响及其生理响应机制,为今后利用玉米–龙葵间作模式进行植物修复时合理使用氮肥、减少修复成本及环境污染奠定基础。 【方法】 以Cd超积累植物龙葵 (Solanum nigrum L.) 与玉米为供试材料,取Cd污染浓度为2.79 mg/kg的供试土壤,采用温室盆栽试验,设置玉米单作及玉米、龙葵竞争模式下3个不同氮肥用量处理,分别为不施肥、N 0.1 g/kg、N 0.2 g/kg,研究施氮量对玉米、龙葵的生长以及各器官吸收积累Cd的影响。 【结果】 施用氮肥能提高玉米和龙葵各器官的生物量,且随着施氮量的增加龙葵和玉米的生物量均显著性增加,高施氮量处理下龙葵根、茎、叶、籽粒生物量增量最大,分别增加了47.2%、51.0%、25.3%、63.2%;玉米根、茎、叶、籽粒生物量分别增加了35.5%、17.0%、76.2%、112%。不同氮肥用量处理下,龙葵各器官中Cd含量显著性增加,同时与其竞争的玉米各器官Cd含量显著性下降。玉米与龙葵竞争模式下高施氮量处理的龙葵根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别增加了23.2%、41.2%、12.3%、45.3%;玉米根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别下降了49.2%、38.0%、42.8%、19.5%。高施氮量处理下,龙葵各器官Cd累积量显著性增加,根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cd累积量分别增加85.6%、88.4%、131%、159%;同时玉米各器官Cd累积量显著性降低,茎、叶、籽粒中Cd累积量分别下降12.2%、34.8%、79.5%。高施氮量处理下,玉米与龙葵竞争模式下龙葵富集系数增加113%,转运系数增加15.1%;玉米的富集系数降低25.7%,转运系数降低15.2%。玉米与龙葵竞争模式下,随着施氮量的增加,龙葵对Cd的吸收转运能力增强,玉米对Cd的吸收转运能力受到抑制。因此,Cd污染土壤中,通过玉米–龙葵间作处理并适当提高施氮量,能够促进龙葵的生长和地上部Cd的积累能力。这一研究结果旨在为修复污染土壤,提高修复效率以及保证农产品质量安全提供理论依据。 【结论】 玉米与龙葵竞争模式下,0.2 g/kg的施氮量能够促进龙葵对Cd的吸收转运,降低Cd在玉米各器官的累积,并提高Cd污染土壤的修复效率,达到边生产边修复的目的。      

不同水平阿散酸粪肥对水稻生长发育及砷积累的影响

【目的】 饲料添加剂阿散酸是一种有机砷制剂,在动物肠道内吸收较少,绝大部分以原形随粪便排出体外。阿散酸中的砷可以随施用粪肥进入农田,对作物生长发育产生不利影响,并影响人类健康。本文研究了阿散酸进入土壤后,其所含砷在作物体内的迁移和积累,为粪肥合理施用提供依据。 【方法】 以水稻进行了盆栽模拟试验,供试土壤为褐土。将含有一定量阿散酸的动物粪便与供试土混匀,制成含阿散酸分别为30、75和150 mg/kg的试验用土样,按照每公顷22000 kg施用量,以无阿散酸污染的动物粪便为对照。在水稻分蘖期和开花期取样,分为根、茎、叶,成熟期样品分为根、茎、叶、稻壳和糙米,测定砷的含量和积累量。 【结果】 1) 与对照相比,30～150 mg/kg阿散酸各处理水稻根系长度、单株根数和株高无显著差异,150 mg/kg处理无效分蘖显著增加 (P < 0.05),75 mg/kg和150 mg/kg处理稻米产量显著降低 ( P < 0.05);2) 与对照相比,阿散酸各处理水稻分蘖期、开花期和成熟期根、茎和叶中砷含量显著增加 ( P < 0.05);与30 mg/kg阿散酸处理相比,150 mg/kg处理分蘖期、开花期和成熟期水稻根中砷含量显著增加了40.51%、46.25% 和53.1% ( P < 0.05),开花期和成熟期茎和叶中砷含量显著增加了56.1%、30.9% 和86.7% ( P < 0.05)、61.75% ( P < 0.05);阿散酸各处理水稻根中砷含量均在开花期达到最高,成熟期下降,阿散酸含量 ≤ 75 mg/kg时,水稻茎和叶中砷含量在开花期达到最高,成熟期下降,阿散酸添加量为150 mg/kg时,水稻茎和叶中砷含量为成熟期 > 开花期 > 分蘖期。3) 与对照相比,阿散酸处理籽粒砷含量显著增加 ( P < 0.05);与30 mg/kg阿散酸相比,75 mg/kg处理米糠和糙米中砷含量显著增加了138.5% 和126.1% ( P < 0.05),150 mg/kg处理颖壳、米糠、糙米和精米砷含量显著增加了24.6%、165.7%、158.7%和125.0% ( P < 0.05)。 【结论】 在褐土中施用含阿散酸非堆沤粪肥时,当阿散酸含量 ≥ 75 mg/kg时即对水稻产生毒害作用,并增加可食部砷污染风险,建议土壤阿散酸污染不得高于该值。      

不同施氮量及种植密度对小麦开花期氮素积累转运的影响

本文以小麦品种‘周麦22’为材料,研究了不同施氮量[0 kg(N)?hm~(-2)、120 kg(N)?hm~(-2)、240 kg(N)?hm~(-2)和360 kg(N)·hm~(-2),以N0、N1、N2和N3表示]和种植密度(225×104基本苗?hm~(-2)、375×10~4基本苗?hm~(-2)和525×104基本苗?hm~(-2),以M_1、M_2和M_3表示)处理下小麦植株地上部不同空间分布各器官的氮素含量及其转运特性。结果表明:施氮量、种植密度及二者互作对开花期、成熟期植株地上部各器官氮素含量的影响均达显著水平。不同施氮量及种植密度处理小麦开花期至成熟期各营养器官氮含量和积累量下降。开花期和成熟期,植株单茎氮积累量为7.27~59.65 mg?茎-1和8.48~60.83 mg?茎-1,以N_0M_3处理最低,以N_3M_2最高。从空间位置看,植株地上部各营养器官开花期氮含量、氮积累量及花后氮转运量和对籽粒氮的贡献率均随空间位置下移而降低。营养器官氮含量、积累量及转运量随施氮量增加而呈递增趋势,上部和中部营养器官氮转运率高于50%。营养器官对籽粒氮的总贡献率高于67%。增施氮肥配套合理的种植密度,可以促进植株地上各营养器官氮的积累和转运,对植株下部器官氮积累转运的作用尤为明显,高肥及中密度处理(N3M2)下倒四叶、倒四节及余叶和余节氮含量和积累量增加,缩小了与上部各器官的差异。植株地上部群体氮素转运量为28.56~549.49 kg·hm~(-2),亦随施氮量增加而增加,以穗部和茎节氮转运量较高。施氮量对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量影响显著。施氮量与种植密度互作对籽粒蛋白质含量及产量影响显著,种植密度对籽粒蛋白质产量的影响亦达显著水平。从氮素转运和产量性状来看,施用氮肥240 kg·hm~(-2)配套225×10~4基本苗?hm-2的种植密度是黄淮小麦玉米两熟区小麦生产较为适宜的栽培模式。     

不同辣椒品种镉吸收积累能力及关键期研究

  【目的】   比较不同辣椒品种植株Cd的吸收和积累动态差异,明确Cd积累关键期,为生产上规避辣椒Cd积累提供技术支持。   【方法】   以8个辣椒品种为材料进行了田间小区试验,供试土壤全镉含量为0.194 mg/kg。在辣椒苗期 (移栽当天)、壮苗期 (移栽后32 天)、结果期 (移栽后65 天)、成熟期 (移栽后111天) 采样,分析辣椒植株根、茎、叶及果实生物量、Cd含量,计算不同组织间的Cd运转系数。   【结果】   供试8个品种分为菜椒和朝天椒两类。4次采集的样品,叶部Cd含量均为菜椒 > 朝天椒,果实Cd含量在结果期菜椒高于朝天椒,成熟期朝天椒显著高于菜椒。朝天椒果实以品种艳椒425的Cd含量最低,菜椒以品种苏椒5号Cd含量最低。壮苗期为辣椒植株Cd的快速积累期,朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量移栽后0到32天分别增加了14.9、51.2和51.9倍,菜椒分别增加了8.9、25.6和39.9倍。结果期Cd积累变缓,移栽后65天朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量比移栽后32 天分别增加了0.35、0.55和–0.13倍,菜椒分别增加了0.20、0.01和–0.29倍;成熟期 (移栽后111 天) 朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量比结果初期 (移栽后65天) 分别增加了–0.29、0.44和–0.40倍,菜椒分别增加了–0.34、–0.14和–0.32倍。不同辣椒品种Cd在植株内的转运能力有差异,4次采样根–茎Cd转运效率菜椒 > 朝天椒,而茎–叶、叶–果和茎–果Cd转运效率则是朝天椒 > 菜椒。辣椒果实Cd积累量与壮苗期茎的Cd含量呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01),与茎–果、叶–果Cd转运效率显著相关 (P < 0.05)。   【结论】   壮苗期前 (移栽后0～32天) 为辣椒植株Cd的快速积累期,该时期辣椒根茎叶中的Cd含量可以增加数十倍,进入结果期Cd含量的增加速率大大降低。壮苗期辣椒茎的Cd含量与果实Cd积累量呈极显著相关。菜椒根中的Cd向茎的转运能力较强,而朝天椒茎叶中的Cd向果实中转运能力较强,因而,朝天椒果实Cd积累能力高于菜椒。     

施硫对不同筋力型品种小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同施硫水平对不同筋力类型品种植株C-N积累与转运规律和籽粒产量及蛋白质、淀粉含量的影响.结果表明,施硫处理提高了两品种成熟期单茎籽粒重和籽粒氮素的积累量和开花前营养器官贮存干物质和氮素的转运量以及转运干物质和氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素积累的贡献率,与不施硫对照(S0)相比,每1 hm2施20 kg纯S(S1)处理能明显提高两品种的产量构成因素,显著提高籽粒产量,两品种分别增产10.69%和9.78%,同时极显著地提高了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量.大量施用硫肥(100 kg/hm2)处理的效果小于适量施用(20 kg/hm2)处理.试验结果表明,施用适量硫肥可以明显调节小麦植株C-N积累与运转,进而促进较高的籽粒产量和蛋白质、淀粉的积累.     

有机肥施用和外源镉添加对土壤理化性质、油菜生长及其镉积累的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了施用鸡粪、牛粪、蚯蚓粪对外源添加不同浓度Cd土壤的酶活性等性状、盆栽作物油菜生长及其Cd吸收积累的影响；试验供试土壤Cd添加浓度为0、1、10、50 mg kg?1，以不施有机肥为对照、3种有机肥用量均为4%。结果表明:施用有机肥使土壤有机质含量、酶活性显著提高，施用鸡粪、牛粪处理土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性最高，施用蚯蚓粪处理土壤的过氧化氢酶活性最高，但土壤pH值受施用有机肥的影响不明显。外源Cd的添加使土壤酶活性下降、且下降幅度与Cd添加浓度成正比；在高浓度添加Cd（10、50 mg kg?1）土壤，与对照相比三种有机肥处理有机结合态Cd比例提高37.6% ~ 117.3%，交换态Cd比例降低了14.7% ~ 28.3%。在Cd添加浓度为0、1、10 mg kg?1土壤，施用有机肥处理与对照相比，油菜叶片叶绿素含量、产量显著提高，且施用鸡粪和牛粪的效果又好于施用蚯蚓粪；而在Cd添加浓度50 mg kg?1土壤，只有施用蚯蚓粪处理油菜的叶绿素含量和产量提高，较未施用有机肥处理分别提高了38.8%和290%。在Cd添加量为10、50 mg kg?1土壤，施用有机肥处理油菜植株体内Cd浓度较未施有机肥处理下降了14.2% ~ 27.7%，而油菜体内Cd含量的降低效果以施用蚯蚓粪处理最好，优于施用鸡粪、牛粪处理。总之，从降低油菜体内Cd含量和提高油菜产量来看，在添加Cd浓度低于10 mg kg?1的土壤，施用鸡粪、牛粪的效果较好，而在添加Cd浓度达到50 mg kg?1的土壤则以施用蚯蚓粪的效果为更好。     

川东北麦秆还田对水稻氮素吸收转运的影响

为合理利用秸秆,于2014和2015年两个水稻生长季,在大田条件下,以当地平均施肥量为标准,设置不同量的化肥配施秸秆处理,研究秸秆还田下水稻氮素吸收转运特征。结果表明:较纯化肥处理,秸秆替代一部分氮肥处理对水稻产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮素收获指数及氮肥生产效率无显著影响(P0.05);在不同程度上降低氮素在穗部的分配比例、营养器官吸收氮素向穗部转运量、转运率、转运氮对籽粒氮素贡献率;在不同程度上提高成熟期营养器官氮素积累量,显著提升抽穗后氮素吸收量及其对籽粒氮素贡献率(P0.05)。综合氮素吸收转运及利用效率,川东北稻麦轮作区水稻季在化肥减施30%基础上,麦秆还田量以6 000 kg/hm~2为宜。     

施氮对镉胁迫下杂交相思树生长及镉吸收分配的影响

【目的】研究不同水平氮的供应对木本固氮植物杂交相思树适应镉环境胁迫及其生物修复能力的影响,可为有目的地进行相思树栽培提供施肥依据。【方法】以杂交相思树 (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) 为试材进行了盆栽试验。Cd2+ 设3个水平(0、30、60 mg/kg),在Cd2+ 30 mg/kg的基础上设施尿素2个水平(0.4、0.8 g/kg) ,共5个处理。研究了杂交相思幼苗的干物质、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、镉(Cd)的积累和分配规律。【结果】Cd2+ 胁迫显著抑制了杂交相思幼苗根、茎、叶和总干物质的积累,限制了N、P、K等元素的吸收和积累;杂交相思Cd转移系数为0.044～0.224,根Cd含量明显高于茎和叶,并且根部Cd累积能力要大于地上部;但Cd2+ 60 mg/kg胁迫下,杂交相思通过向地上部分转移Cd以更好地适应强胁迫环境。Cd2+ 30 mg/kg胁迫下,高氮 (0.8 g/kg) 较低氮 (0.4 g/kg) 更显著地促进了茎、叶和植株总的P、K积累,而低氮更有效地增加了根的N、P、K积累量;高氮较低氮更显著地提高了茎、叶干重以及干物质在茎叶中的分配比例,低氮则提高了根干重以及干物质在根中的分配比例和根冠比;Cd2+ 胁迫下施氮显著促进了杂交相思对Cd的吸收和积累,提高了Cd转移系数;低氮更显著地促进了根、叶和总Cd的积累,高氮更显著地促进了茎Cd的积累及Cd在茎、叶中的分配比例。【结论】Cd2+ 胁迫下杂交相思通过改变干物质及N、P、K、Cd积累和分配规律以及提高N、P和K利用率的方式,保证根系生长,以更好地适应胁迫环境。低Cd2+ 胁迫下 (30 mg/kg),施氮可缓解杂交相思由镉胁迫所引起的对N、K吸收的抑制,促进杂交相思各器官干物质以及N、P、K、Cd的积累。低施氮量 (尿素 0.4 g/kg) 促进相思树生长的效果更佳,高施氮量 (尿素 0.8 g/kg) 促进Cd向地上部的运转,提高其对Cd生物修复能力。     

施氮对青稞硒吸收、转运和分配的影响

通过探讨不同施氮水平对青稞硒吸收以及硒在青稞体内转运、分配的影响,明确最佳施氮量,为提高青稞对硒的利用效率提供理论依据。研究用盆栽试验方法进行,试验设N1(100 mg kg-1)和N2(200 mg kg-1)2个施氮水平;每个施氮水平又分别设Se1(0.30 mg kg-1)、Se2(1.70 mg kg-1)和Se3(3.1 mg kg-1)3个施硒水平,于青稞成熟期测定其各器官生物量和硒含量。结果表明:高氮水平(N2)青稞各器官的生物量较低氮水平(N1)明显增加,其中籽粒产量在Se1、Se2和Se3三个硒水平下分别增加了127.01%(P 0.01)、51.05%(P 0.01)和54.27%(P 0.01)。供氮水平提高能够增加根、茎和叶中的硒含量,但高硒水平(Se3)下的这一促进作用小于低硒水平。虽然颖壳和籽粒中的硒含量均随氮水平升高而下降,但提高施氮水平可使籽粒生物量显著提高;另外供硒水平上升也可以显著提高青稞各器官中的硒含量(P 0.05),所以综合分析可得N2S3处理可明显提高青稞籽粒的硒含量。     

Rhizosphere Cadmium Speciation and Mechanisms of Cadmium Tolerance in Different Oilseed Rape Species

ABSTRACT

The role of rhizosphere processes in cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants and mechanisms of Cd tolerance is unexplored and a matter of debate. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate rhizosphere Cd speciation and mechanisms of Cd tolerance in different oilseed rape (Brassica juncea L. and Brassica napus L.) species using a sequential extraction technique. A Cd-tolerant oilseed rape, Xikou Huazi, a non-tolerant oilseed rape, Zhongyou 821, and an Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were used in the study. The results showed that three predominant forms of Cd in the plants were NaCl-extractable Cd, acetic acid-extractable Cd, and water-extractable Cd. The concentration of water-extractable Cd in Xikou Huazi was significantly lower than in Zhongyou 821. A significant depletion of exchangeable Cd was observed in the rhizosphere soil of oilseed rapes Xikou Huazi and Zhongyou 821, as well as Indian mustard. At 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentration, the concentrations of carbonate-bound and organically bound Cd in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere soil. The concentrations of these two Cd speciations were higher in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi than in the rhizosphere soil of Zhongyou 821. However, for Zhongyou 821, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of these two Cd speciations between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere at 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentrations. A significant difference existed in rhizosphere Cd speciations and Cd forms in the plants between Cd-tolerant oilseed rape and non-tolerant oilseed rape. This difference was the main reason that Cd-tolerant oilseed rapes take up and accumulate Cd.     

Genotypic diversity and patterns of variation in a germplasm material of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun)

The amphidiploid species Brassica carinata A. Braun is believed to have originated in the plateaus of Ethiopia and has been cultivated there as an oilseed crop since antiquity. The species possesses agronomically important genes of rare occurrence. Although there is a large number of collections in Ethiopia, information on the extent of their genetic diversity is very limited. Thirty-six accessions of ecologically diverse regions were tested at three locations and multivariate analyses on 13 morphological and seed characters were performed. There was generally a large amount of divergence in all characters. Geographic isolation of genes, however, was not observed. Both principal component and cluster analyses disclosed complex relationships among the accessions and characters. Accessions with potential genes of interest to improve earliness, yield components and oil and protein contents have been identified. Length of growing period and yield components contributed most for divergence and clustering pattern. Oil, glucosinolate and protein contents also varied among the accessions but not so much between clusters. Increasing protein in high-glucosinolate genotypes reduced oil content and should be more efficient in genotypes of low-glucosinolate genetic background.     

硫肥对双低油菜产量与品质的影响

在澳大利亚新南威尔士州缺硫土壤上进行了硫、氮不同水平组合对双低油菜(Canola)的影响试验。结果表明,试验条件下施用硫肥可显著提高油菜产量及含油量。低硫(S10)或无硫(So)条件下,一定量的氮肥(N80)可提高子粒内的含硫量,但高硫条件下,高量氮肥则降低含硫量。植株体内的含硫量随生育进程趋于降低。施硫处理在抽苔期出现一吸硫高峰,而对照呈指数下降;但在开花期与角果充实期则保持相对稳定。氮肥对生长前期(莲座期与抽苔期)植株(茎、叶)含硫量的影响不显著,而中、后期(开花、角果充实期),则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。高量氮肥(N160)会降低子粒内的硫代葡萄糖甙含量;施硫,特别是在高施硫量条件下,其含量则明显增加,但仍远低于子粒硫代葡萄糖甙40mol/g的标准,因而不会影响脱油饼粕的饲喂质量。     

干旱与Cd双重胁迫对土壤-小麦-蚜虫系统Cd转移规律影响的研究

为探究干旱和重金属双重胁迫对土壤-小麦-蚜虫系统内Cd转移规律的影响,为小麦蚜虫的生态调节提供理论依据,本研究以麦长管蚜[Sitobionavenae(Fabricius)]为研究对象,用原子吸收分光光度法分别测定不同土壤Cd含量(100 mg?kg-1、200 mg?kg-1)及不同程度干旱胁迫(无胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫)处理下小麦根茎叶及蚜虫体内的Cd含量。结果表明:土壤Cd含量及干旱单一胁迫均对小麦及蚜虫体内的Cd含量造成了显著影响(P0.05)。两者交互作用对小麦根部及叶部的Cd含量影响显著,而对小麦茎部及蚜虫体内Cd含量影响不显著。在相同胁迫条件下, Cd在小麦中的积累分布为根茎叶。随着干旱胁迫程度增大,小麦根部Cd含量及土壤-根转移系数降低,茎部Cd含量及根-茎转移系数升高,麦长管蚜Cd含量在土壤Cd含量100mg?kg-1下高于土壤Cd含量200 mg?kg-1;中度干旱胁迫增加了麦长管蚜体内Cd累积量,而重度干旱胁迫则降低了其体内Cd累积量。叶-蚜虫的Cd转移系数明显大于土壤-根、根-茎和茎-叶转移系数且大于1,说明Cd在麦长管蚜体内产生了生物富集作用。综上所述,干旱胁迫促进了Cd从土壤向小麦茎部转移和根部Cd累积,但抑制了Cd从根部到茎部转移和茎部Cd累积;中度干旱胁迫促进了麦长管蚜体内Cd的积累,而重度干旱胁迫抑制了麦长管蚜体内Cd的积累。     

Trace Elements in Fish Overlying Subaqueous Tailings in the Tropical West Pacific

From 1972–1989, Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL) dischargedmine tailings into Empress Augusta Bay on the west coast ofBougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. For a decade(1977–1987), trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg and As) weremeasured in muscle tissue and organs of 8 species of tropicalmarine fish common to both the east and west coasts of theIsland. Metal concentrations were not elevated in muscle tissueof west fish compared with those from the east coast.Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in fish muscle from bothcoasts ranged from 10–15% of recommended maximum residuelimits (MRLs), whereas concentrations of Hg in muscle wereslightly higher, ranging up to 80% of the MRL (0.5 mgkg^-1 Hg wet wt.). Maximum total As concentrations (3.6 mgkg^-1 wet wt.) were recorded in the shark (Rhizoprionodon acutus), while highest Hg values (0.76 mgkg^-1 wet wt.) were found in hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnalewini) from both coasts. Despite significant temporalvariations in Hg and As concentrations in muscle tissue of somewest coast fish populations (p < 0.05), there was no evidencefor bioaccumulation or biomagnification of any of these metalsduring the 10 yr period, even in the soft organs (liver andkidney) of fish. Several site specific factors contributing toabsence of metals uptake from tailings are discussed.     

不同氮、磷水平对“双高”油菜品种宁油7号和“双低”油菜品种Tapidor生长和品质的影响

盆栽试验研究了不同氮、磷水平对甘蓝型油菜"双高"品种宁油7号和"双低"品种Tapidor苗期生长、子粒产量及主要品质的影响。结果表明,氮、磷胁迫下,宁油7号苗期地上部干物重及子粒产量均高于Tapidor。不施磷处理(P1),宁油7号苗期地上部及子粒的磷积累量显著高于Tapidor;低磷(P2)及磷正常处理(NP),前者磷含量显著低于后者。低氮处理(N2),宁油7号地上部及子粒中氮累积量均显著高于Tapidor。这表明宁油7号和Tapidor氮和磷营养效率均存在差异。品质分析表明,增施磷肥Tapidor含油量增幅显著大于宁油7号;增施氮肥前者蛋白质含量的增幅小于后者。施氮和磷对宁油7号子粒硫甙及芥酸含量无影响;施氮提高了Tapidor子粒硫甙的含量,而施磷则降低了其芥酸含量。这表明氮、磷肥对"双低"品种Tapidor子粒品质的影响大于"双高"品种宁油7号。     

Cadmium adsorption as influenced by poultry manure addition in soils of South-Western Nigeria

Soil contamination with heavy metals is of great concern worldwide because of its negative effects on human health and environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of poultry manure on cadmium (Cd) adsorption characteristics in soils from ten different land uses and to determine the effects of Cd adsorption on soil properties. Laboratory experiments were carried out using Cd concentrations ranging from 0 to 160 mg Cd L^?1 and poultry manure rates ranging from 0 to 8% w/w basis. Results showed that all the soils exhibited varying capacity to adsorb Cd with values ranging from 28.78 to 130.2 mgkg^?1; 126.2 to 153.5 mgkg^?1 and 126.2 to 156.1 mgkg^?1 for 0%, 4% and 8% poultry manure at 160 mgkg^?1 initial Cd concentrations, respectively. Lowest Cd adsorbed (28.78 mgkg^?1) was recorded in samples from 6 months fallow and highest (156.1 mgkg^?1) from vegetable field. On the average, capacity to adsorb Cd was 72.1%, 99.7% and 95.3% with 0%, 4% and 8% applied poultry manure, respectively. Organic carbon, CEC, pH were significantly correlated with Cd adsorption. Poultry manure use will increase Cd adsorption and decrease Cd in the environment.     

轮作体系下冬油菜养分利用效率的区域研究

Fertilization is essential for oilseed rape because it is sensitivity to nutrient deficiency, especially for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.). To investigate regional nutrient efficiency and nutrient uptake-yield relationship of winter oilseed rape in an intensive cropping system, this study used data from 619 site-year on-farm experiments carried out in the winter oilseed rape planting area of the Yangtze River Basin, China from 2005 to 2010, with large yield in the range of 179–4 470 kg ha~(-1). Currently recommended application rates of N, P and K fertilizers increased rapeseed yield at different levels of soil indigenous nutrient supply(INS) in this region. Boundary values of plant nutrient uptake were established to analyze the nutrient uptake-yield relationship of winter oilseed rape(internal nutrient efficiency), i.e., 128 kg N ha~(-1), 24 kg P ha~(-1), and 122 kg K ha~(-1). The internal nutrient efficiency declined by 48.2%–64.1% when nutrient uptake exceeded the boundary value, resulting in excessive nutrient uptake(i.e., low yield response with high nutrient uptake), especially for K. In the intensive cropping system, agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K were 5.9, 3.4, and3.6 kg kg~(-1), and recovery efficiencies of N, P, and K were 35.6%, 24.1%, and 36.8%, respectively. These findings showed that the fertilization rate should be optimized by considering INS, nutrient status, and nutrient efficiency of winter oilseed rape. In this study,considering the lower yield improvement to high K uptake levels and low K fertilizer efficiency, application rate of K fertilizer should be reduced since soil K deficiency has already been mitigated.     

河北板蓝根产地土壤-植物中镉铅汞砷含量特征及其污染评价

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤-植物中Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量特征及其在菘蓝中的累积特性,并对板蓝根产地土壤和草药中Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染状况进行了评价,为该地区安全、合理地发展中草药生产提供数据支撑和科学依据。结果表明,安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量差异不大,土壤重金属含量的变异系数在11.70%~97.65%。以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)一级标准值进行评价,综合污染指数评价结果显示45%板蓝根种植区土壤Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染等级为警戒限,其他处于清洁水平;而以《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值进行评价,种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均0.7,土壤环境清洁。此外,菘蓝地上部(大青叶)Cd、Pb、Hg、As平均含量分别为0.22 mg·kg~(-1)、0.89 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.25 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgPbAs;菘蓝地下部(板蓝根)Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量均值分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)、0.57 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.26 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgAsPb。所有菘蓝样品中Pb、Hg、As含量均未超出《药用植物及制剂进口绿色行业标准》(WM2—2001),大青叶9.09%样品中Cd超标,且Cd平均污染指数0.7,属警戒限污染等级。因此,在中药材GAP(良好的农业规范)产地环境质量评价时,除板蓝根产地土壤完全符合土壤环境质量二级标准外,也不应忽视板蓝根和大青叶吸收和累积重金属的自身特性。     

Single and Combined Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on Carrots: Uptake and Bioaccumulation

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), singly and in combination, on uptake and bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in Daucus carota L. (carrot) grown under natural field conditions. Carrot plants were treated with two Cd concentrations (10 and 100 μg mL^?1), two Zn concentrations (100 and 300 μg mL^?1), and two combined concentrations of Cd and Zn (10 + 100 and 100 + 300 μg mL^?1) 15 d after seed germination. Treatments were repeated at 10 d intervals up to 90 d of plant age. A control was also kept without a Cd or Zn treatment. Uptake, total accumulation rate (TAR), bioconcentration factor (BCF), primary transport index (PTI), secondary transport index (STI), and accumulation of Cd and Zn in root, stem, and leaf were quantified. The results show that uptake, TAR, and accumulation of Cd and Zn are concentration-dependent phenomena. Highest accumulation of Cd and Zn was found in the root, followed by the stem and then leaves. The results also showed that bioaccumulation of Cd in root, stem, and leaf was greater at the low metal-application rates of Cd and Zn in combination than at the higher rate. This study further showed that interactions of Zn and Cd are dependent on the concentrations of those metals in the soil.