中国北纬33度地区小麦纹枯病菌的群体组成及致病力研究

为明确中国北纬33度地区小麦纹枯病病原菌的组成和致病力,对分离自江苏、安徽、河南、湖北4省的157株丝核菌,通过Hoechst 33258荧光染色法进行细胞核数量观测,利用菌丝融合的方法测定其所属融合群,并测定了其中111株丝核菌株对3个小麦品种(CI12633、陕229、扬麦158)麦苗的致病力.结果表明,在供试菌株中,150株为双核丝核菌,占95.54%,都属于AG-D融合群;7株为多核丝核菌,占4.46%,其中3株属于AG-1-IB融合群,3株属于AG11融合群,1株属于AG5融合群.供试菌株的致病力存在明显差异,双核丝核菌的致病力显著高于多核丝核菌,AG-D融合群中两种不同融合频率的菌株致病力无明显差异.不同地区的菌株间致病力无明显差异,菌株对3个小麦品种的致病力有显著差异,对CI12633致病力最强,对陕229致病力最弱,对扬麦158的致病力居中.     

浙江省水稻纹枯病菌的遗传分化与致病力研究

鉴定了从浙江省各地采集的60株水稻纹枯病菌株的菌丝融合群归属情况。该60个菌株均与AG-1融合群的3个亚群AG-1-ⅠA、AG-1-ⅠB、AG-1-ⅠC的标准菌株融合,当属AG-1融合群。其中,有58株均与标准菌株AG-BⅠ融合,所有菌株与其他标准菌株均无融合现象。通过离体接种对菌株致病力进行鉴定,发现各菌株间致病力差异显著。致病力最强的TTZF-1与其中52个菌株差异极为显著。进一步的转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析显示,系统发育树的结果与融合群鉴定的结果一致,与菌株间致病力差异无相关性。     

江苏省小麦纹枯病病原组成及其致病力研究

为了明确目前江苏省小麦纹枯病病原的组成和致病性，从江苏省13个市的65个县（市）采集到的小麦纹枯病典型症状病株上共分离到171株丝核菌，通过苏木精染色法观察，其中双核丝核菌169株．多核丝核菌2株。这些双核丝核菌分别属于不同的融合群，通过菌丝对峙培养，考马斯亮蓝染色观察．其中CAG1群158株，占93．49％，其它融合群共11株．占6．51％。2株多核丝核菌能互相融合，PCR扩增病菌的内转录区并进行测序，Blast分析结果表明，它们属于AG2融合群。对这171个丝核菌菌株进行了室内3个小麦品种的致病力测定，结果表明，菌株间致病力强弱存在明显差异，双核丝棱菌的致病力强度显著高于多核丝核菌，双核丝核菌间不同融合群菌株致病力无明显差异。不同来源的菌株间致病力有明显差异，以无锡、连云港、泰州地区菌株致病力最强，南通菌株最弱。     

马铃薯黑痣病菌菌丝融合群的鉴定

从马铃薯种植区的部分县市分离纯化得到44个马铃著黑痣病病原菌立枯丝核菌（RhizoctoniasolaniKUhn）菌株,经核相测定均为多核菌株。通过与标准菌株AG-1-IA、AG_1-IB、AG_2—1、AG_2-ⅢB和AG．3的菌丝融合试验,最终将44个菌株分为3个菌丝融合群,即AG-3、AG--1-IB和非融合类...     

皖鄂地区水稻纹枯病菌致病力分化研究

采用温室苗期接种鉴定法,以抗感反应不同的5个水稻品种为材料,对从安徽省和湖北省采集的水稻纹枯病感病标样上分离的200个菌株进行了致病性鉴定。结果表明,水稻纹枯病菌不同菌株间致病力存在明显差异,在鉴别品种上的病情指数呈正态分布。基于5个鉴别品种的平均病情指数的动态聚类分析,将200个菌株划分为弱、中、强3种致病型,分别占供试菌株的29.5%、60.5%和10.0%,其中中等致病型菌株占优势。各致病型在地区间呈随机分布,表明自然条件下水稻纹枯病菌为混合致病群。Mantel测验表明,菌株致病力差异与菌株地域来源无明显相关。采用Bayes法建立了各致病型的判别函数,判别准确率达95.00%,说明采用聚类判别分析能够对水稻纹枯病菌致病力的分化进行合理的判断。     

华南3省（区）水稻纹枯病菌的生物学性状与致病力分化研究

 为了探明华南地区水稻纹枯病菌的生物学性状、致病力分化与菌株地理来源之间的关系,为该病害的防治提供依据,从我国华南3省（区）广东、广西和海南的33个县（市）采集水稻纹枯病标本,在分离到335个水稻纹枯病菌菌株的基础上,对它们的培养性状（菌丝生长速率、菌落颜色、菌核数量）、菌丝融合群、菌丝细胞核数目以及致病力分化进行了研究。结果表明,菌株菌丝生长速率可划分为慢、中、快3种类型,菌株数分别为3株（0.90%）、136株（40.60%）和196株（58.50%）;产生菌核的数量可划分为4种类型,即无菌核或极少形成菌核、菌核量少、菌核量中等和菌核量多,各有4株（1.19%）、59株（17.61%）、238株（71.04%）和34株（10.15%）。菌株融合群测定结果表明,所有供试菌株均属于立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）AG-1融合群的ⅠA亚群,即AG-1 ⅠA。从中随机选取50个菌株进行菌丝细胞核染色,结果显示,水稻纹枯病菌菌丝的细胞核数目介于7～13个。对其中270个菌株的致病力测定结果表明,所有供试菌株可划分为中等致病力和强致病力2个致病型,分别为208株（77.04%）和62株（22.96%）,未发现弱致病力菌株。综合分析表明,所测菌株的致病型与菌丝生长速率及菌核产生数量各异,表现出较大的多样性。     

丝核菌(Rhizoctonia spp.)对花生的为害及病原学研究

为了明确区分花生叶腐病、纹枯病、立枯病和果壳褐斑病症状特点,并了解丝核菌(Rhizoctonia spp.)对花生的为害和发病规律,采用PDA、WA培养基分离及纯化病原菌,显微观察其形态特征,采用涂抹和菌饼法接种测定其致病性,并通过菌丝融合群和r DNA-ITS同源性分析研究了不同病原菌之间的亲缘关系。结果表明:花生叶腐病菌、纹枯病菌和立枯病菌菌丝粗壮,平均直径6.8~9.4μm,多核,无锁状联合,近直角分枝,分枝处缢缩,分枝不远处常伴有分隔,具典型的立枯丝核菌R.solani特征。但三种病菌菌株之间没发现菌丝相互完全融合现象,表明它们并不相同。菌丝融合群和分子生物学测定结果表明:花生叶腐病菌是AG-1-IA,花生立枯病菌是AG-1-IC,花生纹枯病菌是AG-4;而花生果壳褐斑病菌为双核丝核菌,具体种类有待进一步确定。     

四川玉米纹枯病菌致病性研究

从四川不同生态区采集玉米纹枯病穴Rhizoctoniaspp.雪症状的玉米叶鞘,经分离、鉴定,选取16个立枯丝核菌穴Rhizoctoniasolani雪AG1-IA的菌株和2个玉蜀黍丝核菌穴Rhizoctoniazeae雪菌株作为供试菌。在玉米成株期用PDA菌丝圆片定位接种于玉米叶鞘内侧,测定供试菌株在玉米植株上的垂直扩展情况穴病斑高度、日均扩展速度雪,区分病菌的致病性。还研究了AG1-IA不同致病性菌株体外产纤维素酶和果胶酶活性与致病性的关系。结果表明:分属于两个种的18个供试菌株均能侵染玉米,在潜育期上没有差异;病斑高度和病斑日均扩展速度能很好反映出菌株间致病性的差异,R.solaniAG1-IA菌株间的致病性有明显差异,R.zeae菌的致病性显著低于R.solaniAG1-IA菌株,体外产果胶酶和纤维素酶的活性大小与致病性有关联。     

新疆甜菜根腐病病原种群鉴定

从新疆各主要甜菜产区采集669个甜菜根腐病样,共分离出735个分离物,其中真菌分离物715个,细菌分离物20个,说明真菌是主要的病原种群。真菌中镰刀菌501个,占分离物总数的68.2%;丝核菌113个,占15.4%;腐霉菌81个,占分离物总数11.0%。经鉴定,有6种镰刀菌,即尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliforme)、茄病镰刀菌(F.solani)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)、砖红镰刀菌(F.lateritium)、禾谷镰刀菌(F.graminearum);3种腐霉菌,即瓜果腐霉(Pythiumaphanidermatum)、简囊腐霉(P.monospermum)和P.spp;丝核菌主要为立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctoniasolani),AG-2和AG-4融合群,分别占丝核菌总数的50.4%和35.4%。用上述代表菌进行致病性测定,均可引起甜菜根部腐烂、维管束变色等典型根腐症状。     

花生青枯菌致病性的研究

从我国六个省的花生青枯病发生地区采集的36个花生青枯菌分离株,通过对六个不同抗病性的鉴别品种进行人工接种表明,所有菌株对鉴别品种均具有不同程度的致病力,菌株致病性分化十分明显。根据致病性的不同反应,可以划分为7个致病型,其中的V型和Ⅱ型出现率最高达36.1%和25%。且分布地区相当广泛,为我国花生青枯菌占优势的致病型。试验证明,我国南方病区菌株的致病力普遍比北方强;同一地区可以有不同致病型菌株混合存在;同一母株在不同的地理环境影响下,致病力会发生变化。通过7个省13处自然病圃的品种抗病性鉴定表现,所获结果与人工接种结果基本相同。只是在自然环境条件影响下,菌系的致病性分化更为复杂,出现的致病型更多。本试验为青枯菌系的研究,深入开展花生抗青枯病鉴定,发掘新抗源,加快抗病育种工作进程以及设计综合防治技术措施提供了依据。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内内生细菌对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发的影响

利用高通量测序分析明确玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内菌粉培养液中内生细菌种类，结合16SrDNA分析，分离并鉴定在培养液中占比最高的菌株。以溶菌酶及Amp处理玉米黑粉菌冬孢子为对照，显微镜下观察菌瘤内内生细菌对玉米黑粉菌冬孢子萌发的影响。结果表明，在4份样品的菌粉培养液中，肠杆菌属细菌的占比在90%以上。当肠杆菌大量增殖时对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发产生影响，可引起黑粉菌的冬孢子发生质壁分离，释放原生质体，部分原生质体再生成菌体；也可以使冬孢子壁直接被降解，原生质体萎缩。研究发现，玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内的内生细菌以肠杆菌为主，该内生细菌对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发产生影响。     

Field assessment of the relative importance of different aphid species in the transmission of potato virus Y

Summary Flying aphids were trapped throughout the summer on a vertical net downwind of a plot of PVY-infected potato plants. Of 6769 individuals caught, 165 transmitted PVY to tobacco test seedlings. Of 119 species or species groups caught, 20 were found to be vectors of which nine had not been recorded previously.Brachycaudus helichrysi, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli andAphis species accounted for 90% of transmissions andB. helichrysi alone for 52% of transmissions. The prospects of using this information to assess the amount of virus spread in a potato crop and of forecasting the timing and abundance of the main vectors are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Im Abwind einer Parzelle mit PVY-infizierten Kartoffelpflanzen (7% PVY^O, 4% PVY^N, 89% beide) wurden fliegende Blattl?use in zwei vertikalen Netzen (4,4 m × 1,4 m mit hexagonalen L?chern mit 1,5 mm Durchmesser) gefangen und anschliessend auf Tabaks?mlinge überführt, um zu prüfen, ob sie PVY übertragen. Die Blattl?use wurden vom 8. Juni bis zum 8. August 1984 normalerweise an einem Tag pro Woche von 10 bis 17 Uhr gefangen. Im Laufe von 12 Fangtagen wurden 6769 sachte 52% der übertragungen bei nur 15% der totalen Fangzahl (Tab. 3).B. helichrysi mitMyzus persicae, Phorodon humuli und Species des GenusAphis ergaben sich als 90% der übertragenden Individuen bei nur 32% der gefangenen Proben. Acht Prozent der gefangenenB. helichrysi waren übertr?ger, dagegen nur 4,7% vonM. persicae. B. helichrysi k?nnte als Vektor besonders wichtig sein, weil sie in der Vegetationszeit Blattl?use von 119 Species oder Speciesgruppen gefangen, von denen 165 (2,44%) Tabak mit PVY inokulierten (Tab. 1). 133 Blattl?use übertrugen PVY^O und 32 übertrugen PVY^N (und m?glicherweise auch PVY^O). 20 Species oder Speciesgruppen waren Vektoren, von denen 9 (Cryptomyzus ballotae, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Metopolophium festucae, Myzus ligustri, M. myosotidis, Myzaphis rosarum, Sitobion avenae, S. fragariae undUroleucon spp.) erstmalig beschriebene Vektoren sind.Brachycaudus helichrysi verurfrüh auftritt (Tab. 2), wenn die Pflanzen am anf?lligsten sind und die Virus-Translokation zu den Knollen am schnellsten stattfindet. Die Aussichten zum Gebrauch dieser Information zur Absch?tzung des Aufbaues von Virusbefall im Bestand und die Aussichten für eine Vorhersage der Menge der wichtigsten Vektoren werden diskutiert. Es ist dringend erforderlich, die Biologie vonB. helichrysi zu untersuchen.

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Résumé Deux filets verticaux (4,40 m × 1,40 m à mailles héxagonales de 1,5 mm de diamètre) sont placés face au vent pour la capture des pucerons dans une parcelle de plants de pommes de terre contaminés par PVY (7% PVY^O, 4% PVY^N, 89% par les deux) puis les pucerons sont transferrés sur des plantules de tabac en milieu clos pour tester la transmission de PVY. Les captures de pucerons ont eu lieu du 8 juin au 8 ao?t 1984, en général à raison d'un journée par semaine, de 10 heures à 17 heures. Pendant les 12 premiers jours, 6769 pucerons de 119 espèces ou groupes d'espèces ont été capturés, les plantules de tabac ayant été inoculées par PVY avec 165 pucerons (2,44%) (tabl. 1). 133 pucerons étaient vecteurs de PVY^O et 32 de PVY^N (et probablement PVY^O). 20 espèces ou groupes d'espèces étaient des vecteurs dont 9 récemment enregistrés (Cryptomyzus ballotae, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Metopolophium festucae, Myzus ligustri, M. myosotidis, Myzaphis rosarum, Sitobion avenae, S. fragariae etUroleucon spp.).Brachycaudus helichrysi représentait 52% des transmissions mais seulement 15% du total capturé (tabl. 3).B. helichrysi, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli et les espèces du gèneAphis représentaient 90% des transmissions et 32% des captures seulement. 8,0% deB. helichrysi capturé a transmis le virus contre, 4,7% pourM. persicae. B. helichrysi peut être particulièrement important comme vecteur dans la mesure ou il appara?t t?t en saison (tabl. 2) lorsque les plantes sont très sensibles et la translocation di virus aux tubercules la plus rapide. Les perspectives à partir de cette connaissance sont discutées en vue d'analyser l'évolution du virus dans une culture et les prévisions de l'abondance des plus importants vecteurs. Une plus grande connaissance de la biologie deB. helichrysi devient urgente.

     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Effect of haulm treatment and harvest time on incidence of tuber rots of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after standard wounding and on frequency of stem lesions caused byPhoma foveata Foister

Summary Various haulm treatments and harvest times differentially influenced the incidence of storage rots in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) in field experiments in Sweden performed over 4 years. The incidence of gangrene caused byPhoma foveata Foister (Phoma exigua var.foveata (Foister) Boerema) increased in cv. Bellona after spraying haulms with diquat as did the amount of infection caused byFusarium avenaceum (Corda ex. Fr.) Sacc. in all three cultivars (Bintje, Bellona, and Magnum Bonum). The lowestP. foveata infection levels occurred after pulling haulms. Late harvesting increased the frequency ofP. foveata in cvs Bintje and Bellona both at 2 and 4 wks interval between haulm treatment and harvest. Tuber and visible stem infection caused byP. foveata were correlated for cvs Bintje and Bellona, but not for cv. Magnum Bonum. The possible relation between tuber and stem infection is discussed.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

The effect of the moisture level of potting compost on the susceptibility of glasshouse-grown tubers to late blight

Summary The effect of the moisture level of potting compost at harvest on the susceptibility of tubers of three cultivars to late blight was investigated in the glasshouse in three successive years. Three moisture regimes (dry, moist, wet) were imposed at flowering time, the tubers harvested 3 weeks later and immediately dipped in a zoospore suspension ofPhytophthora infestans. Tubers from dry compost were significantly more susceptible than those from wet or moist compost, which showed similar levels of susceptibility.