中国森林破碎化及其化解研究综述及展望

中国森林面积增长举世瞩目,但森林破碎化问题日益凸显。如何化解森林破碎化问题尚未引起国内学术界的充分关注,研究储备难以支撑中国森林整体性和系统性的管理政策实践。文中在综述中国森林破碎化驱动力的基础上从社会经济发展、森林景观恢复、森林治理3个视角综述化解森林破碎化的相关措施,并基于奥斯特罗姆的社会生态系统分析框架提出森林破碎化化解框架,指出中国森林破碎化研究的基本路径和未来展望。现有社会经济发展、森林景观恢复、森林治理等方面的研究在如何解决森林破碎化问题上渐趋融合,认识到单纯从生态系统或者社会系统出发的解决方案收效有限,需要将森林破碎化问题置于社会生态系统中进行考虑,探索化解森林破碎化的综合方法。森林破碎化化解框架为揭示森林破碎化的化解因素、作用机制和效果评估提供了分析工具,需要挖掘和整理中国在化解森林破碎化方面积累的实践经验,识别影响森林破碎化的关键因素,理清它们与森林破碎化之间的作用机制,明晰它们的综合作用如何影响了中国森林破碎化和森林生态系统综合管理的方向。     

红河州陡坡地生态治理扎实有效

红河州按照省委、省政府"森林云南"建设推进大会的安排部署,把陡坡地生态治理作为加快推进"森林红河"建设、全力构筑滇南生态安全屏障的重大举措,在进一步巩固退耕还林成果的基础上,提高认识、强化领导,科学规划、合理布局,突出重点、示范带动,注重生态、培植产业,整合项目、汇聚力量,扎实有效推进陡坡地生态治理。红河州委、州政府将推进陡坡地生态治理作为加快实施生态立州、建设"森林红河"战略一项重要工作来抓,把陡坡地生态治理作为"一把     

我国天然林保护PPP治理框架构建与推进措施

在天然林保护领域引入政府和社会资本合作（PPP），有利于充分发挥天然林资源的生态服务功能，实现森林生态产品供求有机链接，促进政府公共投资引导优势与社会资本资源开发技术优势以及市场发现优势正向互补。相比其他领域，目前尚未检索到天然林保护PPP的理论研究文献。文中对国内外相关理论研究和实践经验进行总结，分析我国天然林保护PPP的可行性与必要性，设计包括盈利模式、机制体系、具体型式和载体的天然林保护PPP治理框架，并给出相应的对策建议，以期推动我国天然林保护PPP的有效运转，为社会提供优质高效的森林生态产品和服务。     

数字化森林生态站构建技术研究

简述林业数字化的国内外研究现状,提出"数字化森林生态站"的概念,并将多种技术融合在一起,寻求和挖掘将15个生态站海量长期定位观测数据与信息进行数字化采集、传输、存储和管理的手段,实现生态站信息的规范化、系统化、可视化、网络化、智能化管理和共享服务,从而更好地为我国森林生态系统长期定位研究服务.对数字化森林生态站的构建框架、技术原则、研究内容及实现功能与方法进行探讨,同时指出其建设的必要性和紧迫性.数字化森林生态站建设是衡量我国森林生态系统长期定位观测研究基础建设水平的重要标志,并将成为我国"数字林业"建设的重要组成部分.     

从生态学角度浅析森林城市群的建设与研究

作为城市林业的重要新增长点,森林城市群建设与研究值得国内同行给予高度关注,相关理论和经验将在建设"山水林田湖草"生命共同体中发挥重要作用。文章简述了近几年亚太地区城市林业发展动态,特别是中国在森林城市、森林城市群研究与建设方面开展的创新性工作。结合近些年相关学者在生态学方面的研究经验,作者从森林生态、景观生态、生态系统生态、环境生态、社会生态等5个角度,初步探析了我国森林城市群研究与建设需要注意的地方,以及可能得到的启示。     

国外森林结构属性公众偏好的影响因素研究进展

森林结构属性是林业科学研究的热点之一,从公众偏好视角研究森林结构属性有利于优化森林旅游产品的供给侧结构,扩大生态公共产品的供给。基于Science Direct数据库,以国外森林结构属性公众偏好为研究对象,在对其研究历程、研究方法、案例地分布总结的基础上,基于"人-地-环境"森林结构属性公众偏好影响框架,综述了社会人口学特征、地理区域、人类活动及情境环境等四大因素对公众森林结构属性偏好影响的研究进展,展望了未来我国森林结构属性公众偏好研究的可能路径。     

申文辉:石漠化治理树种选择及复合栽培

正被称为"地球之癌"的石漠化,一直是广西生态经济建设的"绊脚石"。在治理石漠化中,广西林科院立足桂西南石漠化治理树种选择及复合栽培研究。它取得了哪些进展?未来将有哪些突破?日前,本刊记者采访了广西林科院森林生态研究所所长申文辉。记者:申教授,广西在治理石漠化中,已经筛选了吊丝竹、任豆树等一大批石山人工造林树种,探索出了"竹子+任豆"等多种治理模式。广西林科院石漠化治理研究有什么独特之处?     

生态公共服务视野下城市森林生态-经济系统的协同机理研究

在生态公共服务视野下,尽管当前我国的城市森林发展较为迅速,但对其森林生态经济系统的协同机理研究仍然还是一个新课题。本文结合海南国际旅游岛建设的相关实践,从治理机制、市场机制、利益分配机制、合作机制、扶持机制5个方面,对海南城市森林进行研究,以促进海南城市森林资源的优化利用和社会经济的可持续发展。     

中国林业六十年 历史映照未来

林业兼具生态、经济、社会三大效益,既是国民经济的基础产业,更是重要的社会公益事业。在国民经济和社会发展中,肩负着森林生态系统和湿地生态系统建设、荒漠生态系统治理以及生物多样性     

论城市森林生态研究框架

城市森林的发展是人类的需要和历史的必然。为使城市林业建设建立在高科技含量水平上,作者讨论了城市森林生态研究在城市林业建设中的地位、研究的对象及任务,初步提出了城市森林生态研究的框架及特点,以期引起讨论并推动城市森林生态研究的发展。       

Research trend: Power analyses in polycentric and multi-level forest governance

Forest policy analyses have increasingly employed political, sociological and jurisprudence theories to explain the fundamental social and political outcomes of particular forest policies and programs. A new strand of forest policy analysis even contributes to the creation of new theories and frameworks. One of the novel advances of this discipline is the theoretical framework of Actor-Centred Power (ACP) that is dedicated for power analyses. We comment on the recent scholarship employing the framework and propose future research directions. We identify potential gaps for the use of the theoretical framework for analysing power relationships in polycentric and multi-level forest governance. They include key questions for the theory, methods, and empirical research that warrant for close observation in the future.     

美国非木质林产品管理体系与启示

非木质林产品是用途广泛且具有重要经济、社会、文化和生态价值的重要生物资源。文中梳理美国与非木质林产品资源管理相关的各级机构和法规政策；总结美国在非木质林产品管理方面的特点，如多级政府管理体系、关注原住民权益以及法律责任明确等；分析其现存的一些不足，如总体法律框架模糊、缺乏跨地区和跨国界跟踪机制以及缺乏生物信息和采集技术等；基于此提出完善我国非木质林产品管理体系的建议，以期为同领域的管理机构和研究部门提供借鉴。     

网络治理视域下森林资源治理模式探析

通过梳理相关文献发现,国外对有关森林资源治理问题的研究更为系统,以自然资源治理理论为基础,创新发展出强调公众参与度提升的协同性治理理念,关注公众参与的网络治理理论现已成为研究切入的新视角。文中以构建我国森林资源多层次治理网络为主线,结合国内外研究进展,提出一种适于我国的森林资源治理网络框架,以期推动森林资源治理问题的探讨,为治理途径的构建与创新提供借鉴。     

Forest policy and sustainable forest management in Bangladesh: an analysis from national and international perspectives

This paper includes a review of international sustainable forestry development followed by an analysis of forest policies in Bangladesh. There have been four different government forest policies in Bangladesh since 1894. The first two forest policies (1894 and 1955) were exploitative in nature. Most of the regulatory documents were developed during the first two policy periods. The third forest policy instituted in 1979 by the sovereign Bangladesh government had contradictory elements and mutually inconsistent policy statements. It addressed for the first time forestry extension through mass motivation campaign. Current forest policy formulated in 1994 has been considered to be the most elaborate policy in the history of the country. Under this policy, participatory social forestry has been institutionalized in Bangladesh. The analysis shows that, although it is possible to attain the stated policy targets, progress is slow and is blocked on several fronts. A number of identified technical, managerial and logistical problems are hindering policy and program implementation. In addition, corruption contributes to the observed problems. The real strength of Bangladesh forestry is locally based, participatory forestry, co-management of protected areas and highly motivated people who increasingly recognize the need for a healthy forest ecosystem that will provide future economic stability. Because it is the rich homestead forests of Bangladesh that generate the majority of commercial forestry products, it is important that education continues at the grass-roots level. In addition, educated forestry and environment professionals have been identified as the future driving forces towards better, and sustainable, forest management. Results of this study make it clear that Bangladesh and other developing countries are not presently in a position to accept and adopt internationally derived forest policies due to inadequate institutional support, political instability and poor governance. Therefore, along with development of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management and forest certification, international policy scientists must consider institutional development, professional skill development, identification and adoption of indigenous technology and long-term financial support in developing countries. Without these, all international processes, policies and directives will be of little value and produce few substantive results.     

多元治理视角下中国林业社会化服务体系发展与政府角色变迁

林业社会化服务体系是农村社会化服务体系的组成部分, 是我国集体林权制度改革配套措施之一, 是社会主义市场体系建设发展的必然要求。文中构建了以组织生命周期理论和多元治理理论为基础的林业社会化服务体系发展阶段与政府角色变迁分析框架; 提出1949年至改革开放前为林业社会化服务体系创立与建设期, 改革开放后进入变革与成长期(包含缓慢发展、逐步变革和快速成长3个亚阶段); 阐述了各阶段特征以及相应的政府角色定位。随着未来林业社会化服务体系日趋成熟, 需要建立政府、市场和社会共同参与、合作的多元治理模式。     

Does forest certification enhance livelihood conditions? Empirical evidence from forest management in Kilwa District,Tanzania

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) forest management certification standards have been promoted to contribute to community livelihood conditions. However, little has been done to evaluate it quantitatively. Employing theory of change, this study assesses and compares empirical evidence of the influence of the FSC forest management certification approach to enhance livelihood conditions in Kilwa, Tanzania, by using economic valuation methods and governance indicators. This is achieved through a comparative study of villages with certified community forests (FSC) under community based forest management and those without (non-FSC). Results show that annual average household forest income from FSC-certified forests is significantly higher than that of households in non-FSC-certified forests. With reference to rule compliance as an indicator of good governance, implementation of forest bylaws in villages managing FSC-certified forests is significantly more effective than villages in non-FSC-certified forests. These findings provide an insight into the influence of forest certification in enhancing livelihood conditions and that the incorporation of FSC standards into forest policies may lead to more enhancement of livelihood conditions. These findings serve as a baseline for further research on the effects of forest certification at both spatial and temporal scales.     

中国林业政策从“经济优先”向“生态优先”变迁——基于多源流框架的分析

林业是我国国民经济和生态文明建设的重要组成部分。随着经济和社会的发展,中国的一系列林业政策发生了调整和变化,经历了从“经济优先”到“生态优先”的历史性转变。文中从政策过程的视角出发,运用多源流理论框架,分析中国林业政策从“经济优先”向“生态优先”转型发生的原因。分析结果表明:中国林业政策的转型是在问题源流、政治源流、政策源流三者共同影响下形成的;问题源流由全国性的生态危机和国有林区经济亏损所触发,政治源流是国家执政理念的转变所形成的,政策源流来自可持续发展理念所提供的政策目标以及地方政府的政策试验所提供的政策方案;政策源流中的政策试验是中国林业政策得以转型的特别动因。     

Barriers to Sustainable Forestry in Central America and Promising Initiatives to Overcome Them

Summary

Over the past decades, Central America has suffered some of the highest deforestation rates worldwide. Vast tracts of forest have been converted to agriculture and pasture, encouraged by ill-designed government policies and perverse incentives. Recently, however, progress has been made toward more sustainable use of forest resources by adjusting forest policies, decentralizing forest administration, and providing conducive incentives through environmental service payments and forest certification. Valuable forest management experiences have been gained by indigenous and peasant communities. Community forestry in Central America is being increasingly recognized by national governments. Examples include the community concessions in Peten, Guatemala, and community-based forest operations in Honduras and Nicaragua. Stakeholder networks have been established that strengthen horizontal and vertical alliances among wood producers and manufacturers and that help promote both community development and forest conservation. However, illegal logging, poor law enforcement, and lack of economic viability of forest management involving nontraditional species still provide barriers to the sustainable management of tropical broadleaved forests in the region. Future challenges include improved governance through decentralized forest administration, private sector involvement, and third-party certification. To improve traceability and value adding, development of integrated supply chains of forest and wood products is recommended.