近30 a来开都河上游径流量变化的气候响应

利用巴音布鲁克水文站1980-2010年逐日径流量观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、多元回归分析等方法,研究了近30 a来开都河上游4-9月径流量的变化特征。同时,基于同期巴音布鲁克气象站气温、降水资料,探讨开都河上游气温与降水变化对春季径流量的影响。结果显示：开都河上游年径流量在过去30 a呈明显增加趋势。其中4-6月月平均径流量没有明显变化趋势,7-9月径流量增加明显。虽然年径流量主要分布在夏季,但年最大日径流量大多发生在春季4、5月份。进一步分析表明,前期冬季降水量与当年春季增温均对春季径流量有极显著的影响。     

新疆叶尔羌河源流区气候暖湿化与径流的响应研究

应用卡群水文站和塔什库尔干气象站1961-2006年的观测资料,分析了叶尔羌河流域源区气温和降水的变化特征以及径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近46 a来叶尔羌河源区气温总体呈上升趋势,而降水量呈增加的趋势;对气温与降水序列进行统计检验,得出该地区气温增加的趋势显著,降水增加的趋势不显著,气温的增加趋势大于降水。气温是叶尔羌河源区径流量变化的主要影响因素,夏季平均气温与年径流量的相关系数最大,为0.81。与新疆地区其他河流不同的是,7-8月降水量与年径流量呈负相关的关系,相关系数为-0.57;在降水量不变的情况下,径流量随气温升高而增加;在气温不变的情况下,径流量随降水量的增加而减少。     

开都河流域降水与径流年内分配特征及其变化的同步性分析

基于开都河流域巴音布鲁克气象站和大山口水文站1960-2007年的逐月降水和径流数据,文中通过采用集中度与集中期为量化指标,对开都河流域降水和径流的年内分配变化以及两者变化的同步性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)不同年代降水与径流年内分配各自具有明显的差异,80年代夏季降水量与夏季径流量显著偏小,而2000-2007年却显著偏大,同时这时期年径流量显著增多、最大径流量出现时间较其他年代有所推迟;(2)近48年来,降水量和径流量的集中度都有缓慢的下降趋势,两者的年际变化有很好的同步性。降水量和径流量的集中期有微弱的上升趋势,但它们的同步性较差;(3)不同年代冬季降水量与同期径流量变化是不同步的,而年内其他季节,径流量分配过程主要依赖于降水量变化,降水和径流峰值表现出了很强的同步性。     

新疆开都河流域近50a径流量年际年内变化及其对气候变化的响应分析

应用新疆开都河流域巴音布鲁克气象站和开都河大山口水文站近50a的逐月数据资料,通过Mann-Whitney阶段转换检验,不均匀系数等不同的方法,对开都河径流量年际年内变化及其对气候变化的响应进行了分析,结果表明:(1)近50a来,开都河径流量年际变化呈现出增长趋势,经历了三次显著的跳跃式波动,但变差系数很小,所以流量多年变化相对稳定;年径流量主要集中在汛期;四季中以冬季增长最为显著,该流域雨水和积雪融水对流量的补给在相对减少。(2)降水量是影响开都河流量的最主要的因子;夏季降水量与夏季流量的正相关性十分显著。夏季流量的增加最终决定了年流量的增加。(3)开都河流域气温的升高会使冰雪融水增加,导致非汛期流量增加,尤其秋季表现出显著的增长。     

1957—2015年叶尔羌河流域气候变化特征及其径流响应

根据流域内气象、水文站点的长期观测数据,利用线性趋势、相关系数、累积距平、Mann-kendall(M-K)突变检验等方法分析不同区域的干、湿季气候变化特征,并假定不同的气候情景组合,分析径流对气候变化的响应程度。结果表明:(1)1957-2015年4个单元气温和降水量呈增加趋势;除上游外,相对湿度、平均风速和大风日数呈减小趋势,流域径流量呈增加趋势。(2)气温在1996年发生突变;降水量未出现明显突变点;相对湿度在2005年左右发生突变;除下游外,平均风速在1983年发生突变;径流量于1993年发生突变,突变后径流量增加了9.08×10^8m^3。(3)相关性分析显示,流域径流量与湿季平均气温、平均最低(最高)气温呈极显著正相关,与湿季平均风速、大风日数和相对湿度呈负相关,除上游径流与干季降水量呈正相关外,其他区域与降水量呈负相关。(4)敏感性分析表明,当降水量不变,气温升高1℃,径流量增加9.06%;当气温不变,降水量增加10%,径流量减小1.67%,这主要与径流组成有关。流域77.4%的径流量来自雪冰融水补给,当降水量增加时,气温降低,减少了冰川积雪的融化,因而流域径流与气温呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关,且对气温变化更敏感。     

新疆克里雅河径流量变化的气候响应

基于1957—2013年克里雅河源流区兰干水文站径流、气温、降水观测数据,运用小波分析、M-K突变等方法,以时间序列进行非线性、多尺度响应分析。结果表明:(1)克里雅河径流量和气温呈非线性显著上升,降水量和蒸发量略有上升。(2)在年际尺度上,源流区径流存在8 a周期,气温、降水存在12 a周期;在年代际尺度上,径流存在22 a周期,气温、降水、蒸发量存在28 a周期,同时蒸发量还存有22 a周期。(3)在年际尺度上,径流与降水成正相关,而与气温、蒸发量成负相关;在年代际尺度上,径流与气温相关性更高,受气温影响更显著。(4)在周期振荡上,气温与蒸发量具有一致性;在对气候变化响应上,径流对气温、降水、蒸发变化呈交错滞后响应,该模式对克里雅河径流有削丰补枯的调节作用。(5)与乌鲁木齐河相比,克里雅河径流较乌鲁木齐河在突变时间上存在近10 a滞后,20世纪90年代克里雅河流域气温的异常偏低是引起突变滞后的主要原因。     

气候变化对天山山区高寒盆地水资源变化的影响——以巴音布鲁克盆地为例

巴音布鲁克盆地河流的径流演变过程受到气候变化和人类活动的双重影响。利用气候敏感法和水量平衡法,定量分析变化期气候变化对径流的影响。结果表明:巴音布鲁克盆地变化期(1994—2010年)的年径流量比基准期(1960—1993年)增加了27.29%,其中约66.52%是由气候变化引起的。气候变化对径流量影响的主导因素是降水量的变化,降水量变化对巴音布鲁克盆地径流增加的贡献率为62.67%,而受温度升高引起冰川融水量增加对径流量的影响为21.28%,人类活动对地表径流的影响为12.2%,其中还包括盆地土壤水量变化的影响。     

开都河流域中下游气候变化特征及其对径流的影响

采用开都河流域大山口、焉耆水文气象站1960—2010年的观测资料,利用趋势分析、距平分析、多元回归以及线性拟合方法,分析了开都河中游、下游气温和降水变化特征,以及径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近50 a来,开都河流域气温总体呈上升趋势,其中大山口上升1.08℃,焉耆上升1.71℃。气温季节变化分析表明:焉耆冬季气温上升比夏季明显,大山口各季节气温变化差异不明显,总体呈上升趋势。降水年际波动较大,大山口站降水增加趋势显著,1998年降水达到50 a最大值。气温和降水对径流均有一定的影响,大山口以上相关性表现得比较明显,焉耆段相关性不强,总体上气温和降水与径流的变化均呈正相关关系。     

冬雨型河流河川径流量对气候变化的响应

为能够较好的认识气候变化对冬雨型河流河川径流量的影响,更好的指导冬雨型河流水资源的合理开发利用,基于收集的水文气象资料,在分析研究区水文特性及气候变化规律的基础上,通过构建的三水源新安江水文模型及设定的不同气候情景,探讨了冬雨型河流河川径流量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:瓦赫什河降水主要发生于冬春季,夏季降水量偏少,降水对径流影响不大,气温的高低直接决定着瓦赫什河的河川径流量;山区与平原区降水均呈弱的增加趋势,气温均呈升高趋势,相对而言,平原区气温升高趋势比山区更明显;通过所构建水文模型及设定不同的气候情景可以看出,对于冬雨型河流在区域研究区气温的变化比降水量变化对河川径流量影响更加敏感,气温升高河川径流量增多明显;逐月平均径流以4月、5月和10月对气候的变化最为明显,其中以4月和10月增多最显著,以5月径流减少最明显。     

黑河流域近期气候变化对水资源的影响分析

利用典型气象站近50a的气温、降水资料,分析了黑河流域的气候变化特征。在近50a当中,黑河流域的气候发生了显著的变化:主要表现在气温的升高和降雨量的增加。升温率远远大于同期北半球的平均升温率,尤其是近几年来增温幅度之大是几十年来所罕见的;降水量的增加虽然没有气温增加那么明显,但总的趋势是增加的。在此基础上,进一步分析了黑河流域气候变化对区域水文水资源的影响,并根据气候变化的特点对气候要素与径流量变化进行了相关性分析,得出降水与径流的相关系数为0.393,气温与径流的相关系数为0.146,所以降水和气温与径流都呈现出正相关关系。最后得出结论:在过去50a里径流的总体趋势在波动中缓慢增大,未来10a径流仍将继续缓慢增大。     

近50年来喀什噶尔河流域气温、降水及径流的变化趋势

应用喀什噶尔河流域内7个气象站、3个水文站的观测资料,分析了全流域、平原区和帕米尔高原的气温、降水以及出山口控制站年径流量的变化特征.结果显示:①从20世纪90年代开始,喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年以及冬、秋季明显增暖,近5年春季迅速增温.从90年代起,全流域与高原区的年降水量明显增加,近5年平原区也明显增加;自90年代起全流域的春季、夏季降水明显增加,而近5年秋、冬季增湿迅速;近5年平原区的秋、春季以及冬季降水增加明显,高原区却以夏、秋季增湿最明显.②喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年气温与降水量都呈显著的线性增加趋势.平原区的秋、冬季气温显著上升,冬季最明显,夏季呈不显著的下降趋势;平原区的四季降水呈不显著的上升趋势.帕米尔高原的夏、秋、冬季气温呈显著的上升趋势,秋季最明显;帕米尔高原的四季降水呈上升趋势,只有夏季的增湿趋势较显著.③喀什噶尔河年径流量(3站合计)近47年来呈显著的线性上升趋势,以3.0%·(10 a)-1的速率增加.流域内3条河流情况有所不同,克孜河径流量的线性增加趋势最明显,而盖孜河呈不显著的下降趋势.     

Impacts of temperature and precipitation on runoff in the Tarim River during the past 50 years

The relationship between climate change and water resources in the Tarim River was analyzed by combining the temperature,precipitation and streamflow data from 1957 to 2007 from the four headstreams of the Tarim River (Aksu,Hotan,Yarkant and Kaidu rivers) in the study area.The long-term trend of the hydrological time series including temperature,precipitation and streamflow were studied using correlation analysis and partial correlations analysis.Holt double exponential smoothing was used to fit the trends between streamflow and the two climatic factors of Aksu River,Hotan River and Yarkant River.The streamflow of the main stream was forecasted by Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) modeling by the method of time series analysis.The results show that the temperature experienced a trend of monotonic rising.The precipitation and runoff of the four headstreams of the Tarim River increased,while the inflow to the headstreams increased and the inflow into the Tarim River decreased.Changes of temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on runoff into the four headstreams of the Tarim River: the precipitation had a positive impact on water flow in the Aksu River,Hotan River and Kaidu River,while the temperature had a positive impact on water flow in the Yarkant River.The results of Holt double exponential smoothing showed that the correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable was relatively close after the model was fitted to the headstreams,of which only the runoff and temperature values of Hotan River showed a significant negative correlation.The forecasts by the ARIMA model for 50 years of annual runoff at the Allar station followed the pattern of the measured data for the same years.The short-term forecasts beyond the observed series adequately captured the pattern in the data and showed a decreasing tendency in the Tarim River flow of 3.07% every ten years.The results showed that global warming accelerated the water recharge process of the headstreams.The special hydrological characteristics of the arid area determined the significant association between streamflow and the two climatic factors studied.Strong glacier retreat is likely to bring a series of flood disasters within the study area.     

黄河宁-蒙河段流量变化及周期研究

采用小波分析法,对黄河宁夏-内蒙古河段青铜峡站和头道拐站46 a(1961-2006年)的流量资料进行多时间尺度分析。结果表明：不同频域尺度下2站流量随时间的变化具有同步性。通过进一步分析小波方差图,确定了黄河宁-蒙河段年均流量具有18 a和31 a的主周期变化规律。对其结果进行小波系数过程线的检验,得到2站流量丰枯变化趋势,并预测今后一段时间内宁-蒙河段流量将处于偏枯期。流量变化的主要因素除了降水量减小和用水量增加外,水库的运行也起到关键作用。此成果可为黄河上游的水资源保护和预测及宁-蒙河段水沙防治工作提供参考依据。     

Sensitivity of runoff to climatic variability in the northern and southern slopes of the Middle Tianshan Mountains,China

Temperature and precipitation play an important role in the distribution of intra-annual runoff by influencing the timing and contribution of different water sources.In the northern and southern slopes of the Middle Tianshan Mountains in China,the water sources of rivers are similar;however,the proportion and dominance of water sources contributing to runoff are different.Using the Manas River watershed in the northern slope and the Kaidu River watershed in the southern slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains as case studies,we investigated the changes in annual runoff under climate change.A modified hydrological model was used to simulate runoff in the Kaidu River and Manas River watersheds.The results indicated that runoff was sensitive to precipitation variation in the southern slope and to temperature variation in the northern slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains.Variations in temperature and precipitation substantially influence annual and seasonal runoff.An increase in temperature did not influence the volume of spring runoff;but it resulted in earlier spring peaks with higher levels of peak flow.Damages caused by spring peak flow from both slopes of the Middle Tianshan Mountains should be given more attention in future studies.     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

气候变化对台兰河年平均径流量的影响

以台兰河为研究对象,选用台兰水文站1957-2011年平均流量序列,采用SPSS统计软件对其55 a序列进行趋势分析。结果显示：台兰河径流与降水量的年内分配极不均匀,径流主要集中在夏秋两季,降水量集中在春夏两季,径流与降水量集中期主要分布在7月。识别和提取台兰河年平均流量时间序列的趋势函数QS(t),获得了相应的趋势回归模型;台兰河年平均流量序列存在1957-1981年、1981-1999年、1999-2011年3个时段呈递减→递增→递减变化态势;降水、气温变化是影响台兰河不同时段年平均流量变化的主要因素,年平均径流量变化趋势与气温、降水变化趋势一致。     

Spatio-temporal variation of hydrological drought under climate change during the period 1960–2013 in the Hexi Corridor,China

In recent years, climate change has been aggravated in many regions of the world. The Hexi Corridor is located in the semiarid climate zone of Northwest China, which is particularly affected by climate change. Climate change has led to the spatial and temporal variations of temperature and precipitation, which may result in hydrological drought and water shortage. Thus, it is necessary to explore and assess the drought characteristics of river systems in this area. The patterns of hydrological drought in the Hexi Corridor were identified using the streamflow drought index(SDI) and standardized precipitation index at 12-month timescale(SPI12) from 1960 to 2013. The evolution of drought was obtained by the Mann–Kendall test and wavelet transform method. The results showed that both the mean annual SDI and SPI12 series in the Hexi Corridor exhibited an increasing trend during the study period. According to the results of wavelet analysis, we divided the study period into two segments, i.e. before and after 1990. Before 1990, the occurrence of droughts showing decreased SDI and SPI12 was concentrated in the northern part of the corridor and shifted to the eastern part of the corridor after 1990. The probability of drought after 1990 in Shule River basin decreased while increased in Shiyang River basin. The wavelet analysis results showed that Shiyang River basin will be the first area to go through the next drought period. Additionally, the relationships between drought pattern and climate indices were analyzed. The enhanced westerly winds and increased precipitation and glacier runoff were the main reasons of wet trend in the Hexi Corridor. However, the uneven spatial variations of precipitation, temperature and glacier runoff led to the difference of hydrological drought variations between the Shule, Heihe and Shiyang River basins.     

Impact of climate factors on runoff in the Kaidu River watershed:path analysis of 50-year data

Runoff formation is a complex meteorological-hydrological process impacted by many factors,especially in the inland river basin.Based on the data of daily mean air temperature,precipitation and runoff during the period of 1958-2007 in the Kaidu River watershed,this paper analyzed the changes in air temperature,precipitation and runoff and revealed the direct and indirect impacts of daily air temperature and precipitation on daily runoff by path analysis.The results showed that mean temperature time series of the annual,summer and autumn had a significant fluctuant increase during the last 50 years(P < 0.05).Only winter precipitation increased significantly(P < 0.05) with a rate of 1.337 mm/10a.The annual and winter runoff depthes in the last 50 years significantly increased with the rates of 7.11 mm/10a and 1.85 mm/10a,respectively.The driving function of both daily temperature and precipitation on daily runoff in annual and seasonal levels is significant in the Kaidu River watershed by correlation analysis.The result of path analysis showed that the positive effect of daily air temperature on daily runoff depth is much higher than that of daily precipitation in annual,spring,autumn and winter,however,the trend is opposite in summer.     

新疆玛纳斯河径流演变过程及驱动力分析

文中结合玛纳斯河肯斯瓦特(1956-2007a)、红山嘴站(1956-2004a)径流及流域内年均蒸发量、气温数据,利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验,小波分析和灰色系统理论,对其变化趋势、突变和周期进行分析。结果表明:肯斯瓦特和红山嘴径流量皆显著增加,突变分别发生在1996a和1997a;玛纳斯河径流变化与气温、蒸发量最为敏感,气温呈显著递增趋势且突变点在1989a,而蒸发量显著下降,但突变不明显;气温、蒸发量的主周期为11、22、4、7a和15、22a,而径流量为15、20和22a;红山嘴(1997-2004a)8a平均实测径流量比天然径流量增加了4.768×108m3,气候因子对红山嘴径流影响量为12.117×108m3,人类活动影响量为7.349×108m3,表明气候因子是驱动玛纳斯河红山嘴水文站以上径流量演变的主导因素。