辽宁省计量标准部门将颁布对虾配合饵料质量标准

自1983年起．808对虾配合饵料在我省推广应用以来，已获得了显着的经济效益和社会效益．促进了对虾养殖业的发展。1986年．省内对虾养殖产量和配合饵料用量之比巳达到1：1．2的水平，配合饵料已成为养殖对虾的重要饵料之一。为了指导对虾配合饵料的生产和销售沿着健康的方向发展，在产量迅速增长的同时，     

加强水产养殖管理保障水产养殖业科学发展

1水产养殖的影响因素 1．1内在因素 影响水产养殖的内在因素包括养殖群体自身的固体代谢物与投放的饵料。其中,筏式养殖贝类虽不需人工饵料,但因养殖密度大,其内源代谢仍会产生很高的固体代谢负荷。我国网箱养殖大多投喂小杂鱼等未加工饵料,     

以稻草粉为主要成分的颗粒饵料饲养鱼类的初步报告

饵料是夺取淡水养殖高产稳产的物质基础．饵料来源不足的问题，在我区长期得不到解决，巳严重地影响生产的发展．寻求量多、价廉、营养价值较高的饵料，是当务之急。近年来，各地开展颗粒饵料的研究，取得一定的效果(1．2．3)．我所自1976年以来，试制以稻草、玉米心(秆)为主要原料的颗粒饵料，投喂草鱼也有一定成效。     

洱海鲤生物学特性及人工繁养殖技术的研究

洱海鲤最适生长水温18～25℃,产卵适宜水温20～25℃;网箱投饵养殖,投喂粗蛋白28．6％的颗粒饲料。饵料系数1．72。增重3．15倍,不投饵养殖增重1．90倍,但成活率较投饵养殖低5％;池塘培育饵料系数1．38,肥料系数4．96。     

翘嘴红鲌养殖应用膨化颗粒饲料技术

对翘嘴红鲌养殖应用膨化颗粒饲料进行了试验。夏花培育冬片饲料系数1．063，下降15％，出塘体长、体重分别提高23．1％，92．5％；成鱼养殖饵料系数2．077，下降59．5％     

丁Gui池塘主养成鱼试验

为调整养殖品种结构，提高养殖效益。本试验渔场于2003年引进丁Gui寸片进行池塘成鱼养殖．2004年6月全部收获，成活率70％，饵料系数1．8，每667m^2纯利润5676元，经济效益显著。     

合理投饵 降低养虾成本

目前对虾养殖中．生产成本越来越高．其主要原因是因为饵料价格上涨。巳占生产成本的80％以上。要想提高对虾养殖的经济效益，就必须有效地降低饵料成本．饵利成本上涨除与价格的上升有关外．另一重要因素就是管理不善以致饵料系数过高。我国对虾养殖发展至今．涌现了许多高产典型。积累了不少科学管理经验．但仍有许多地区，     

池塘养殖鲟鱼成鱼技术

鲟鱼养殖近年来蓬勃兴起，不光是因为它的营养丰富，市场需求量大，更主要的是它具有病害少，养殖技术简单、效益高等特点。近几年来，北京市场的成鱼价格基本稳定在30～46元／kg。按30元／kg计算，每尾商品鱼大约0．75kg，收入22．5元；鱼苗成本约6元，饵料系数按2．0计算，养殖0．6kg鱼约需1．2kg饵料，成本低于8元。每尾鱼的效益在8元以上。     

哲罗鲑的集约化流水养殖

本文对利用泉水集约化养殖哲罗鲑的生长情况、饵料系数、养殖成活率、病害防治进行了总结,并进行了养殖密度和饲料对比试验。经过323d的养殖,哲罗鲑从初始时的1．59g／尾增长到1020g/尾,达到了上市标准,养殖成活率84．84％,饵料系数0．86;密度和饲料实验表明放养800尾/池的哲罗鲑能够获得较好的效果,且投喂进口饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数0．92,每Kg鱼饲料成本9．05元,投喂国产饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数1．05,每Kg鱼饲料成本7．66元;影响哲罗鲑的主要疾病是小瓜虫病、烂鳃病和出血病,要提早预防。     

浅析池塘放养模式中存在的一些问题

放养模式指的就是池塘内不同品种、不同规格的鱼种按不同的数量进行搭配组合。这些养殖模式体现出来最直接的效果就是表现在饵料系数和养殖成本上。养殖同样的品种,一个好的放养模式可以把饵料系数控制在1．8甚至1．6以内,而一个差的养殖模式可能使饵料系数达到2．0,甚至超过2．5。这样一正一反两个模式的差别就非常明显,养殖饲料成本相差0．3元～1．0元。由于在湖南湖区近两年草鱼价最低在5．2元/kg～5．6元/kg,大部分养殖户处在保本的边缘,一个良好的养殖模式就显得尤为重要。     

Effects of differently processed diets on growth,immunity and water quality of the sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867)

The type of formulated diet used in aquaculture systems affects the feed efficiency and water quality. In this study, the water quality, growth performance and immunity of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867), fed diets produced using four different processing methods (extruded pellet diet, cold‐bonded pellet diet, flake diet and mash diet) were quantified for 60 days to identify the optimal feed type for culturing of this species. Sea cucumbers grew faster, the feed conversion ratio was much lower, and immunity indicators were higher when fed the extruded pellet diet compared to the other diets. Sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet had the highest specific growth rate (0.96), whereas A. japonicus fed the cold‐bonded pellet diet had the lowest specific growth rate (0.51). The lysozyme activity of sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet was higher (57.52) than that of A. japonicus fed the cold‐bonded pellet diet (39.22), flake diet (37.32) and mash diet (32.68). When animals were fed the mash diet, the ammonia–nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen and phosphate productions were higher than in animals fed the other diets. These results indicate that the extruded pellet diet is the optimum feed type for use in the culture of A. japonicus.     

大口黑鲈幼鱼对饲料中锰的需求量

为确定大口黑鲈幼鱼对饲料中锰的需求量,在含锰5.2 mg/kg的半精制饲料中分别添加0、4、8、16、32和64 mg/kg锰(以MnSO₄·H₂O形式),制成6种不同锰水平的饲料(5.2、9.6、13.5、20.7、 38.3和67.9 mg/kg),投喂初始体重(16.00±0.07) g的大口黑鲈幼鱼10周。结果显示,在基础饲料中添加锰,可显著提高大口黑鲈幼鱼的增重率,降低饲料系数,各组增重率与饲料系数在锰含量达到13.5 mg/kg后基本稳定。随饲料中锰含量的增加,血清T-SOD、Mn-SOD活性和全鱼、脊椎骨中的锰含量上升,并在饲料锰含量达到20.7mg/kg后趋于稳定,而血清丙二醛含量则表现为下降的趋势。全鱼铁、骨铁、骨锌和全鱼锰沉积率随饲料锰含量的增加而下降。研究表明,在半精制饲料中补充锰可以促进大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、提高饲料利用率、血清抗氧化能力、全鱼和骨锰的沉积。以增重率、饲料系数、全鱼锰和骨锰为评价指标,经折线回归分析,大口黑鲈幼鱼对饲料中锰的需求量分别为18.3、20.5、21.1和23.4 mg/kg干物质。     

辅酶渣替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹生长及肠道菌群的影响

为探究饲料中辅酶渣替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹生长性能、健康情况和肠道菌群的影响，以中华绒螯蟹幼蟹(0.70±0.01g)为研究对象，分别以等蛋白的辅酶渣替代基础饲料中鱼粉的0%(对照组，含20%鱼粉)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%(记为C、T20、T40、T60、T80、T100)的饲料投喂8周。结果显示，与C组相比，T40组生长性能无显著改变，T60组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著降低。T80组、T100组生长性能、体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著降低；与C组相比，替代组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、甘油三酯(TG)水平未见显著差异，总蛋白水平(TP)在T100组显著降低。血清葡萄糖(Glu)在替代组中显著降低。T60、T80、T100组的血清总胆固醇(T-CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著降低，T80、T100组的血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著降低；与C组相比，各替代组肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著差异，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著上升，T100组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低；C、T40、T80组肠道菌...     

Methionine intake affect hepatic sulphur metabolism in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Atlantic salmon with body weight of 493 g were fed 6 graded levels of methionine in diets based on plant proteins for a period of 85 days with the aim to test whether methionine intake affected growth, nutrient accretion and hepatic sulphur metabolism. A negative control based on a mixture of plant proteins with low fish meal inclusion (5%) containing 1.64 g methionine 16 g^− 1 N was added five levels of dl-methionine resulting in dose levels from 1.64 to 2.98 g methionine 16 g^− 1 N. A control feed based on fish meal (26%) and plant proteins (44.9%) containing 2.30 g methionine 16 g^− 1 N was used as a control for growth performance. Feed intake and thus growth was generally lower in fish fed the plant protein based diets, while digestibility of amino acids was higher in fish fed the test diets as compared to those fed the fish meal based positive control diet. However, no significant differences in either feed intake or growth were present in fish fed either of the test diets containing graded levels of methionine. Neither carcass protein or lipid retention was affected by methionine intake as confirmed by the unaffected mRNA levels of growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor in hepatic and muscle tissues. Hepatic size as well as transsulfuration was significantly affected by methionine intake. Thus it is concluded that nutrient accretion was not the main effect of methionine intake (ranging from 35 to 90 mg fish^− 1 day^− 1). Rather methionine is essential to secure high synthesis of activated methyl groups for methylation reactions ensuring a healthy fish not developing increased liver size. Intakes exceeding 60 to 70 mg methionine daily in the fast growing seawater period results in increased transsulfuration analysed as increased hepatic taurine production keeping the hepatic free methionine constant at all intakes.     

大菱鲆利用水解鱼蛋白和牛蛙蛋白的差异

为探究大菱鲆对不同来源水解蛋白的利用效率,实验选取太平洋狭鳕和牛蛙下脚料为蛋白来源,分别制备水解鱼蛋白和水解牛蛙蛋白,以初始体重为(8.00±0.01) g的大菱鲆为研究对象,进行为期56 d的养殖实验。实验设2个对照组,正对照组(PC)鱼粉含量为35.0%,负对照组(NC)鱼粉含量为26.5%;设2个实验组,水解鱼组(FPH)为26.5%的鱼粉和8.0%的水解鱼蛋白,水解牛蛙组(BPH)为26.5%的鱼粉和9.5%的水解牛蛙蛋白。结果显示,FPH组的终末体重、增重率和特定生长率显著高于BPH组和NC组,与PC组无显著差异。摄食6 h后,食糜必需氨基酸中赖氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸和缬氨酸在BPH组的含量显著高于PC组;多数非必需氨基酸在BPH组含量最高,但无显著差异。质子偶联氨基酸转运载体PAT1和小肽转运载体PepT1的mRNA表达量分别在FPH组和BPH组都显著高于PC组和NC组;碱性氨基酸转运载体CAT1和y⁺L型氨基酸转运载体y⁺LAT2的mRNA表达量在各处理组中无显著差异。研究表明,在饲料中添加鳕和牛蛙蛋白水解物均能提高大菱鲆的生长性...     

以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式

鱼类营养和饲料研究始于70年前并借鉴陆生动物营养研究经验形成了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖发展面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更高的要求。事实表明,根据一些鱼类营养和饲料研究成果所配方的饲料在养殖生产实践中往往不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着在已有范式下取得的研究成果有时难以很好地满足现代鱼类养殖产业的需要。本文叙述了具有重要经济价值的两种肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料研发与应用的历程,指出对饲料蛋白需求的低估是限制配合饲料长期未能在大口黑鲈和大黄鱼养殖生产中应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400-440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450-470 g/kg。经过重新评估后将大口黑鲈和大黄鱼的最适饲料蛋白水平分别提高到480-510 g/kg和490-520 g/kg。在适宜的饲料蛋白水平下,投喂配合饲料的大口黑鲈和大黄鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时相当。作者认为对饲料蛋白需求的低估与已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式存在的不足有关,其表现为：（1）强调食物对鱼类生长的作用,但忽视了实验鱼遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对生长和摄食的影响;（2）强调鱼类个体生长对评价营养需求和饲料质量的重要性,但忽视了鱼类个体生长差异并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益的事实;（3）强调生长和饲料利用效率作为鱼类营养和饲料研究评价指标的重要性,但忽视了养殖对环境和自然资源的负面影响是限制水产养殖产业可持续发展的瓶颈;（4）没有足够重视基础饲料配方在评价营养需求或饲料质量方面的影响,一些研究因基础饲料组成不当而产生没有实际意义的评价结果。针对上述问题,作者建议从概念、理论和研究方法方面对已有的范式做如下修改：（1）重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类营养需求取决于其生长需求;（2）重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在实现配方的营养平衡方面发挥着不同的作用;（3）重视对实验鱼种质和种群结构的选择,重视对照组和处理组个体生长差异的幅度对判断饲料处理效应的指示作用,重视饲料配方对渔业资源和环境等水产养殖可持续发展相关的内容的影响。经过修改后的研究范式更符合养殖生产实际,在此基础上开展研究所获得的成果也能够更好地指导配合饲料生产,为鱼类养殖产业的可持续发展提供更好的科技支撑。     

Use of Porcine Meal in Plant‐based Practical Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate and confirm the efficacy of a porcine meal (PM) with high protein content (>90%) as an alternative feed ingredient in commercial‐type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six experimental diets were formulated for the two growth trials. The first five diets contained increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%) of PM as a replacement for soybean meal in a plant‐based diet with low inclusion level (6%) of fish meal (FM). The last experimental diet was produced utilizing 4.2% PM to completely replace FM. In Trial 1, shrimp (1.5 g initial mean weight, 20 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered test diets for 6 wk in a semirecirculation system. At the end of Trial 1, shrimp fed with the diet containing 6% PM exhibited significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival compared to those fed with the diet devoid of FM. As survival was poor across all treatments and different densities could mask growth results the trial was repeated. In Trial 2, shrimp (0.85 g, 15 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered diets for 6 wk. Dietary supplementation of PM at 6% significantly improved WG, FCR, and apparent net protein retention in contrast with the treatment devoid of FM, confirming the same trends in Trial 1. No significant difference was detected in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral profiles of whole‐body shrimp as well as survival across all the treatments. Results of this study indicate that PM is a good high protein source in shrimp feeds, which can be included up to 6% in the low FM‐based diet without compromising the growth of shrimp.     

配合饲料和活饵料对刀鲚幼鱼生长、存活和消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了解配合饲料和活饵料对刀鲚幼鱼生长、存活和几种酶活性的影响,对用配合饲料和活饵料喂养178 d的刀鲚幼鱼的生长、存活和消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶以及抗氧化酶活性进行分析与比较。结果显示,配合饲料组的最终体长、体质量、成活率、鱼体肥满度和肝指数(分别为125.17 mm、6.27 g、65.73%、0.31 g/cm3和1.4%)显著低于活饵料组(分别为150.66 mm、12.39 g、85.59%、0.36 g/cm3和1.9%),两组鱼的肠长和体长比无显著差异(分别为25.3%和23.6%);两组鱼的肝脏中均未检测出蛋白酶,配合饲料组的幽门盲囊中碱性蛋白酶的活性(43.49 U/mg prot)显著低于活饵料组(86.37 U/mg prot),但两处理组鱼胃中酸性蛋白酶和肠道中碱性蛋白酶的活性均没有显著差异;配合饲料组肠道和幽门盲囊中的淀粉酶活性(分别为196.63和575.93 U/g prot)显著低于活饵料组(分别为928.91和1 755.90U/g prot),但两处理组鱼肝脏和胃中的淀粉酶活性没有显著差异;两处理组鱼的肝脏和胃中均未检测出脂肪酶,配合饲料组的肠道脂肪酶活性(23.55 U/g prot)显著高于活饵料组(14.39 U/g prot),但两处理组幽门盲囊中脂肪酶活性(分别为17.90和13.23 U/g prot)没有显著差异;配合饲料组的肝脏碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(103.44 U/g prot)显著高于活饵料组(58.20 U/g prot),而配合饲料组的肝脏谷草转氨酶(AST/GOT)活性(20.38 U/g prot)显著低于活饵料组(32.51 U/g prot);肝脏中其余被检测的5种酶活性(ACP、ALT/GPT、SOD、GSH-PX和CAT)和血清中被检测的代谢酶(ALT/GPT和AST/GOT)及抗氧化酶(SOD和GSH-PX)活性在两处理组之间均没有显著差异。研究表明,刀鲚能摄食配合饲料,配合饲料组和活饵料组的大多数消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性,没有显著性差异,但配合饲料组的刀鲚生长和成活率远低于活饵料组,建议今后研发和改进刀鲚配合饲料,逐步替代活饵料。     

Effects of High-Protein "Finishing" Feeds on Performance and Fat Content of Channel Catfish

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of using high-protein "finishing" feeds on production and fat content of channel catfish. Fish were fed either: a 32% protein feed for 150 days; a 28% protein feed for 150 days; a 28% protein feed for 90 days and then a 38% protein feed for 60 days; a 28% protein feed for 90 days and then a 35% protein feed for 60 days; a 28% protein feed for 120 days and then a 38% protein feed for 30 days; or a 28% protein feed for 120 days and then a 35% protein feed for 30 days. The study was conducted in earthen ponds stocked with channel catfish at a rate of 14,826 fish/ha (35 g initial weight) and fed once daily to satiation. There were no significant differences in either feed consumption, weight gain, final weight, feed conversion ratio, survival, or percentage visceral fat of catfish regardless of treatment. Fillets from fish fed the 28% protein feed for 150 days contained more fat than fish on other treatments. There was no advantage of finishing channel catfish on high-protein diets as compared to feeding either a 28 or 32% protein feed for the entire grow-out period.     

Feed intake of Atlantic salmon parr Salmo salar L. in relation to temperature and feed composition

The design and testing of a feed intake monitoring system based on feed waste collection is described. The system was used in a study of feed intake and growth of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr in relation to temperature (2 °C or 8 °C) and feed composition (21% fat, 50% protein and 22.5 MJ kg^?1 or 34% fat, 40% protein and 24.8 MJ kg^?1). Fish had lower feed intake and slower growth at the lower temperature, but temperature‐corrected growth (TGC) was better in fish held at the lower temperature. There was an increase in TGC over time at low temperature, probably as a result of long‐term thermal acclimation. Feed conversion for an increase in body size from 19 to 38 g was better for the fish held at low temperature. Feed consumption of low‐fat feed was higher than that of high‐fat feed, and growth of the fish fed the low‐fat feed was better at the higher temperature. These data are consistent with the ideas that the fish compensated for differences in feed energy densities to maintain energy and nutrient intakes, and that lipostatic factors may be operating to regulate feed intake and growth.