利用HYDRUS-2D模拟膜下滴灌玉米农田深层土壤水分动态与根系吸水

河套灌区农田地下水埋深普遍较浅且年内波动较大,明确不同膜下滴灌条件下深层土壤水分对根区的补给作用及作物根系吸水的响应差异有利于膜下滴灌技术的完善和推广。本研究开展了连续2 a(2017—2018年)的春玉米田间试验,设置3个膜下滴灌灌溉水平,分别控制土壤基质势下限为-10 kPa(S1)、-30 kPa(S3)和-50 kPa(S5)。利用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟0～120 cm深度土壤含水量、根层下边界(100 cm深度处)水分通量和作物根系吸水速率。结果表明,经过率定后的HYDRUS-2D模型对0～120 cm深度土壤含水量模拟结果的根均方差(RMSE)和决定系数(R~2)分别为0.039～0.042 cm~3·cm~(-3)和0.78～0.73,模拟结果可靠。膜下滴灌农田100 cm和120 cm深度处土壤含水量较高且处理间差异不大,说明不同滴灌条件对于100 cm以下深层土壤含水量影响较小;但不同处理显著影响根区下边界的水分通量和根系吸水速率。基质势下限控制水平越低,深层土壤水分对于根区的补给量(毛管上升)越大,S1、S3、S5生育期内累积补给量在31.9～49.6 mm之间。S5处理根系吸水速率较低,根系吸水受到显著抑制,从而造成作物生长指标和产量显著低于S1和S3处理(P0.05);而S1和S3之间籽粒产量差异不显著。综上,在本研究所设置的3个滴灌处理中,S3生育期内灌溉定额为240～300 mm,既较S1显著减少灌水量、提高水分利用效率,又具有较好的根系活力,有效利用深层土壤水分,因此建议该地区春玉米膜下滴灌的灌水下限为-30 kPa。     

耕作方式对黑土耕层孔隙分布和水分特征的影响

为探索耕作方式对黑土孔隙度分布和土壤水分特征的影响,以2010年吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了9年的田间定位试验小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕和秋翻两种耕作处理下耕层土壤孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲线进行分析。结果表明不同耕作处理对黑土孔隙度影响较大。与秋翻相比,免耕减小了土壤总孔隙度,增大了0～5cm和20～30cm10%～16%的>100μm大孔隙,减小了耕层5～20cm的100～30μm次大孔隙,两种处理不同深度的中孔隙和微孔隙数量相近。不同耕作方式对土壤水分特征的影响存在较大差异,免耕0～5cm和20～30cm的持水能力高于秋翻,而5～20cm表现出相反的变化趋势。实施免耕后,改变了土壤孔隙分布和持水性能,对土壤通气透水和作物根系发育具有重要作用。     

高寒沙区典型人工林土壤水分空间分布特征研究

揭示生长阶段以及土壤深度对于中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)人工林土壤水分分布的影响,对于解决植被的经营与巩固、重建与恢复等方面都具有重要意义。利用ECH2O土壤含水量监测系统对不同深度(10cm、20cm、30cm、40cm、60cm、90cm、120cm、150cm)不同生长阶段(3a、5a、16a、30a)中间锦鸡儿人工林土壤水分进行连续监测,检验土壤层次之间的差异显著性和相关性并进行空间插值,分析不同深度的土壤水分的分布状况。测定期间,3a、5a、16a、30a不同深度的VWC均值分别在15. 50-38. 25%、16. 00-42. 38%、15. 15-38. 09%、18. 28-42. 05%之间。四个不同生长阶段的人工林中,10cm和20cm表现为中等变异性,60cm以下深层土壤的VWC表现为弱变异性。不同深度的土壤水分都具有显著差异性和相关性。垂直分布上,土壤水分表现为增大-减小-再增大的总体趋势,各层深度都具有显著的差异性和相关性,且相关性随着距离的增大而减小。土壤水分的变异性随着深度的增加而减小,表层土壤一般表现为中等变异,深层土壤一般表现为弱变异性。3a的土壤水分在垂直方向上波动性最大,30a最小。水平空间上,土壤表层水分随着林龄的增加而增加,而土壤深层深度随着深度的增加而减小。     

科尔沁差巴嘎蒿根系分布规律与土壤水分关系的研究

以生长在科尔沁大青沟两侧台面上的差巴嘎蒿为研究对象,采用整株挖掘的方法,研究差巴嘎蒿根系分布的规律。结果表明:差巴嘎蒿根系垂直分布深度为0～90㎝,其中0～30㎝的土层中根系分布最多,占根系总长度的85.74%,水平方向上表现为近密远疏的趋势;整体上根系呈主根型分布,形态上呈"伞"型分布。差巴嘎蒿根系分布与土壤水分密切相关。随着深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐增大,但根系长度、生物量及密度均逐渐降低,两者呈负相关关系,其中根长平均变化率-12.61%、根生物量平均变化率-29.07%,均大于土壤含水量平均变化率7.92%,但比根长却与土壤含水量呈正相关关系,且比根长平均变化率7.58%与土壤含水量平均变化率7.92%相差不大。     

云南干热河谷旱坡地两种覆盖措施对土壤水分的影响

针对干热区气候特点,设置了旱坡地地表盖沙和覆膜两土壤水分处理方武,2003～2005年连续测定其土壤水分变化情况.在地面覆盖物作用下,耕作层40 cm以上土壤水分随降雨量和蒸发强度变化而变化,土层40 cm下土壤水分较稳定;土壤原本含水量的高低影响土壤水分的变化程度.盖膜、盖沙措施使土壤水分只在土壤表层40 cm内有不同程度增加.总体来说,盖膜增加最多,比CK多5%;其次是盖沙,比CK多2.612%.深层土壤水分总体趋势是随土壤深度增加而增加,增加幅度随深度增加不断减少.     

长武塬区不同土地利用条件下土壤水分深剖面分布特征比较

通过调查取样的方法对长武塬面不同土地利用条件下(作物地,果园,苜蓿地)土壤水分状况在0～600 cm范围深度内进行对比,结果显示:长武塬区小麦收获期,不同土地利用条件下土壤水分含量总体存在较大差异,其中春玉米地由于上年小麦收获后直到春玉米播种前土地休闲,土壤含水量显著高于其它土地利用方式.其它土地利用条件下土壤平均含水量相对较低,在0～300 cm的范围内含水量分布表现为果园>苜蓿地>小麦地.300 cm以下含水量表现为小麦地>果园>苜蓿地;同时,不同利用条件下土壤水分剖面低湿层的位置深度也不相同,小麦地土壤水分低湿层深度较果园地和多年苜蓿地浅,土壤水分剖面形态与分布特征受利用模式影响显著.     

陇东旱塬地表覆盖方式对苹果生育后期叶片质量及根际土壤微环境的影响

为探明陇东旱塬区不同覆盖方式对苹果生育后期叶片质量、根际生态环境的影响，以16 a生，连续6 a覆盖的盛果期“长富2号”苹果树为试材，设清耕（CK)、覆膜、麦草覆盖、覆黑膜+麦草（膜+草）等4个处理，调查叶片养分、活性氧代谢功能，测定0～100 cm内不同深度土层土壤水分、容重、有机质等，对根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明：麦草覆盖处理可有效提高苹果叶片叶绿素与淀粉含量，增幅分别为CK的2.79%、29.09%；根系集中分布层（20～40 cm）土壤水分、有机质含量增高，分别为CK的102.93%,135.96%；土壤容重仅为CK的96.32%，并有效提高各土层土壤酶活性，特别提高土壤表层（0～20 cm）酶活性，脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性为CK的157.14%、218.5%、118.02%、193.21%，可有效提高土壤中微生物总量,为CK的134.19%，其中细菌与真菌的数量增高，放线菌的数量降低；根系活力与土壤水分、孔隙度、微生物含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶等呈极显著正相关，与土壤容重、过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关。覆膜与膜+草处理对叶片及土壤环境改善效果较差。综合分析根际土壤理化性状及土壤酶、微生物空间分布特征等，认为麦草覆盖处理是陇东旱塬区苹果园适宜的地表覆盖方式。     

土壤含水量对探地雷达探测植物根系构型精度的影响

根系是评价植被生态服务功能的关键基础要素,但快速、精确、无损确定根系的测量技术和方法是目前生态系统评估中的瓶颈。探地雷达是一种高效无损的地球物理学技术,可以在无损状态下获取土壤中的根系信息。但是探地雷达检测和识别根系的精度受土壤含水量、根系含水量、根径大小、根系埋藏深度等诸多因素影响,导致其在野外根系探测中适用性受限,为了探究土壤含水量对探地雷达探测根系精度的影响,本研究采用野外预埋根系的控制实验,根据探地雷达波速、振幅和根点反射系数的变化,分析了不同土壤含水量条件下根点识别率及根点距离均方根误差。结果表明：（1）根系探测中,探地雷达波速和振幅是判断土壤含水量变化的重要参数;（2）随着土壤含水量的增大,探地雷达波速减小,雷达振幅趋于平缓;（3）不同土层深度上随着根系直径的增大,探地雷达波速增大,雷达振幅趋于激烈;（4）根点识别率与土壤含水量成负相关（P<0.05）,土壤含水量为15%～25%时探地雷达对活根的识别效果最佳。本研究表明探地雷达可以作为植物根系生物量无损和快速测定、评估的方法,但在利用探地雷达测定土壤中根系时,应在土壤含水量相对较低的时间段进行。     

根障对农田林网内土壤水分和小麦产量的影响

在农田林网内四侧林带附近分别采用不同类型的根障,阻断树木根系侵入农田,减少树木与作物间的水肥竞争。在林带与小麦竞争激烈的小麦灌浆期测定灌溉后10 d、15 d和20 d的农田表层20 cm的土壤体积含水量,并结合小麦的产量得到根障对农田防护林系统的影响。结果表明,根障对四侧林带附近土壤含水量的影响不同。灌溉后20 d内林网土壤体积含水量整体分布:林网南侧>林网东侧>林网西侧>林网北侧,根障区>无根障区。根障能够提高林带附近1.0 H内土壤体积含水量0.78%～2.33%,增加小麦产量1.05%～12.06%,使减产区由1.0 H减少到0.5 H范围内。根障仅能减小胁地影响,但不能完全消除竞争。结合土壤水分和小麦产量得出根障离林带越近效果越好。     

覆盖处理苹果细根分布与土壤物理性状响应关系研究

以12年生红富士苹果树为试材,研究黄土高原旱塬区不同覆盖措施(覆膜、覆草、覆沙)对苹果细根(直径≤2 mm)及土壤性状的影响。结果表明:地表覆盖可有效降低土壤容重,增大土壤含水量及孔隙度,增加细根数量,增大根系吸收水肥效率。覆膜处理细根水平分布范围与清耕(CK)相似,在距干0~90 cm范围内,垂直密集分布最大深度由CK的60 cm提升至40 cm,36.05%的细根分布在0~20 cm土壤表层。与CK相比,覆草、覆沙处理的细根水平分布范围由90 cm扩展至120 cm,垂直均匀分布整个土壤剖面,利于树体对深层土壤水肥的吸收利用。土壤物理性状与细根根长、表面积、根长密度呈极显著相关,覆膜处理中根径与比根长也与土壤物理性状表现出相关性。综合分析根系分布与土壤物理性状,覆草处理是陇东旱塬区苹果园较为适宜的地表覆盖模式。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.