意大利黑麦草和高羊茅不同品种的矿物质含量差异

用能量分散型荧光X射线元素分析仪测定了意大利黑麦草和高羊茅两草种各4个品种不同年度、不同器官、不同刈割时期的矿物质元素含量。结果表明,每个草种的高镁品种都具有较高的Mg含量和低的K/(Ca Mg)当量比,而且与其他品种之间差异显著;不同刈割时期,5月份Mg含量低而K/(Ca Mg)当量比高,而且与其他刈割时期差异显著;2003年与2004年相比,K含量、K/(Ca Mg)当量比高而且差异显著;两草种茎叶干物质中矿物质元素含量高低顺序为:常量元素K>Si>Ca>Mg>Na;叶中微量元素Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu,茎中微量元素Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu。不同器官之间,意大利黑麦草除Zn的含量茎显著高于叶而外,其他11种元素都是叶的含量高于茎;高羊茅P,Cl,Zn的含量茎显著高于叶,其他9种元素都是叶的含量高于茎。     

4种黑麦草的产草量及品质比较研究

在中等肥力土壤条件下,采用随机区组试验设计,对引进的一年生、多年生和种间杂交黑麦草3类型共4个品种的生物学性状、产草量和品质进行比较研究。结果表明:二次刈割的株高、叶宽在品种间存在极显著差异,其中一年生黑麦草蓝天堂和特高显著高于多年生黑麦草卓越和种间杂交黑麦草春绿;叶长和分蘖数在4品种间差异不显著;第1次鲜草产量在品种间差异达极显著水平,并以一年生黑麦草蓝天堂最高;第2次刈割鲜重和干重在品种间无显著差异;二次刈割的总鲜重和总干重在品种间差异达显著水平,也以一年生黑麦草蓝天堂最高,并显著超过多年生和种间杂交黑麦草品种。品质分析表明:二次刈割的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分在4品种间差异均不显著,只有第1次刈割的粗纤维和无N浸出物在品种间有显著差异。     

优良草坪新品种在昆明地区的引种适应性评价

对47个冷季型草种在昆明地区进行了引种适应性评价.结果如下:(1)5个草坪草从播种到出苗所需时间不同,多年生黑麦草出苗最快,高羊茅次之,剪股颖、早熟禾最慢.同一草坪草在幼苗期和成坪后生长速度不同,不同草坪草在幼苗期或成坪后生长速度也不同,高羊茅、黑麦草的草坪自然高度都相对较高,各个草坪草品种间存在差异.(2)早熟禾、匍匐剪股颖的叶片质地最细,其次为多年生黑麦草,高羊茅最粗糙.草坪各个品种之间的密度存在差异,表现较好的有火龙、21世界、优美、碧盛、高地和太阳城.(3)早熟禾、剪股颖盖度较黑麦草、高羊茅要好.(4)黑麦草的再生性最好、高羊茅次之,剪股颖、旱熟禾最慢.(5)黑麦草、高羊茅叶绿素含量较高,与外观表现一致,各个草坪草品种的均一性之间差异显著.     

饲用小黑麦在济源地区的刈割期及刈割次数研究

3个饲用小黑麦品种中饲1048、石大1号、甘农2号在不同生育时期,不同刈割次数下,对其鲜草产量、干草产量、鲜干比、株高、营养成分进行测定研究。结果表明:饲用小黑麦在济源地区1次刈割鲜草产量抽穗期最高,干草产量乳熟期最高;抽穗期前1次刈割鲜草产量、干草产量均大于刈割2次,乳熟期前1次刈割干草产量高于2次刈割、3次刈割,鲜草产量低于2次刈割、3次刈割,乳熟期前2次刈割、3次刈割鲜草产量和干草产量差异均不显著。     

大麦、小麦饲草产量与品质差异及适宜刈割次数研究

为比较大麦、小麦饲草产量与品质的差异,明确适宜刈割次数,以具代表性的2个饲用大麦(95033、盐丰1号)与2个小麦(扬麦18、1331)品种(系)为材料,设置不同刈割次数(1、2、3次),比较不同大麦、小麦品种(系)饲草产量与品质差异。结果表明,大麦饲草产量高于小麦,其中盐丰1号鲜重、干重最高,分别为5.68、1.37kg/m~2;1次刈割的饲草产量最高,鲜重、干重分别为5.49、1.52kg/m~2,显著高于2、3次刈割。除粗蛋白、钙含量变化因品种(系)而异,其他饲草品质指标在品种(系)间无明显差异。扬麦18的粗蛋白含量最高(29.23%),95033的钙含量最高(1.13%);大麦粗蛋白产量高于小麦,1次刈割高于2、3次刈割。不同茬次饲草品质存在差异,再生茬饲草的粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙含量显著下降,磷含量以2茬次饲草最高,粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量显著上升,说明多次刈割后饲草品质下降。结果显示,大麦饲草产量及粗蛋白产量均高于小麦,更适宜用作饲草,以乳熟末期1次刈割最佳。     

多花黑麦草不同品种草产量研究

本课题的总体目标是以区域试验和示范带动我国草种子的产业化生产,大幅度提高我国单位面积牧草及生态草种子的产量和质量,促进草种产业的起步与发展。对14个多花黑麦草品种进行品种比较试验,通过对参试品种物候期的观测、不同品种黑麦草鲜干草产量的测定及各品种不同时期刈割产量比较的研究,发现参试的十四个品种在本地区差异较为明显,从测定的各品种的各个数据来看,其中钻石T、海湾、特高表现较为突出,在生长势和产草量方面优于其它品种。故最适宜我区种植的多花黑麦草品种为钻石T、海湾、特高。     

刈割时期对不同类型牧草产量和品质的影响

文章对8个不同类型牧草品种在呼和浩特地区不同刈割期的产量和品质进行研究,结果表明,苜蓿的最佳刈割期是初花期,其鲜、干草产量最高;禾本科牧草的最佳刈割期是盛花期. 8个牧草品种在盛花期刈割鲜草年产量显著高于现蕾期.苜蓿品种年鲜、干草产量间差异不显著,但均明显高于禾本科牧草.粗蛋白年产量,苜蓿以现蕾期刈割最高,禾本科牧草盛花期刈割最高.粗脂肪年产量,苜蓿以例花期刈割最高,禾本科牧草则以盛花期刈割时较高.同期相比,苜蓿的蛋白和脂肪产量均高于禾本科牧草.综合产量和品质表现认为,紫花苜蓿FGC-301、FGE-201及无芒雀麦适合在呼和浩特地区推广种植.     

新疆不同刈割期对春性大麦干草产量和青贮品质影响的研究

为了探明春性大麦在新疆地区作为青贮饲料的最佳刈割时间,以垦啤麦13、P13-3和甘啤4号为研究对象,分析不同刈割期（抽穗期、灌浆期、灌浆10d和蜡熟期）干物质产量、营养品质和青贮品质。结果表明,随着刈割期的推迟,垦啤麦13和P13-3干物质含量和干草产量显著增加,P13-3蜡熟期干草产量显著高于其他时期,参试的3个品种（系）中P13-3在蜡熟期干草产量最大,达到14 731.46kg/hm ²。随着刈割期的推后,3个春性大麦品种（系）干草中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,垦啤麦13和P13-3的中性洗涤纤维含量逐渐上升。随着刈割时间的推迟,大麦青贮后乳酸、乙酸和丁酸含量呈下降趋势,垦啤麦13和P13-3在灌浆10d后青贮其发酵品质显著高于抽穗期和灌浆期。因此,从产量和品质两方面综合考虑,新疆地区春性大麦最佳青贮刈割时间为灌浆10d。     

不同黑麦草及其近缘种高羊茅的RAPD多态性分析

利用RAPD分子标记技术对黑麦草及其近缘种高羊茅的遗传关系进行了分析,结果发现,14个引物共扩增出62条带,其中52条带为多态性带,占总带数的83.9%,表明在这8个品种间具有较高的遗传多样性,存在一定的遗传分化。从UPGMA聚类分析的结果来看,特高黑麦草、蓝天堂黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、羊毛黑麦草、邦德黑麦草、美兰黑麦草和高羊茅黑麦草作为一个系谱群,它们之间有较为密切的亲缘关系;同时发现,高羊茅与其它7个草种间存在有较明显的遗传分化。     

昭苏草原潜在生态草种营养成分比较研究

旨在通过对新疆昭苏草原5种潜在生态草种（百里香、黄花苜蓿、针茅、羊茅、苔草）进行营养成分分析,从营养学角度评估5种草种,以期为新疆地区生态建设及合理利用这些兼具生态效益和饲用价值的草种提供数据参考。试验共采集昭苏地区5—10月份刈割的360份样品,采用常规分析方法对其粗蛋白、粗脂肪、干物质、钙、磷5种营养成分含量进行分析测定。5—8月份各草种之间的营养成分存在差异（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。其中,黄花苜蓿的营养价值高于其他4种草种（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。但9、10月份各草种间5种营养成分含量差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。对各草种不同生长期营养成分含量分析测定结果表明：除黄花苜蓿中粗蛋白在5、6月份没有显著差异外(P＞0.05),其他各草种5月份的粗蛋白水平均显著高于其他月份(P＜0.01)。黄花苜蓿可作为治理新疆沙化且兼具生态效益和饲用价值的首选草种,同时也是未来新疆牧民饲喂家畜的优质饲草料。     

Genetic analysis of forage grasses based on heterologous RFLP markers detected by rice cDNAs

Genetic polymorphism within and between three species of forage grasses, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), was analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers detected by rice cDNA probes developed at the Rice Genome Research Programme of Japan (RGP). One hundred and ninety‐seven rice cDNA clones were used for hybridization to genomic DNA of forage grasses. Many of the rice cDNA clones produced no visible band or only a smear with no discrete bands. Twenty‐three clones showed high efficiency cross‐hybridization to the genomic DNA of forage grasses. Genetic variation was evaluated for five varieties and one population of forage grasses using 12 polymorphic rice cDNA RFLP probes. Genetic variability within varieties as measured by Rogers’ genetic distance was considerably lower for the F. pratensis variety ‘Tomosakae’ than for the L. perenne and F. arundinacea varieties. To determine the genetic diversity between varieties of different species, cluster analysis was performed using data from the 12 RFLP probes. The two accessions of Lolium perenne were clustered more closely together than the three varieties of F. arundinacea. Two Japanese varieties of F. arundinacea were grouped in the same cluster. The variety‐specific RFLP markers were seen among six accessions of L. perenne, F. pratensis and F. arundinacea. Such variety‐specific RFLP markers would provide very useful tools for breeding programmes such as the intergeneric hybridization of Lolium and Festuca genera.     

Field Evaluation of Cocksfoot,Tall Fescue and Phalaris for Dry Marginal Environments of South‐Eastern Australia. 2. Persistence

Perennial grasses provide forage and environmental benefits in the agricultural systems of southern Australia, but persistent cultivars are lacking for the lower rainfall inland margins (<600 mm average annual rainfall). Potential new cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) have been developed in response to this need. These and older cultivars were evaluated for persistence at five sites in south‐eastern Australia from 2009 to 2013. A wide range in rainfall was experienced, but survival was principally reduced by a severe spring–summer–autumn drought in the final year in which all species began to decline in persistence once the spring 2012 to autumn 2013 cumulative climatic moisture deficit became higher than about 700 mm and declined very severely at deficits over 1000 mm. The highly summer‐dormant cocksfoot ssp. hispanica control cultivar Kasbah showed outstanding survival of this event in the cropping zone of southern New South Wales, but not at the drier of two sites with acidic soils in central Victorian where all cocksfoot cultivars showed similar survival. Potential new summer‐active tall fescue cultivars survived well at the higher rainfall Victorian site and under high rainfall in northern NSW. All tall fescue cultivars experienced high mortality during a period of high moisture stress in the spring of the establishment year in southern NSW, but the Mediterranean cultivar Grasslands Flecha MaxP gradually recovered. Differences among phalaris cultivars were not large with new cultivars of North African origin being marginally more persistent at the drier site in southern NSW. Comparisons with results from the Mediterranean Basin are discussed. Although there was no clear evidence of differences in persistence between the new and old cultivars, some of the new cultivars were considered to show potential for commercial release.     

赤霉素和硝酸钾对高羊茅四个品种发芽的影响

本文研究了赤霉素与硝酸钾不同浓度浸种对高羊茅四个品种发芽的影响。分析结果表明：高羊茅品种在发芽试验中起主要作用。硝酸钾在０．１％－０．３％浓度范围内,对高羊茅四个品种的发芽起抑制作用。赤霉素对高羊茅四个品种发芽起促进作用,其中以０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度较为理想。     

Susceptibility of European cultivars of Italian and perennial ryegrass to crown and stem rust

A set of 15 Italian (Lolium multiflorum), three hybrid (L. boucheanum) and 33 perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) cultivars were evaluated for their rust susceptibility in the field. The cultivars were grown in 2001, 2004 and 2007 at 29, 32 and 27 European sites, respectively. Rust incidence was scored during different growth cycles using a scale from one (no rust) to nine (susceptible). Crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) was the most frequently observed rust species on Italian, hybrid and perennial ryegrass during all three experimental years. There was a highly significant difference in mean crown rust scores among Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars, respectively, in each of the 3 years. The ranking of the cultivars was very consistent across the different sites within each year (with some exceptions), despite a significant interaction of cultivar response with sites. Moreover, the rank order correlations of mean cultivar rust scores were highly significant (r > 0.9) between the years. Stem rust (P. graminis f. sp. graminicola) occurred almost exclusively on perennial ryegrass. The cultivars showed significant variation in stem rust susceptibility. Rank order correlations of mean cultivar stem rust scores were mostly significant between sites within each year and highly significant between the years. The ranking of perennial ryegrass cultivars was different depending on whether crown or stem rust was scored. However, the rank order correlation between the mean disease scores of the cultivars for the two pathogens was low but still significant. At a particular site the assessment of crown or stem rust was in most cases very consistent over the period of experimentation. Therefore there was no evidence that rust resistance of an individual cultivar was overcome by the rust pathogen at a particular site over the 7 years of experimentation.     

Mild Drought Stress‐Induced Changes in Yield,Physiological Processes and Chemical Composition in Festuca,Lolium and Festulolium

The impact of mild drought stress (3 weeks at 40 % field water capacity) on yield, physiological processes, accumulation of proline and phenolic compounds and forage quality parameters in forage grasses was evaluated in pot experiments. During four different growing periods, the effects of water deficit were assessed in nine varieties from five species (Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca pratensis, Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium braunii). All measured parameters were affected by drought stress in the different cuts. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter yield were significantly lower in drought stress than under well‐watered conditions in all varieties. Higher water‐use efficiency was only observed during the first and fourth drought period, while this was not the case in the second and third. Mild drought stress significantly increased the content of proline, phenolic acid, flavonoids, water‐soluble carbohydrates and protein. All tested grasses showed also an increase of organic matter digestibility and cell wall digestibility under drought stress conditions.     

碱化土壤施用脱硫废弃物对几种牧草种子产量和质量的影响

利用田间试验与室内试验相结合的方法,研究碱化土壤施用脱硫废弃物对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)种子产量和质量的影响。结果表明:施用脱硫废弃物能显著提高3种牧草种子产量构成诸因子和种子产量,增加种子萌发速率和种子萌发活力指数,但对种子萌发指数无明显影响。以种子生产为目的,该区适宜种植垂穗披碱草和高羊茅。     

三种草坪草的耐盐性差异及其叶片的显微结构的研究

摘 要：为了解羊茅属高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea L.）、早熟禾属草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis L.）、黑麦草属多年生黑麦草（Lolium Perenne L．）的耐盐性,以高羊茅（凌志、爱瑞三号、阳光宝贝）、草地早熟禾（纳苏,抢手股,优异）、多年生黑麦草（首相、焦点）共八个品种为材料,在不同浓度的NaCl水培营养液中对各种材料幼苗进行耐盐处理。实验表明：草地早熟禾的耐盐临界浓度为200 mmol/L,高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐盐临界浓度为150 mmol/L;并确定8个品种的耐盐性的差异：枪手股最好,首相最差。同时,对其相关叶片显微结构：泡状细胞、维管束、表皮细胞、气孔器进行了分析, 结果表明：草地早熟禾由于具有与耐盐植物相近的结构而更能耐受较高的盐浓度。关键词：草坪草,耐盐差异,叶片显微结构     

Genetic variability of forage grass cultivars: A comparison of Festuca pratensis Huds., Lolium perenne L., and Dactylis glomerata L.

Three widely used cultivars of each of the species Festuca pratensis Huds., Lolium perenne L., and Dactylis glomerata L. were investigated by means of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and vegetative growth traits in order to investigate genetic variability within each cultivar and to compare the level of diversity among cultivars and species. RAPD markers allowed a clear separation of the three species. Genetic variability based on RAPD markers was considerably lower for F. pratensis cultivars than for L. perenne and D. glomerata cultivars which showed similar levels of variability. The proportion of variability due to variation within cultivars, determined by an analysis of molecular variance, was lower in F. pratensis (64.6%) than in L. perenne (82.4%) and D. glomerata (85.1%). A comparison of F. pratensis and L. perenne, based on vegetative growth traits, confirmed the differences in genetic variability within cultivars. F. pratensis showed lower coefficients of genetic variation for eight of ten traits when compared to L. perenne. This study demonstrates considerable differences in genetic variability which may have consequences for the adaptability and persistency of individual cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄淮麦区小麦主栽品种粒重与籽粒灌浆特性的关系

研究粒重与籽粒灌浆特性的关系对提高小麦产量潜力和稳定性具有重要意义。采用Logistic方程, 对2012—2015连续3年度种植在河南安阳的14份黄淮麦区主栽品种和苗头品系的粒重及其籽粒灌浆特性研究表明, 粒重和灌浆速率参数主要受基因型控制, 灌浆持续时间主要受环境影响。不同粒重类型品种间平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率和各时期灌浆速率均存在显著差异, 表现为高粒重>中等粒重>低粒重, 灌浆持续时间则差异不显著。灌浆速率, 特别是快增期灌浆速率快慢是造成品种间粒重差异的主要原因。粒重与所有灌浆速率参数均呈显著正相关(P<0.001), 与快增期灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率的相关系数分别为0.97和0.90, 与灌浆持续时间相关不显著。建议采用平均灌浆速率对相关性状进行基因定位, 以进一步改良黄淮麦区小麦品种的粒重。