内蒙古荒漠地区丛枝菌根植物的初步研究

本文对内蒙古荒漠建群及优势植物的丛枝菌根共生状况进行了调查。在观察的16科76种植物中,被丛枝菌根真菌侵染的植物有61(占79. 8% )种;其中多年生草本植物被丛枝菌根真菌侵染的比例较高,占94. 46%;而一年生和二年生的草本植物的比例仅65%。须根系植物中菌根植物约占91. 3%,高于直根系(75. 5% )。古地中海孑遗种四合木(Tetraenamongolica)、棉刺(Potaniniamongolica)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthusmongolicus)和强旱生植物半日花(Helianthemumsoongoricum)有一定的菌根侵染。本地区野生植物的丛枝菌根形态结构类型多数为Arum类型,占83. 6%;而Paris类型少,只占3. 3%。丛枝菌根结构类型与植物的生活型、根系类型和侵染率无关。     

盐胁迫下印度梨形孢对核桃幼苗生长的影响

为探究接种印度梨形孢对核桃幼苗耐盐性的影响,以核桃幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验,设置接种印度梨形孢(接种和未接种)与盐胁迫两个因素(盐浓度梯度为0、25、50、75、100mmol/L),监测接种不同时间后核桃幼苗的生长指标。结果表明:随接种时间延长,接种印度梨形孢后的核桃幼苗生长量较对照显著增高,其菌根促生效应日渐显著;随盐浓度升高,接种后的促生效应呈下降趋势;接种后不同盐浓度下核桃幼苗的各生物量均高于未接种。TOPSIS法综合分析结果表明,不同盐浓度下接种的生长效应均高于对照组。因此,印度梨形孢与核桃幼苗共生可以促进核桃幼苗生长,有效提高核桃幼苗的抗盐性。     

丛枝菌根真菌对接种尖孢镰刀菌后黄瓜 根系次生代谢物的影响

采用灌根法对4周龄的黄瓜幼苗接种尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum,研究了不同取样时期AM真菌Glomus versiforme对植株根系黄酮和总酚含量及叶片中POD和PPO酶活性的影响.结果表明:菌根化植株可通过生物量的补偿和体内次生代谢物含量的改变来提高抗病性.即接种F.oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum的第9天,菌根化植株根系和地上部生物量分别比对照高出50%和31.7%,此时,对照发病率达15%,而菌根化植株生长始终正常;在病原菌的侵入初期和后期,菌根化植株根系中黄酮和总酚含量高于对照;在植株发病期,菌根化植株仍可通过根系中含量相对较低的黄酮和总酚来抵御病原菌的侵害;与对照相比,抗病性较强的菌根化植株叶片中POD酶活性变化较为缓和,且PPO酶活性一直较高.     

松苗立枯病的研究Ⅰ、分布损失、征状类型、病原、和栽培影响

松苗立枯病是东北地区针叶树育苗上的重要问题,其中以落叶松、樟子松、和红松等幼苗发病较重,油松和赤松等幼苗发病为轻。幼苗发病征状有土内腐死、猝倒、立枯、地上腐烂、和一、二年生大苗发生枯萎落叶等五个类型。诱致松苗发生侵染性立枯病的病菌,有 Rhizoctonia、Pythium 和 Fusarium等三种菌类,其中 Rhizoctonia 尤为主要。松苗立枯病发生的轻重与育苗措施有密切关系,地势低洼或位于山脚下坡的苗圃或苗床,一般发病较重。种子经雪藏混砂催芽处理后,能提早种子萌芽、出土和齐苗,有降低发病程度的作用。光照多少对幼苗发病有影响。根据苗圃的调查观察,全光育苗发病率低,遮蔭育苗发病率高;但在沈阳试验结果还不能证实这一点,相反的半遮蔭育苗要好些。     

接种丛枝菌根对玉米生长与抗旱性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长及其抗旱性的影响。结果表明:玉米与丛枝菌根可形成良好的共生关系,接种丛枝菌根显著提高了玉米生物量、株高、地径。与未接菌相比,接菌提高了植株水分利用效率,水分胁迫和正常供水条件下,较对照分别提高117%和24.6%。接菌后玉米叶片SPAD值和可溶性蛋白含量增加,叶片过氧化氢酶活性增强。同时,接种菌根显著降低了植株叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛含量,干旱胁迫和正常供水条件下,较未接菌处理分别降低了14.1%、18.9%和59%、69%。由此可见,接种丛枝菌根真菌能够促进玉米的生长,缓解干旱胁迫对玉米生长造成的不利影响,提高了玉米的抗旱性。     

烟草立枯病病菌人工诱发病害效果比较初探

采用人工接种方法,将烟草立枯病病菌菌株TRs-5接种于烟草云烟87的不同部位,观察其发病效果。研究了菌株接种体在不同接种温度和培养时间对发病效果的影响,并比较了其与稻纹枯病病菌菌株RRs08-22-2接种于水稻品种中优679的致病效果。结果表明,菌株TRs-5既能侵染烟草幼苗近地表的茎基部,导致其发病,也能侵染烟草成株苗叶面形成坏死病斑。在温度28℃环境下接种比在20℃的导致发病更严重。用培养2 d的菌丝体接种比培养4 d的导致更大的病斑。在寄主烟草上,菌株TRs-5比菌株RRs08-22-2的致病力强,但在寄主水稻上,菌株TRs-5比菌株RRs08-22-2的致病力弱。初步发现这2个病菌与2个寄主之间存在致病专化现象。     

干旱胁迫下AMF对多枝柽柳幼苗和疏叶骆驼刺根系生长和氮素吸收分配的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)对植物抗旱、养分吸收等有重要作用,但在特定环境胁迫下不同生活型植物对AMF的响应存在差异。本文以塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林的优势灌木多枝柽柳(Tamarix ra?mosissima)和常见半灌木疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)为研究对象,分析了干旱胁迫处理下(对照组土壤相对含水量为70%±5%、实验组土壤相对含水量为20%±5%)接种AMF(对照组不接菌M-、实验组接菌M+)对多枝柽柳与疏叶骆驼刺混合种植(对照组单一种植)根系生长状况和氮素吸收分配的影响。结果表明:(1)植物遭受干旱胁迫时,多枝柽柳幼苗和疏叶骆驼刺菌根侵染率均降低了,混合种植显著增加了多枝柽柳幼苗的菌根侵染率(P<0.05);(2)干旱胁迫下,混合种植M+处理显著增加了多枝柽柳幼苗的地上、地下生物量;(3)干旱胁迫下,AMF使不同种植模式下两种植物的细根根长和细根表面积均显著增加,使疏叶骆驼刺的比根长显著减小,且混合种植M+处理显著减小了多枝柽柳幼苗的细根比根长;(4)相比单一种植,干旱胁迫下AMF显著增加了混合种植多枝柽柳幼苗的氮摄取量和地上部分氮分配比率。因此,AMF对于干旱胁迫下与疏叶骆驼刺混生的多枝柽柳幼苗的生长和氮素吸收具有明显的补偿作用,能够帮助塔里木河下游多枝柽柳幼苗较好地度过生长脆弱期。     

水稻品种抗黑条矮缩病人工接种鉴定方法

为建立科学有效的水稻品种抗黑条矮缩病人工接种鉴定方法,分别研究了病毒在介体体内的循回时间、接种时间、接种强度、水稻接种苗龄4个因素对鉴定效果的影响。结果显示,病毒在介体体内的循回时间为12~15天或21~24天条件下,鉴定效果优于8~11天和16~17天处理;接种48~72 h条件下,鉴定效果优于12~24 h处理;有效接种强度4~20虫/苗条件下,鉴定效果优于1~3虫/苗处理;水稻接种苗龄0.5~2.5叶龄条件下,鉴定效果优于2.5~3.5叶龄处理。由此构建了水稻抗黑条矮缩病人工接种鉴定方法:循回时间为12~15天、接种时间48~72 h、有效接种强度4~20虫/苗和水稻接种苗龄0.5~2.5叶。在此条件下对不同抗性表现的水稻品种进行鉴定,其鉴定结果与重病区田间鉴定没有显著性差异,表明所建立的人工接种鉴定方法能客观地反映水稻品种对黑条矮缩病的抗性水平。     

拟康宁木霉Hailin菌株对马尾松幼苗的促生和防病作用

采用菌株形态学和r DNA-ITS序列比对分析的方法进行了Hailin菌株的鉴定,采用平皿对峙法研究了Hailin菌株对尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑菌效果,测定了接种尖孢镰孢菌和Hailin菌株后对马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)幼苗的发病率和生长指标的影响。经形态学、分子鉴定和进化树分析,菌株Hailin为拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)。Hailin菌株与尖孢镰刀菌平皿对峙培养5d后,对其抑制率为77.78%;蘸根针刺微伤处理接种Hailin菌株30 d后,对马尾松幼苗立枯病的防治率为58.3%;接种Hailin菌株与不接种的马尾松幼苗相比,其株高、湿重、根长分别提高了3.86%、78.74%和13.2%。Hailin菌株抑制尖孢镰孢菌的作用机制包括竞争作用、重寄生作用以及通过产生代谢产物抑制病原菌的生长。其中,Hailin菌株通过非挥发性代谢产物和挥发性代谢产物对尖孢镰孢菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为97.80%和77.80%。     

江苏省建湖县梨园主要杂草种类调查研究

2010-2012年调查发现,江苏省建湖县梨园主要杂草有26科72种,以禾本科和菊科最多,共占总种数的38.89％.72种杂草中一年生杂草22种,多年生杂草21种,一年生或二年生杂草15种,越年生或一年生杂草5种,二年生杂草4种,一年生或多年生杂草2种,越年生杂草1种,一至二年生或多年生杂草1种,二年生或多年生杂草1种.查明了梨园杂草的主要群落、优势种和发生特点.     

子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库研究

对子午岭天然油松林、人工油松林、人工落叶松林、人工刺槐林四种林分的土壤种子库特征初步研究结果表明 :人工油松林种子库储量平均为 675 .9粒 /m2 ,人工刺槐林为648.8粒 /m2 ,人工落叶松林为 839.4粒 /m2 ,天然油松林为 45 5粒 /m2 ,各林分土壤种子库储量属中等水平 ;本次调查的天然油松林种子库种子活力为零 ,人工油松林种子库活力种子占 0 .5 % ,人工落叶松林种子库活力种子占 4.2 % ,刺槐林种子库活力种子占 74.4%。除人工刺槐林种子库种子质量较高外 ,针叶林各林分种子库种子质量都较差 ;人工油松林林下油松幼苗的分布密度平均为 1～ 3株 /m2 ,人工刺槐林林下多见灌木幼苗 ,另两种林分林下幼苗较少 ,表明不同林分土壤种子库种子都具有一定的萌发能力 ;从各林分土壤种子库的组成看 ,主要树种的种子在种子库中所占比例都在 85 %以上 ,人工油松林土壤种子库物种多样性指数较高 ,而其它林分土壤种子库物种多样性指数均较小 ;土壤种子库中 80 %左右的种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层和 0 - 2 cm土壤层中 ,下层种子数量很少 ;方差分析表明 ,枯枝落叶层厚度、树高、郁闭度、胸径等因子变化对土壤种子库储量影响显著。综合分析认为 ,子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库能够为林分的天然更新提供基本条件。     

干旱胁迫对胡杨和灰叶胡杨光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究正常供水(土壤相对含水量70%～80%)、轻度干旱胁迫(50%～60%)和重度干旱胁迫(30%～40%)条件下2年生胡杨(Populus euphratica)和灰叶胡杨(P. pruinosa)的光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性.结果表明:在干旱胁迫进程中,轻度和重度干旱胁迫下胡杨、灰叶胡杨的净光合速率经历了急剧下降--缓慢回升--下降3个阶段.在相同的干旱胁迫处理下,光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数Pn,Gs,Ci,WUE,Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,qP和NPQ胡杨明显高于灰叶胡杨,表明胡杨比灰叶胡杨对干旱胁迫具有更强的适应性.     

松材线虫对黑松一些生理生化指标的影响（英文）

 松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。本文对接种松材线虫后3~4年生黑松茎部的一些生理生化指标的变化进行了研究。结果显示,接种线虫后,松苗的可溶性糖含量降低,在病情发展中期和后期比早期降低更显著。松苗的可溶性蛋白质和抗坏血酸含量逐渐降低,游离氨基酸含量也降低。松树茎部的可溶性蛋白质含量可用于病害的早期诊断。此外,对这4个生理生化指标在病害致病机理中的作用进行了讨论。     

A strain of Trichoderma viride pathogenic to germinating seedlings of cucumber, pepper and tomato

An isolate of Trichoderma viride from the surface of an apparently healthy tomato root was found to be pathogenic to seedlings of cucumber, pepper and tomato in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. In laboratory experiments, when seeds of each host species were inoculated with conidia of the pathogen, the subsequent growth of seedlings was decreased and they developed light-brown water-soaked lesions on their roots and crowns. The pathogen could be re-isolated from lesions on the seedlings, and microscopic examination of inoculated seedlings demonstrated that the fungus invaded the vascular tissues of the young seedlings. Culture filtrates of T. viride were found to contain a heat-stable factor that caused a decrease in the growth of the roots of young cucumber, pepper and tomato seedlings. In greenhouse experiments, the fungus did not affect germination or seedling fresh weight of young cucumber seedlings in soil- peat- or rockwool-based germinating media, but 10% of seedlings germinated in rockwool showed signs of infection. This is the first report of T. viride being pathogenic on pepper and tomato.     

不同松树品种对松材线虫的抗性

 本文报导了用松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)感染15种松树后,不同松树品种的枯死率不同,也就是抗病性不同.在供试的15个松树品种中,黑松为国际上公认的感病树种,感病程度高于黑松的有白皮松(Pinus bungeana)、赤松(P.densiflora)、东北红松(P.koraiensis)、华山松(P.armandii)、华南五针松(P.kwangtung ensgs)、湿地松(P.elliottii)和云南松(P.yunnanensis)等7个品种.感病程度低于黑松的有黄山松(P.taiwanensis)、樟子松(P.sylvestris var.mongolica)、乔松(P.griffithi)和粤松(P.fenzeliana)。而高度抗病的有火炬松(P.taeda)、马尾松(P.massoniana)和短叶松(P.banksiana).接种时间的不同影响松树的抗性,春季接种后树木渡过一个炎热的夏季,松树的枯死率比秋季接种的要高.     

Effects of Moderate Water Stress on Disease Development by Sphaeropsis sapinea on Red Pine

ABSTRACT The aggressiveness of Sphaeropsis sapinea isolates was compared on water-stressed and nonstressed 3-year-old red pines (Pinus resinosa) in greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. Water was withheld from stressed seedlings to achieve mean predawn needle water potentials (psi(PD)) above -1.9 MPa. The lowest mean psi(PD) of well-watered seedlings was maintained at or above -0.8 MPa. Young shoots were inoculated by placing colonized agar plugs on wounds made by removing a needle fascicle. Two isolates of each recognized morphotype (A and B) were used in the greenhouse experiment and two isolates of morphotype A were used in the growth chamber experiment. After 4 weeks, isolates of morphotype A caused more severe symptoms and could be recovered farther from the inoculation site on water-stressed than on nonstressed trees in both experiments. In the greenhouse experiment, isolates of mor-photype A also caused more severe symptoms and could be recovered farther from the inoculation site than isolates of morphotype B, regardless of watering regime. These results indicate that water stress at levels observed typically in the field can result in increased disease development by isolates of S. sapinea morphotype A on red pine. The reduction of water stress of red pines in the field may reduce losses due to Sphaeropsis shoot blight.     

樟子松幼苗水力结构参数和生长特征对模拟降水梯度的响应

水分是影响樟子松生长和存活的关键因素,为弄清樟子松幼苗对水分胁迫的响应过程,采用人工控制降水处理方法 (105%年均降水量：500 mm,无干旱; 74%年均降水量: 350 mm,轻度干旱;42%年均降水量: 200 mm,干旱),监测了2 a生樟子松幼苗水力结构和生长特征对降水处理的响应。结果表明：随着降水量减少,幼苗水分饱和亏缺没有发生显著变化;轻度干旱下幼苗组织密度显著增加,干旱下幼苗失水系数显著降低;表明樟子松幼苗的保水、抗旱能力随干旱胁迫程度增强而增加。干旱胁迫显著降低了株高、基径和各器官生物量的增加量,轻度干旱胁迫下幼苗根重比和根冠比显著增加,表明轻度干旱胁迫改变了生物量分配格局,促使幼苗向有利于水分维持方向的发展策略;与轻度干旱相比,干旱胁迫下幼苗生物量分配策略并没有发生明显变化。樟子松幼苗可以通过改变水力结构特征和生物量分配策略来适应轻度干旱;而在干旱下幼苗仅改变水力结构特征,不利于其在干旱环境下生存。     

Role of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidative enzymes in Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings inoculated with Amanita vaginata and/or Rhizoctonia solani

The ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita vaginata can control damping off (Rhizoctonia solani) and promote growth of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether reactive oxygen species and antioxidative enzymes play a role in preventing damping off in ectomycorrhizal roots. Two months after P. tabulaeformis roots were inoculated with A. vaginata, the roots were inoculated with R. solani. During the early stages (2?C96?h) of R. solani infection, the quantity and localisation of hydrogen peroxide and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were evaluated. A burst of hydrogen peroxide occurred in ectomycorrhizal roots and in non-ectomycorrhizal roots when attacked by R. solani. In ectomycorrhizal roots, hydrogen peroxide production peaked 12?h after R. solani inoculation, which coincided with an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, whereas in non-ectomycorrhizal roots, hydrogen peroxide production peaked 24?h after R. solani inoculation and did not coincide with changes in superoxide dismutase or catalase activity. The imbalanced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase might cause excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and consequent damage to cell walls. Electron microscopy revealed that there was a positive correlation between hydrogen peroxide levels and the number of amyloplasts, with seedlings inoculated with A. vaginata and/or R. solani showing higher levels. These results indicated that A. vaginata inoculation enhanced damping off resistance and stimulated seedling growth, which may be due to the activation of a burst of hydrogen peroxide and its scavenging enzymes and the production of biochemical substances such as amyloplasts.     

3种因素对油松移植苗根系活力的影响

采用盆栽的方法,以3种不同的光照条件、土壤含水量及苗木含水量,对4 a生油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）移植苗进行处理,测定3种因素交互作用下油松移植苗的根系活力。结果表明：光照强度的降低、苗木含水率的减少及土壤含水量的增加,促使油松移植苗根系活力不断降低;油松移植苗的苗木含水量为63%或土壤含水量为30%时,自然光照下根系活力均显著大于遮光条件下根系活力;在自然光强、63%的苗木含水量及30%土壤含水量其中一种条件影响下,其他两个因素的变化均可引起根系活力的显著变化;在自然光强与53%自然光强条件下,或在土壤含水量为30%和50%条件下,苗木失水均导致根系活力降低。     

Monoterpene and Phenolic Compound Concentrations in Water-Stressed Red Pine Inoculated with Sphaeropsis sapinea

ABSTRACT Changes in monoterpene and phenolic compounds resulting from water stress and colonization by Sphaeropsis sapinea were examined for 9- and 11-year-old red pine trees in a plantation and 3-year-old seedlings in a growth chamber. Four treatments were assigned at random to individual trees in the field: no treatment, herbicide to kill surrounding weeds, supplemental water, and both herbicide and supplemental water. In the growth chamber, seedlings were either not watered (water stressed) or watered daily (nonstressed). Shoots were inoculated with agar plugs colonized with either S. sapinea isolates of morphotype A and B (field) or only isolates of morphotype A (growth chamber). Nine monoterpenes were detected in tissue extracts; the most common were alpha-pinene (59 to 74% of the total), beta-pinene (13 to 33% of the total), and delta-3-carene (1 to 5% of the total). Shoots inoculated with isolates of morphotype A had more severe symptoms and produced higher concentrations of monoterpenes in both experiments compared with the controls. In the growth chamber, inoculations with isolates of morphotype A caused higher concentrations of phenolics compared with the controls. In the field experiment, monoterpenes increased in quantity only in shoots of stressed trees inoculated with isolates of morphotype A. Isolates of morphotype B caused few symptoms and did not alter monoterpene concentrations. Increases in monoterpenes do not appear to be involved in the response to infection by morphotype A in nonstressed trees, and the role of phenolics is unclear. However, these results are consistent with previous observations that monoterpenes may be involved in the differences in aggressiveness between morphotypes on red pine.