AM真菌对土壤含水量不同条件下甘草生长及甘草酸含量的影响

为了探索丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对甘草的侵染特性,揭示土壤相对含水量不同条件下AM真菌对甘草生长及甘草酸含量的影响,以盆栽甘草为研究对象,分别接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum)和幼套球囊霉(G.etunicatum)4种AM真菌,研究了土壤在不同相对含水量条件下AM真菌对甘草的侵染率及侵染后甘草的株高、主根长、地上干重、地下干重及甘草酸含量等,结果表明,接种的4种AM真菌均能与甘草形成丛枝菌根,形成了丰富的丛枝、泡囊结构,侵染率达到70%以上,显著促进了甘草的生长;在50%和65%的土壤相对含水量条件下,AM真菌都对甘草生长有促进作用,在土壤相对含水量小于35%时,甘草生长不良,甘草酸含量低;综合分析土壤在各个不同相对含水量处理中,接种摩西管柄囊霉的甘草适应生长的范围更大,甘草酸含量更高,综合来看,摩西管柄囊霉更有利于提高甘草对干旱的适应性,促进甘草生长效果显著,并且在干旱条件下仍保持较高的甘草酸含量。     

AM真菌和水分条件对稀土尾矿堆中植物生长的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了不同水分处理下接种3种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌（Diversispora spurcum、Glomus aggre gatum和Glomus constrictum）后对稀土矿砂中黑麦草（Lolium perenneL.）和狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon（L.）Pers.）植物株高、地上和地下部分干重及植株内Pb和Zn含量的影响。结果表明：不同水分处理下黑麦草和狗牙根与AM真菌均有一定的结合。在干旱胁迫（W1和W2）下,接种3种AM真菌均提高了黑麦草的株高、地上和地下部分干重,其中,接种Glomus aggregatum促进作用最为显著,重度干旱胁迫（W1）处理下接种后黑麦草株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了76.16%、202.86%和481.82%;接种Glomus constrictum显著提高了狗牙根的株高、地上和地下部分干重,W1处理下狗牙根接种后的株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了119.17%、290.63%和247.37%。接种AM真菌的植株内Pb和Zn含量与AM真菌种类、植物品种、水分处理及重金属性质等相关,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著降低了黑麦草植株内Pb的含量,而对Zn的含量影响不大;而对于狗牙根,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著增加了其Pb和Zn的含量。此外,还测定了植物叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,结果显示接种AM真菌明显降低了干旱处理下黑麦草和狗牙根叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,表明接种AM真菌能有效提高植物的抗逆性。     

野生大豆与栽培大豆抗旱性对接种丛枝菌根真菌的响应

采用盆栽试验,分别对栽培大豆和野生大豆接种AM真菌进行研究,同时设不接种对照。接种和不接种处理均下设2种水分处理:植物生长期间全程正常供水和前期正常供水后期干旱处理,研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对栽培大豆和野生大豆生理生化特性的影响及菌根水孔蛋白基因GintAQPF1和GintAQPF2表达量的变化。结果表明:干旱胁迫下接种AM真菌能刺激野生大豆和栽培大豆根系伸长生长,对茎秆的促进作用并不明显;干旱胁迫下脯氨酸含量与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于未接种对照组,其中接种AM真菌的野生大豆脯氨酸含量、CAT活性增幅最大;未接种AM真菌的栽培大豆与野生大豆丙二醛(MDA)含量与相应接种AM真菌组比显著增加;接种AM真菌的野生大豆与栽培大豆中GintAQPF1和GintAQPF2表达量均显著增加,其中野生大豆GintAQPF2表达量显著高于栽培大豆。说明接种AM真菌能够促进脯氨酸积累,增加CAT活性,提高GintAQPF1和GintAQPF2基因表达,刺激根系的伸长生长。     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对紫花苜蓿生长及生理特征的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了NaCl胁迫条件下AM真菌对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)植株生长及生理特征的影响。结果显示:随土中加入NaCl浓度增高(0%,0.5%,1.0%),与未接菌紫花苜蓿相比,接种AM真菌显著(P<0.05)促进紫花苜蓿生长,并使其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及根系脯氨酸累积量增加。1.0%NaCl接种AM真菌处理下根系鲜重(28.1 mg)为0%NaCl未接种下的1.27倍;不同盐处理接种AM真菌植株丙二醛含量均低于对照株;1.0%NaCl浓度下接种AM菌植株叶片及根系脯氨酸含量分别为对照株的0.82,1.41倍。表明AM真菌在胁迫环境下不仅可促进植株生长发育及渗透调节物质的积累,还可维持植物体丙二醛含量较低水平,降低植株遭受盐胁迫,推测叶片与根系脯氨酸对ABA依赖程度不同而导致其脯氨酸含量不同。     

接种AM真菌对采煤沉陷区文冠果生长及土壤特性的影响

煤炭井工开采往往造成地表塌陷,导致了土壤养分贫瘠和水分缺乏,土壤沙化和水土流失,从而限制了当地矿区植被生长,而丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AM真菌)对植被生长有促进作用。以文冠果为宿主植物,采用野外原位监测和室内分析方法,研究了未接种和接种丛枝菌根真菌对采煤沉陷区复垦植物文冠果生长和土壤特性的影响。结果表明:与未接种AM真菌处理相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了文冠果根系菌根侵染率和土壤根外菌丝密度,7月接种AM真菌文冠果的株高、冠幅和地径提高了31.89%,23.07%,9.89%。同时,9月接种AM真菌处理的根际土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量分别比对照组增加0.29g/kg、13.0mg/kg和1.4g/kg,接种AM真菌显著提高了根际土壤的含水率、总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素,而速效磷和速效钾的含量显著降低。相关分析结果表明,菌根侵染率、土壤根外菌丝密度与根际土壤理化性质之间存在协同反馈效应。因此,接种AM真菌促进了采煤沉陷区复垦植被文冠果的生长和土壤的改良,这对矿区水土保持、维持生态系统稳定性和持续性具有重要意义。     

3种草本植物的抗旱性及重金属吸附能力研究

以香根草、马唐草和望江南三种植物为材料,研究干旱胁迫下3种草本植物的生理生化特性变化以确认其抗旱性,同时,研究3种草本植物的重金属吸附能力以确认其对矿区土壤重金属的修复效果。结果表明:3种植物的POD酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量均随胁迫时间延长而增加,SOD酶活性下降,而可溶性糖则表现出下降—升高—下降趋势,表明3种植物可通过协调SOD和POD活性降低氧化伤害,并通过调节可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量来维持植物的生理作用,保持叶绿素含量稳定,使植株正常生长;同时,3种草本植物对多种重金属均有较强的富集作用,在矿区种植3种草本植物能有效降低土壤重金属含量。3种植物具有良好的抗旱性及重金属富集能力,适合应用于于稀土矿区的生态修复。     

干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生理生化特性的影响

在土壤有效磷含量较高的条件下,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF）对不同水分处理梯度（田间最大持水量的70%、 45%和20%）条件下玉米生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,在三种不同水分处理条件下,接种AMF显著提高了玉米植株地上部的生物量,且对玉米地上部、 地下部全磷含量有显著提高作用。水分胁迫显著降低了玉米叶片水势,增加了玉米叶片脯氨酸、 丙二醛、 过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶含量,而不同水分梯度条件下接种AMF均显著提高了植株叶片水势,降低了脯氨酸含量,提高了叶片保护酶（过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶）活性从而减少丙二醛的积累,减轻植物叶片膜脂过氧化的伤害。由此说明,接种AMF在土壤有效磷含量较高的条件下能够与玉米根系形成良好的共生关系,提高玉米的抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫及复水对大豆关键生育时期叶片生理特性的影响

以“辽豆15”为试材，在开花期和鼓粒期设置轻度干旱（土壤相对湿度65%±5%）和重度干旱（土壤相对湿度50%±5%）以及对照（土壤相对湿度80%±5%）处理，开展大豆干旱及复水控制试验。干旱处理持续7d、14d和21d，并在胁迫结束后进行复水，复水水平与对照处理一致。达到胁迫时间当日和复水后第7天取大豆倒三叶叶片，测定叶片可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性，研究干旱胁迫对以上生理指标的影响以及复水后补偿效应。结果表明：开花期，轻度干旱和重度干旱胁迫均使叶片可溶性蛋白和MDA含量以及POD活性显著升高，轻度干旱胁迫使SOD活性显著升高。鼓粒期，大豆受干旱胁迫影响后，叶片可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量、SOD活性显著升高，但POD活性显著降低。复水对大豆叶片可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量和SOD活性均出现补偿效应，但对POD补偿效应不明显。由此可见，干旱会对大豆叶片造成过氧化伤害，主要表现在抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质含量的提高，同时复水可使大豆叶片由干旱造成的过氧化伤害得到缓解，表现出不同程度的补偿效应。     

AM真菌对长寿沙田柚耐旱性的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiforme、Glomus mosseae、Gigaspora margarita对长寿沙田柚耐干旱的影响.结果表明:接种AM真菌的植株被侵染后,显著提高植株的生长;叶片中SOD、POD活性和根系活力显著增强,可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量显著升高,MDA含量降低,膜透性显著变小,沙田柚苗的耐干旱能力显著提高.3个菌种相比,效应排序为Glomus versiforme＜Glomus mosseae＜Gigaspora margarita.认为Glomus mosseae是沙田柚耐干旱胁迫菌根化育苗的适宜优良菌种.     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对辣椒幼苗脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的影响

在农业生态系统中分布着大量盐渍化土壤生态环境,AM真菌同样也存在于这类土壤中。研究发现接种AM真菌能降低植物根际pH值、增加土壤团粒结构、并能降低钠离子对植物的毒害,在盐胁迫条件下接种AM真菌能够促进植物生长,提高其适应盐胁迫的能力。AM真菌能调节作物的渗透势、减少钠离子的吸收、提高作物体内磷的含量;提高植株体内K/Na,     

Mycorrhizal inoculation affects arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity in watermelon roots,but leads to improved colonization and plant response under water stress only

Horticultural crops in the Mediterranean basin have to cope with severe drought conditions. The effect of inoculating watermelon plants grown under limited water availability conditions with AM fungi on the fruit yield, water use efficiency (WUE), root-N and -P content was examined. We focused on the impact of watering level and inoculation with allochthonous AM fungi on the diversity and presence of AM fungi in the watermelon roots using molecular techniques. An open field experiment was conducted and plants were grown with (M) and without AM fungal inoculum (NM), subjected to water stress (NW) and no stress conditions (W). Suboptimal water application (NW) resulted in significant reduction of fruit yield, root-N and -P content. Inoculation of plants grown under water stress resulted in a significant increase of WUE (19%), fruit yield (19%), root-N (27%) and -P (40%). However, only root-P responded to AM inoculation under non water stress conditions demonstrating 23% increase in M plants. DNA extracted from root samples was subjected to PCR–DGGE analysis. The native mycorrhizal population colonized watermelon roots, as indicated by DGGE bands in NM treatments. Some members of this colonizer community appear sensitive to the introduction of allochthonous inocula and to water stress conditions. Cloning and sequencing of AM fungi revealed that watermelon roots were colonized by Glomus and Paraglomus species. A TaqMan real-time PCR assay was also carried out targeting the 18S rRNA gene for the quantification of AM nucleic acids. The 18S rRNA copy numbers of AM fungi were significantly increased in M plants compared to NM plants under water stress. On the contrary, under non stress conditions M and NM plants did not show significant differences, indicating that inoculation with AM fungi was related to the response of plants to water stress conditions. Principle coordinate analysis of the DGGE banding patterns showed that the diversity of AM fungal colonizers was strongly affected (i) by inoculation and (ii) by water stress in the inoculated plants. Inoculation affected fungal presence under water limitation conditions only. The latter was in line with the significant beneficial effect of inoculation on both WUE and yield only under water limitation.     

AM真菌对离子型稀土矿山废弃地土壤修复改良效果研究

【目的】研究3种AM真菌对离子型稀土废弃矿区的生态修复改良效果,为选择适宜的AM菌剂提供技术支撑。【方法】试验采用盆栽方法,供试土壤采自江西省赣州市定南县某废弃的离子型稀土矿区,供试作物为黑麦草。在灭菌的土壤上,分别接种摩西斗管囊霉(Glomus mosseae,G.m)、根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,R.i)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,G.e),以不接种菌剂为对照,每个处理重复6次。播种催芽后的黑麦草,黑麦草生长210天,进行了8次株高和干物量监测,在黑麦草生长195天时(第8次监测),收获3个重复的黑麦草,植株样品用于分析地上部和根部干重、NPK含量,根际土壤样品用于分析pH、有机质、全量和速效氮磷钾含量。其余3个重复停止灌水用于干旱胁迫处理,在黑麦草生长210天时测定了植株超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脯氨酸含量。【结果】与不接菌空白组相比,接种G.m、R.i、G.e处理根际土壤pH由强酸性(4.60)提高至7.62～7.90,有机质分别提升了123.9%、126.8%、105.0%;G.m处理土壤全氮、碱解氮和全磷分别提升...     

AM真菌和施氮量对烟叶生长和部分矿质元素含量的影响

采用土培试验研究了不同施N水平下接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对烤烟不同叶位烟叶生长和部分矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,接种AM真菌提高了烟草根系菌根侵染率,增加了烟叶总干重,其中对下位烟叶效果明显。在低N水平下,接种AM真菌提高了烟叶中N、K、Fe含量,在下位叶表现尤为显著。较高N水平下,提高了P含量,在3个叶位都有体现。Mg含量随施N量增加而提高,但处理与对照间差异不明显。施氮量为0.05~0.2g/kg土时,AM真菌接种效果最佳。     

生物炭和AM真菌配施对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响

研究生物炭和丛枝菌根(arbuscularmycorrhizal,AM)真菌对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响,可为辣椒连作土壤改良和新型肥料的开发提供理论依据。采用温室盆栽试验,设置4个生物炭添加水平(0、1%、2%、3%), 2个接菌水平[接菌(+AM)和不接菌(-AM)]。辣椒生长60 d后收获并测定其生理指标、土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量。结果表明,施加生物炭和接种AM真菌处理促进了连作辣椒的生长,提高了辣椒叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量。接种AM真菌对辣椒的促生效果弱于生物炭,而生物炭和AM真菌配施的促生效果最佳。接种AM真菌促进辣椒对P吸收的效果优于生物炭;但对于K吸收来说,施加生物炭的效果优于接菌。生物炭(3%)和AM真菌配施条件下,辣椒根部N、P、K含量分别较对照(0生物炭和-AM处理)显著提高74.04%、106.42%和78.82%。生物炭(3%)与AM真菌配施处理菌根侵染效果最佳,侵染率高达58.96%,较0生物炭+AM处理提高41.59%。土壤pH随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势,但差异不显著。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势,且差异显著,接种AM真菌处理对其影响不显著。土壤速效钾、有效磷、有机质含量随生物炭添加量的增加而增加,接种AM真菌对土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)无显著影响。土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮含量均在生物炭(3%)和AM真菌配施条件下达最大。与单一处理相比,生物炭和AM真菌配施在促进连作辣椒生长、改善连作土壤养分方面具有显著的协同增效作用,尤其是3%生物炭与AM真菌配施条件下效果最佳。     

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and expression of gene encoding stress protein – metallothionein BnMT2 in the non‐host crop Brassica napus L.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an important component of the soil biota in most agroecosystems, and their association can directly or indirectly affect the diversity of soil microorganisms, nutrient cycling, and growth of host plants. Since not all crops are symbiotic, we hypothesized that the presence of AM fungi can: (1) inhibit the growth of non‐host plants by resulting in biotic stress, or (2) promote their growth indirectly by increased nutrient mobilization. These hypotheses were tested in the present study on the non‐mycorrhizal crop canola (Brassica napus L.) in the presence and absence of other autochthonous soil microorganisms. The soil was inoculated with a mixture of AM fungi (Acaulospora longula, Glomus geosporum, G. mosseae, Scutellospora calospora) and as a control, a non‐inoculated soil was used. The impact of inoculation on plant growth (biomass production, nutrient concentrations) and expression of the stress protein metallothionein gene BnMT2 was investigated in the shoots. B. napus L. did not form mycorrhizal associations on its roots, but its growth was promoted after inoculation with AM fungi. In the soil with autochthonic microorganisms, growth inhibition after inoculation was observed compared to the control. The concentrations of N, P, K, and S in the shoot were always significantly increased after inoculation with AM fungi. However, this was partly combined with reduced growth and thereby decreased total uptake of nutrients. Expression of BnMT2 in the leaves was increased after inoculation with AM spores at the soil devoid of indigenous microorganisms, but decreased in their presence. The expression of stress proteins (BnMT2) significantly increased with increasing length and biomass of shoots. In conclusion, the inhibition of the non‐host plant B. napus L. following inoculation with AM fungi was confirmed, however, only in combination with autochthonous microorganisms. Growth promotion of B. napus L. in the presence of AM fungi in the absence of autochthonous soil microorganisms suggest that plant growth depression in the presence of AM fungi was based on interactive effects of AM fungi with the autochthonous microorganisms in the soil rather than on a direct impact of the AM fungi.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on rhizosphere organic acid content and microbial activity of trifoliate orange under different low P conditions

ABSTRACT

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve plant phosphorus (P) uptake; however, information about how AM fungi affect rhizosphere organic acid and microbial activity to alleviate citrus low P stress is limited. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of AM fungi (Rhizophagus intraradices, Ri) inoculation on rhizosphere organic acid content, microbial biomass (MB) and enzyme activity of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings grown under three low P conditions. The results showed that mycorrhizal seedlings all recorded higher P concentrations, plant biomass and better root morphology with more lateral and fine roots, but lower root mass ratios, irrespective of P conditions. Mycorrhizal P absorption contribution did not differ significantly among three P conditions. Mycorrhizal seedling rhizosphere soil exhibited lower organic acid content, soil organic P content and ratio of MB-carbon (C)/MB-P, but higher MB and enzyme activity. Additionally, the main organic acids showed a negative relationship with mycorrhizal colonization rate and hyphal length; however, phosphatase and phytase activity had a significantly positive relationship with MB. Therefore, the results suggest that AM fungi inoculation may help citrus to efficiently utilize organic P source by improving microbial activity under low available P conditions.     

AM真菌与施磷量对烤烟品质的影响的初步试验

在盆栽试验中设置五种磷肥水平,接种两种AM真菌(Glomusmosseae,Glomussp)研究了对烤烟品质的影响。结果表明,AM真菌与烤烟能形成良好的共生关系,显著影响了烤烟烟叶品质,增加了烟叶总糖、烟碱、钾和磷含量,提高了施木克值,却降低了烟叶铁、锌含量,以及氮碱比、糖碱比;不同菌根菌处理间作用效果存在一定差异。施磷量对整株烟叶化学成分有一定影响。AM真菌、宿主、土壤特性三者之间有最佳组合关系。接种处理与施磷量P2O50 056g/kg组合基本使烟叶各项化学成分含量达到较理想值,而不接种处理与施磷量P2O50 112g/kg组合可达到近似值。接种AM真菌可在低磷水平获得较佳烟叶品质。     

Effect of mixing soil saprophytic fungi with organic residues on the response of Solanum lycopersicum to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effect of the dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and saprophytic fungi and a combination of wheat straw and sewage sludge residues were studied by determining their effect on dry weight of tomato and on chemical and biochemical properties of soil. Incubation of organic residue (sewage sludge combined with wheat straw) with saprophytic fungi and plant inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi was essential to study plant growth promotion. Soil application of organic residues increased the dry weight of tomato inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis. The greatest shoot dry mass was obtained when the organic residues were incubated with Trichoderma harzianum and applied to AM plants. However, the greatest percentage of root length colonized with AM in the presence of the organic residues was obtained with inoculation with Coriolopsis rigida. The relative chlorophyll was greatest in mycorrhizal plants regardless of the presence of either saprophytic fungus. The presence of the saprophytic fungi increased soil pH as the incubation time increased. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus contents and acid phosphatase were stimulated by the addition of organic residues, and contents of N and P. Total N and P content in soil increased when the organic residue was incubated with saprobe fungi, but this effect decreased as the incubation period of the residue with saprobe fungi increased. The same trend was observed for soil β‐glucosidase and fluorescein diacetate activities. The application of organic residues in the presence of AM and saprophytic fungi seems to be an interesting option as a biofertilizer to improve plant growth and biochemical parameters of soils.