中华绒螯蟹种苗土池培育技术研究I—I期溲状幼体的适宜密度

在６口海水土地（计１．９ｈｍ＾２）分别按下列密度（万／ｍ＾３）布苗,３,４,５,３,４和０．２７,比较研究了中华绒螯蟹Ｉ期溲状幼体（Ｚ１）的密度对幼体变态率和成活率的影响。结果表明,Ｚ１的密度为４万／ｍ＾３时,大眼幼体的变态率（大眼幼体密度占Ｚ５密度的％;２１．６％）和成经（大眼幼体的密度占Ｚ１密度的％,２．４％）及产量（４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）最高。     

中华绒螯蟹种苗静水土池塘培育技术研究 Ⅱ-水质对幼体变态率和成活率的影响

１９９８年４月～６月利用总面积１９ｈｍ２的６口池塘比较研究了水质对中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）幼体变态率和成活率的影响。结果表明,水温低时,幼体变态所需的时间长,累积温度（日平均水温×变态所需的天数）高;溶氧大于５ｍｇ／Ｌ,提高幼体变态率和成活率的关键是处理好饵料和水质的关系。     

Experimental studies on intensive polyculture of Chinese shrimp with bay scallop

用放在海水池塘中的８个陆基围隔（５０ｍ×５０ｍ×１８ｍ），研究中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）与不同密度海湾扇贝（Ａｒｇｏｐｅｃｔｅｎｉｒａｄｉａｎｓ）投饵混养的放养方式、生产力和极限放养量。对虾体长（２８５±０１６）ｃｍ，扇贝壳长（１１０±０１２）ｃｍ，放养密度分别为６０尾／ｍ２和０，１５，４５，７５粒／ｍ２，用投饵和施肥（鸡粪和化肥）饲养。结果表明，扇贝密度为０和１５粒／ｍ２时，对虾的成活率无显著差异。混养（扇贝１５粒／ｍ２）时对虾的出塘体长、体重和产量分别比单养高２５％，３８％和６５％；当扇贝密度高于１５粒／ｍ２时，对虾的平均体长、体重和产量随扇贝密度的增加而显著减少（Ｐ＜００５）。扇贝密度为１５和７５粒／ｍ２时，其产量由４７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２增至１２３６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；当扇贝密度高时，去壳后湿重占体重的百分数从（４２８４±３４４）％降至（３７８８±４２６）％。扇贝的极限放养量为６００～８００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，适宜放养密度为１０～１５粒／ｍ２。     

河蟹生态育苗池中几种常见生物对其溞状幼体的影响

研究了河蟹生态育苗池中最常见的糠虾、利氏才女虫幼体（ＰＬＬ）、桡足类与河蟹溲状幼体（Ｚ）间的关系。结果表明：糠虾严重影响Ｚ的存活与变态,其密度达３个／Ｌ时可使育苗绝产,应彻底杀灭。ＰＬＬ对Ｚ的危害随其密度的增大而加剧,当ＰＬＬ达５００个／Ｌ时即严重危害Ｚ１的变态（变态率为４０％,对照组为８０％）;在无轮虫的情况下Ｚ１的变态率更低（３０％）。Ｚ１可摄食体长小于０．４ｍｍ的ＰＬＬ,Ｚ５则完全可以ＰＬＬ     

中华绒螯蟹种苗静水土池塘培育技术研究

１９９８年４－６月利用总面积１．９ｈｍ＾２的６口池塘比较研究了水质对中华绒螯蟹幼体变态率和成活率的影响。结果表明,水温低时,幼体变态所需的时间长,累积温度高;溶氧大于５ｍｇ／Ｌ,思体变态率和成活率的关键是处理好饵料和水质的关系。     

双齿围沙蚕人工育苗生产性试验

介绍了双齿围沙蚕育苗生产的全过程。６￣７月份,利用对虾育苗室及其设备,采捕自然海域上浮的异沙蚕体,孵化密度５０￣１００万粒／ｍ＾３,经３５ｄ培养,幼体平均体长１．５（０．５￣３．０）ｃｍ,１３６ｍ＾２出苗量４５５万条,平均３２６２５条／ｍ＾２。三刚节幼虫至四刚节幼虫成活率７０％,四刚节幼虫至底栖成活率４９．４％,底栖后至出池成活率４７．９％。     

河蟹人工育苗高产技术研究

研究了蓄水池及其处理、亲蟹暂养、布苗方法、幼体培育一整套河蟹育苗高产技术，在５７６ｍ＾３水体中大眼纪估３１２．５ｋｇ，单位水体出苗量５４０ｇ／ｍ＾３；蚤状本Ｚ１变大眼幼体平均或活率达到２８．６％，发现一种可疑病原菌。大眼纪体最适培育 １０万尾／ｍ＾３。     

中国对虾与罗非鱼施肥混养的基础研究↑（*）

用４个海水池塘陆基围隔（５ｍ×５ｍ）,进行了封闭式施肥混养中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）与台湾红罗非鱼（Ｏｒｅｏｃｈｒｏｍｉｓｍｏｓａｍｂｉｃｕｓ×Ｏ．ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ）的基础研究。结果表明,在不同密度条件下,对虾成活率４５．０％～８６．７％（平均６６４．２％）,产量为７５．７～１１１．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２（５７ｄ）,生产力为０．１９／ｍ２·ｄ。池塘对中国对虾的负荷力为１７０．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。其中某些围隔对虾死亡较多的原因是负荷量超过了负荷力,发生饵料缺乏和自残。在限定罗非鱼放养量（８×１０３尾／ｈｍ２）的条件下,鱼虾最适放养尾数配比为１∶３,中国对虾（体长５．５５ｃｍ）的最适放养量为２４×１０３尾／ｈｍ２左右。     

对虾池封闭式三元综合养殖的实验研究↑（*）

采用海水陆基围隔实验法探讨以对虾为主的中国对虾（ Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ） 、罗非鱼（ Ｏ．ｍｏｓｓａｂｉｃｕｓ×Ｏ．ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ） 和缢蛏（ Ｓｉｎｏｎｏｖａｃｕｌａ ｃｏｎｓｔｒｉｃｔａ） 投饵混养的最佳结构及Ｎ、Ｐ 的利用率等,并比较其养殖效果。结果表明,对虾的成活率、规格和净产量分别为７０ ．７４ ～８１ ．９５ ％ 、９ ．１６ ～１０ ．２１ ｇ／ｉｎｄ 和４８５ ．４ ～５６７ ．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ ;罗非鱼的出塘规格和净产量为２０２ ．４ ～２４２ ．５ ｇ／ｉｎｄ 和６６ ．９ ～１９１ ．９ ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ ;缢蛏的出塘规格和净产量分别为５ ．２３ ～６ ．１２ ｇ／ｉｎｄ 和１４０ ．４ ～４５６ ．５ ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ 。最佳结构与放养个体数的配比为对虾７ ．２１ ｉｎｄ／ｍ２（ 体长２ ｃｍ 左右） 、罗非鱼（ 体重１５０ ｇ 左右）０ ．０８ ｉｎｄ／ｍ ２ 和缢蛏（ 壳长３ ｃｍ 左右）１４ ｉｎｄ／ｍ２ 组,其Ｎ、Ｐ的总利用率为２３ ．３９ ％ 和１４ ．６６ ％ 。     

亚硝酸盐对河蟹蚤状幼体及蟹苗毒性试验

研究了ＮＯ２＾－Ｎ对河蟹Ｚ５蚤状幼体及大眼幼体的毒性影响：ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ能刺激和麻痹Ｚ５蚤状幼体及大眼幼体,并阻碍它们变态,引起死亡;在蚤状幼体后期的水质管理中,应加大力度换水,使（ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ）在Ｚ５幼体期小于０．４８ｍｇ／Ｌ,在大眼幼体时小于１．２ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Ingestion Rate and Feeding Behavior of the Peppermint Shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni on Artemia Nauplii

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effects of food level and water temperature on the ingestion rate in the larvae of the peppermint shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni , a popular aquarium spe cies. Artemia nauplii were used as the food item. Number of newly hatched Artemia nauplii consumed by the larvae (from zoea II to zoea VII, zoea I can metamorphose to zoea II without exogenous nutrition in about one day) was measured daily at four food concentrations (2, 5, 10 and 20 Artemia nauplii/mL) and two temperature levels (25 C and 28 C). The experiment was conducted in 500-mL beakers with three replicates for each treatment. The results show that the shrimp consumed significantly more food at 28 C than at 25 C (P < 0.01). Ingestion rate increased with increasing food concentration in all larval stages and with larval development except for the lowest food level ( 2 Artemia nauplii/mL) where insufficient food supply limited the ingestion rate to around 35 Artemia nauplii/ larva per d after zoea IV stage. The larval development rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the shrimp subjected to the two lowest food concentrations (2 and 5 Artemia nauplii/mL) in the 500-mL beakers. But in a separate experiment conducted in the 1,400-mL beakers, the results were reversed: both survivorship and development rate were significantly lower at the two higher food levels (6 and 12 nauplii/mL) than those at 3 nauplii/mL level. During molting period, ingestion rate decreased significantly, followed by a sharp rise to the normal rate the following day.     

Effect of feeding scheme and prey density on survival and development of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis zoea larvae

The effect of feeding scheme and prey density on survival and development of Eriocheir sinensis zoea larvae was studied in three experiments. Different combinations and densities of rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis) and newly hatched Artemia nauplii were fed to zoea larvae. Average survival at each stage, larval development (larval stage index, LSI), duration of zoeal stage and individual megalopa dry weight were compared among treatments. This study revealed that, under the experimental conditions, rotifers should be replaced with Artemia between the zoea 3 (Z3) and the zoea 4 (Z4) stage. The optimal rotifer feeding densities for zoea 1 (Z1) and zoea 2 (Z2) were 15 and 20 mL^?1 respectively, while the optimal Artemia feeding density for Z3, Z4 and zoea 5 (Z5) was 3, 5 and 8 mL^?1 respectively. Further trials in production scale are recommended.     

The effect of dietary n-3 HUFA levels and DHA/EPA ratios on growth, survival and osmotic stress tolerance of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis larvae

The effect of varying levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on growth, survival and osmotic stress tolerance of Eriocheir sinensis zoea larvae was studied in two separate experiments. In experiment I, larvae were fed rotifers and Artemia enriched with ICES emulsions with 0, 30 and 50% total n-3 HUFA levels but with the same DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6. In experiment II, larvae were fed different combinations of enriched rotifers and Artemia, in which, rotifers were enriched with emulsions containing 30% total n-3 HUFA, but different DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6, 2 and 4; while Artemia were enriched with the same emulsions, but DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6 and 4. In both experiments, un-enriched rotifers cultured on baker's yeast and newly-hatched Artemia nauplii were used as control diets. Larvae were fed rotifers at zoea 1 and zoea 2 stages; upon reaching zoea 3 stage, Artemia was introduced.Experiment I revealed no significant effect of prey enrichment on the survival of megalopa among treatments, but higher total n-3 HUFA levels significantly enhanced larval development (larval stage index, LSI) and resulted in higher individual dry body weight of megalopa. Furthermore higher dietary n-3 HUFA levels also resulted in better tolerance to salinity stress. Experiment II indicated that at the same total n-3 HUFA level, larvae continuously receiving a low dietary DHA/EPA ratio had significantly lower survival at the megalopa stage and inferior individual body weight at the megalopa stage, but no negative effect was observed on larval development (LSI). The ability to endure salinity stress of zoea 3, zoea 5 and megalopa fed diets with higher DHA/EPA ratio was also improved.     

Brachionus vs Artemia duel: Optimizing first feeding of Upogebia pusilla (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) larvae

Larval rearing of many marine organisms is dependent on the availability of live food. The aim of this study was to optimize larval first feeding for the mud shrimp Upogebia pusilla, by comparing the effectiveness of the two most commonly used live feeds: Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia sp. nauplii. Survival, larval duration, molt synchronism and megalop size were compared using five feeding treatments: Artemia from zoea I to IV (B0), Brachionus during zoea I and Artemia from zoea II to IV (B1), Brachionus during zoea I and II and Artemia during zoea III and IV (B2), Brachionus from zoea I to III and Artemia during zoea IV (B3) and Brachionus from zoea I to IV (B4). The proportion of larvae that reached the megalop stage was 0.00% in treatment B0, 3.33% in treatment B1, 33.33% in treatment B2, 66.67% in treatment B3 and 76.67% in treatment B4. Larvae fed on rotifers until zoea III or zoea IV stages had a higher survival but no differences were found either in time to reach megalop or in megalop size. This study demonstrates that rotifers are essential for the survival and development of U. pusilla early larval stages but that rotifers can be successfully replaced by Artemia nauplii in the zoea IV stage.     

梭子蟹全人工工厂化育苗技术

2000年笔者在日照市水产研究所利用1450m^3水体进行梭子蟹全人工工厂化育苗生产，共出Ⅱ-Ⅲ期幼蟹512．7万只，创造了出苗量为3500只／m^3，总产为150多万元的直接经济效益，同时对幼体培育的密度进行了初步试验，结果表明，从Z1至M期幼体培育密度10－15万/m^3为宜，M期以后密度为0．8－1．5万/m^3为宜。     

Effect of dietary supplementation of phospholipids and highly unsaturated fatty acids on reproductive performance and offspring quality of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards), female broodstock

This study was conducted to determine the optimum phospholipids: highly unsaturated fatty acids (PL/HUFA) ratio in maturation diets for female Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis broodstock. Five isolipidtic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain different amounts of pork lard, fish oil and soy lecithin with resulting PL/HUFA levels (%dry weight) of 1.4/0.3 (Diet 1), 1.6/2.5 (Diet 2), 2.3/2.0 (Diet 3), 3.8/1.5 (Diet 4) and 5.1/0.8 (Diet 5). Diet 1 lacked supplemental fish oil and soy lecithin and served as the control. Each of the five formulated diets was fed to a total of 150 female crabs for a period of 7 months. All diet treatments were triplicated with 50 crabs stocked in a pond as a replicate. After 6 months, male crabs were introduced into the ponds where females were kept, mating, spawning and egg hatching (in seawater) occurred in the following month. The nutritional value of various formulated diets was assessed based on survival, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg production per female, fecundity (eggs/g female weight) of the females fed those diets and egg and larval (newly hatched zoea I larvae) quality.Females fed Diet 1 had the lowest GSI, egg production per female and fecundity while no significant difference were found for survival, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the percentage of female spawned among the diet treatments (P > 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in egg diameter, egg wet or dry weights among all treatments (P > 0.05), the highest and the second highest proportions of essential fatty acids (EFA), i.e. 20:5n-3 (EPA), 22:6n-3 (DHA) and HUFA were found in the eggs produced by the females fed Diet 3 and Diet 2, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that EPA, DHA and HUFA in eggs produced by females fed Diet 3 were significantly higher than those from the other treatments (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, zoea I larvae from crabs fed Diet 3 had significantly larger carapace length than those from the other four treatments (P < 0.05). The zoea I larvae from crabs fed Diet 2 and Diet 3 also showed generally better tolerance to starvation and osmotic shock.In conclusion, our results indicated that diet included levels of PL/HUFA around 1.6/2.5 or 2.3/2.0 (% dry weight) fed female E. sinensis broodstock supported increased fecundity and elevated level of HUFA in egg, which in turn resulted in improved overall quality of newly hatched larvae.     

对中华绒螯蟹生态育苗池中桡足类控制的初步研究

比较了蛛虫速灭、鱼虫恨和强力混杀3种渔药对桡足类和中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体的急性毒性。试验结果表明,蛛虫速灭对桡足类的96h半致死添加量为0.011mL/m3,鱼虫恨为0.036mL/m3,强力混杀精为0.014mL/m3,蛛虫速灭对桡足类的杀灭能力最强;对中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体Ⅰ期的急性毒性鱼虫恨最大,蛛虫速灭最小。蛛虫速灭在0.18～0.20mL/m3的剂量下,对溞状幼体毒性低,幼体能正常变态,可用于蟹苗池桡足类的控制。强力混杀精对桡足类和中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体的毒性很接近,鱼虫恨对中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体的毒性大于对桡足类的毒性,两者均不适宜在中华绒螯蟹生态池控制桡足类。     

Survival of blue king crab Paralithodes platypus Brandt, 1850, larvae in cultivation: effects of diet, temperature and rearing density

Blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) larvae were cultivated to test the effects of diet, temperature and rearing density. Dietary treatments included no feeding (unfed), Artemia nauplii enriched with diatoms Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii (THAL), unenriched Artemia fed in addition to Thalassiosira (A+THAL) and a control diet of Artemia enriched with frozen Isochrysis paste (ISO 6). Trials were conducted at 6 °C, and a rearing density of 10 zoea L^?1, with six replicates per treatment. The ISO 6 diet was also tested at 3 °C (ISO 3) and 9 °C (ISO 9), and at densities of 20 (ISO 20) and 40 (ISO 40) zoea L^?1. Survival of zoea larvae fed the A+THAL diet (91.7%) was significantly higher than all others, whereas unfed zoea larvae died within 2 weeks. Temperature and rearing density had no significant effects on survival. Time required to reach stage C1 was significantly greater at 3 °C (109 days) than at 6 °C (70 days), but did not decrease further at 9 °C. After reaching the postlarval (glaucothoe) stage, half of the replicates in the ISO 20 and ISO 40 treatments were fed continuously, but survival did not differ significantly from unfed glaucothoe. We conclude that blue king crab larvae are not lecithotrophic and can be cultivated with high survival using the proper diet. These techniques can be used to produce large numbers of juvenile crab for laboratory research, or could be modified for use in stock‐enhancement programmes.     

氨氮对锈斑蟳早期幼体的急性毒性

在pH 8.5、水温(28.5±0.5)℃、盐度30条件下,用500 ml烧杯设置10、20、40、801、60 mg/L5个氨氮(总氮)质量浓度梯度和1个对照组(天然海水),研究氨氮对锈斑蟳早期幼体(Z1)急性毒性试验。结果表明,氨氮暴露12 h,40 mg/L以下质量浓度组毒性作用不显著,但80 mg/L以上质量浓度组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);氨氮暴露24 h,20 mg/L以下质量浓度组毒性作用不显著,但40 mg/L以上质量浓度组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05);氨氮暴露36～96 h,0、10 mg/L组间差异不显著,但20 mg/L以上质量浓度组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05)。12、24、36、48、60、72 h氨氮暴露的半致死质量浓度分别为85.566、36.171、22.880、12.485、8.299、4.313 mg/L。锈斑蟳早期幼体培育的安全质量浓度为0.431 mg/L。     

水库小网箱养鲤效果及其与密度的关系

在３５０、４００、４５０、５００尾／ｍ２的放养密度下,研究了小网箱养鲤效果。结果表明,小网箱放养密度对净产量有极显著的影响,最佳放养密度为４７３尾／ｍ２,随密度增加,出箱鲤鱼的平均体重和生长比速下降。与大网箱相比,小网箱在饲料系数、效益指数等方面具有显著优越性。