石碌含笑光合及固碳特性

本文以石碌含笑二年生嫁接苗为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪对其光合参数特征进行测定分析,并对其固碳释氧量进行估算,综合评价其适应性及生态效应。结果表明：石碌含笑的四季净光合速率（Pn）日变化并非呈现单一的双峰。1月、4月、7月的变化曲线为双峰型,10月为单峰型。石碌含笑不同月份Pn日均值由大到小依次为：10月>7月>4月>1月。其生长旺盛期在10月,石碌含笑在大气温度较低和光强较弱的秋季反而有更高的光合速率。石碌含笑的光补偿点低而光饱和点较高,说明能够适应不同的光照环境,在强光环境和弱光环境都有较强的光能利用能力。石碌含笑全年日均净固碳量为10.07 g/(m ²·d),拥有较强固碳能力。石碌含笑对强弱光均有较强的利用能力,在华南地区炎热气候条件下也具有“午休”的适应性自我调节机制,并且拥有较强的碳汇能力,兼具良好的景观效益与优良的生态效益,因此适合在华南地区推广种植。     

耐密玉米杂交种密度效应研究

研究了郑单958和先玉335在山西长治地区生态条件下的种植密度效应,分析了光合特性和产量及其构成因素。结果表明：郑单958的适宜栽培密度为7.50万～9.00万株/hm²,在此密度下产量为13 056.0～13 526.0 kg/hm²,叶面积指数在抽雄至蜡熟期为4.2～6.2,蜡熟至完熟期保持在2.6左右,经济产量形成期的群体光合势占总光合势的67.53%,全生育期平均净同化率为7.2～8.3 g/(m²·d);最佳产量结构为单位面积穗数7.50万～8.82万穗/hm²、穗粒数524～466粒、千粒重332.0～329.0 g。先玉335的适宜栽培密度为7.50万株/hm²,在此密度下产量为13 714.5 kg/hm²,叶面积指数在抽雄至蜡熟期4.0～5.2,蜡熟至完熟保持在2.6左右,经济产量形成期的群体光合势占总光合势的66.42%,全生育期平均净同化率为7.9 g/(m²·d);最佳产量结构为单位面积穗数7.50万穗/hm²、穗粒数538粒、千粒重339.9 g。     

低温冷凉地区超高产春玉米群体生长分析研究

以“三合模式”为基础,从产量构成、光合性能、源库3方面对东北雨养玉米产区产量水平高于1.5×104kg/hm2的不同密度玉米群体进行研究。结果表明:在东北雨养地区玉米要获得高于1.5×104kg/hm2的产量,须选择耐密性品种,密度介于80000～87000株/hm2,叶片光能持续期长,吐丝后光合势大于2.87×106m2/(d·hm2),叶面积比率与叶面积维持在合理水平,生育期平均净同化率大于5.21g/(m2·d),营养生长时期相对生长率迅速,吐丝到灌浆期相对生长率稳定,吐丝后干物质积累量高于16192.48kg/hm2,转化率大于83.6%,经济系数维持在0.5左右。     

光照和施氮量对分蘖期水稻叶际氮氧化物(NO和NO2)交换的调控机制

 采用密闭箱法结合快速在线检测系统,研究了光 氮对分蘖期水稻叶际NOx(NO、 NO2 )交换的作用机制。结果表明：1）在叶际NOx(NO、 NO2 )交换过程中,试验用水稻品种有显著NO净挥发和NO2净吸收效应; 在严密控光和室内自然光条件下,水稻NO净挥发速率分别为2.48和2.84 μg/(桶·h),NO2 净吸收速率分别为0.116和0.175 μg/(桶·h),且在环境空气NO浓度为200 μg/m3 条件下也能挥发NO。 2）更换营养液后观测期(5 d)水稻NO挥发速率呈先升后降趋势,在供N 0~80 mg/L范围内提高供氮水平总体上增强了水稻NO挥发,但短期内（7 d）脱氮、缺氮(供N 10 mg/L)无明显抑制水稻NO挥发的作用;同期适度提高供氮浓度(供N 0~ 60 mg/L)增强了水稻NO2 吸收,但供氮6 d后外源氮源对水稻叶际NOx(NO、NO2 )交换的调控作用明显下降;3）更换营养液后短期内(1~2 d)控光处理下 6：00-10：00弱光和10：00-14：00 强光有刺激水稻NOx(NO、NO2 )挥发的作用,但14：00-18：00持续强光明显抑制了水稻NOx挥发;在更换营养液2 d后,延长光照时间能增强水稻NO2吸收,但光强变化对水稻NO2吸收调控作用不明显,晚上暗处理有同步抑制水稻NO挥发和NO2吸收效应;4）与基本不置换培养箱空气处理相比,置换培养箱空气同步增强了水稻NO挥发和NO2吸收。     

AP番荔枝的光合特性

对AP番荔枝的光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:在晴天,AP番荔枝叶片净光合速率的日变化呈双峰曲线,高峰在11时,次高峰在15时,中午有明显的“午休”现象;光饱和点为1350μmol/(m2·s),光补偿点为56.4μmol/(m2·s);光合作用的最适温度在24.3oC左右。AP番荔枝的光合作用受光合有效幅射、温度和叶片气孔导度等因素的影响;蒸腾速率随叶温的高低而变化。     

萼脊兰光合特性的初步研究

以萼脊兰为材料袁 利用 Li-6400 光合测定系统对其叶片的光合特性进行了研究遥 结果表明院 萼脊兰的 CO 2 交换方式具景天酸代谢途径渊CAM冤的特点袁 叶片净 CO 2 吸收速率在凌晨 0:00 左右达到最大值袁 可滴定酸的 积累在 8:00 左右达到顶峰遥 在晴天的上午袁 萼脊兰的最适光照强度为 400~600 滋mol/(m 2 窑s)袁 其叶片的净 CO 2 吸收速率达到 2.92 滋mol/(m 2 窑s)遥 在最适光强条件下袁 温度在 25 益袁 CO 2 浓度为 800~1 000 滋mol/mol 时袁 最利于萼脊兰叶片净 CO 2 的吸收遥 总的来说袁 萼脊兰属兼性 CAM 兰花袁 这种光合特性体现了其作为一种热带兰花对生长环境的高度适应性遥     

马铃薯源器官建成规律研究

马铃薯源的状况与源器官叶面积的大小 (LAI)、功能叶片的工作时间 (LAD)和工作效率 (NAR)密切相关。不同密度和施肥处理下 ,马铃薯群体LAI、LAD在全生育期内均呈单峰曲线变化 ,NAR呈阔U形曲线变化。但在因素中量组合下 ,LAI有良好的发展动态 :前期迅速升高 ,稳定期长 (18d左右 ) ,最大值达 6 10 4以上 ,生育后期下降缓慢 ,LAI与出苗后天数的拟合方程为Y =- 2 392 +0 2 35 6X - 0 0 179X2 ;LAD与出苗后天数的拟合方程为Y =- 0 4 2 5 2 9+3 9345X -0 1186 6X2 ,总光合势达 2 5 86 2× 10 4m2 ·d 6 6 7m2 ;NAR在苗期可达 2 0 95 g m2 ·d ,后期可回升到13 93g m2 ·d。在本试验设计的栽培措施中 ,密度、施磷量、种肥氮量及追氮量对马铃薯源的影响较大。     

香荚兰的光合特性

在25℃,光合光量子流通量0.35m mlo·m~(-2)·S~(-1)下,香荚兰叶片的需 CO_2的释氧速率为1.59μmol O2·m~(-2)·S~(-1)。间歇暗期1分钟,照光叶片需 CO_2释氧速率能提高32.7%。叶片需CO_2释氧速率以25℃时为最高。温度升高至30和34℃时,叶片需 CO_2释氧速率降低。在4℃下8小时或10小时,香荚兰叶片的需 CO_2释氧速率和呼吸速率均有下降,但幅度较小。表明香荚兰能耐短期零上低温。在较高光强(0.9 m mol·m~(-2)·S~(-1)光量子)下0.5或1小时,叶片表现不同程度的光抑制现象。香荚兰的茎含有叶绿素 a 和叶绿素 b,a/b 为1.13,较叶片低。茎组织的丙酮提取液的吸收光谱表现胡萝卜素和叶黄素的吸收需 CO_2的释氧速率为2.86μmolO_(2·g) 鲜重~(-1)·h~(-1),相当叶片的92.5%。表明茎是香荚兰光合作用组织的一部分。     

掖单22超高产群体光合生理指标的研究

对夏玉米掖单22超高产群体光合生理指标的研究结果表明：掖单22产量水平达到13500kg/hm²,适宜密度为75000株/hm²左右,产量结构为75000穗/hm²左右,穗粒数480左右,千粒重380g左右,经济系数0.52。群体叶面积发展动态为花前快、花后稳、蜡熟后衰减缓,最大叶面积系数(LAI)5.5左右,成熟期保持2.5左右;总光合势(LAD)330万m²·ｄ/hm²开花至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的65%;群体光合速率(CAP)全生育期平均6.5gCO₂/m²·h开花期高峰值10gCO₂/m²·h左右;净同化率(NAR)全生育期平均7.8g/m²·ｄ左右;干物质积累总量26000kg/hm²以上,开花期至成熟期干物质积累量占总量的60%左右;干物质生产率平均250kg/hm²·d以上。     

早熟玉米新玉9号高产群体结构的研究

对新玉9号的高产群体结构的研究结果表明,新玉9号产量水平达到9 837.3 kg/hm²,适宜密度为82 500株/hm²,产量结构为82 500穗/hm²,穗粒数441,千粒重270.4 g,经济系数0.50左右.群体叶面积发展动态为前慢,中快,后衰缓.总光合势(LAD)201.2万m²·d/hm²,净同化率(NAR)全生育期平均为7.49 g/m²·d,干物质积累总量19 659.8 kg/hm²,全生育期平均群体生产率为173.94 kg/hm²·d.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.