不同植棉省区落叶型黄萎病菌的培养特性及致病力比较

近年来落叶型症状的棉花黄萎病对棉花生产的危害越来越大,为明确落叶型棉花黄萎病菌的分化特点,采用特异性分子标记方法,对我国10个主要植棉省区30个落叶型棉花黄萎病菌的培养特性和致病力进行了比较。落叶型黄萎病菌系在我国主要植棉省区已普遍存在,该菌系以菌核型为主,其微菌核呈放射状或环状。63.3%菌系的菌丝发达致密,其余菌系的菌丝较为疏松。落叶型黄萎病菌系之间的产孢量和致病力差异较大,产孢量变幅为3.7×107～18.8×107个孢子/mL;71.9%为强致病力菌系,25.0%为中等致病力。研究表明,不同植棉省区间落叶型黄萎病菌系的产孢量和致病力具有一定差异。     

一种丹参新病害的病原菌鉴定及致病力测定

 调查发现河北省安国市丹参生产区发生一种丹参新病害。为有效防治该病害,开展了丹参新病害病原菌分离鉴定及致病力测定。采用常规组织分离法,从丹参病株中分离并单孢纯化获得15个真菌分离物。柯赫氏法则证明这15个真菌分离物可造成丹参组培苗表现与田间病株相似症状,并分离获得了与丹参病株初分离物菌落形态相同的真菌菌株。显微观察发现15个病株初分离物的分生孢子梗具有明显的轮状分枝,在培养基中能够产生黑色放射状微菌核,据此将罹病丹参分离物确定为轮枝菌属真菌(Verticillium)。rDNA-ITS序列比对发现分离物与大丽轮枝菌(V. dahliae)亲缘关系最近,进一步通过特异性引物扩增证明该分离物为大丽轮枝菌。利用大丽轮枝菌落叶型和非落叶型引物扩增发现,13株分离物为落叶型菌株,2株为非落叶型菌株。人工切根接种鉴定结果表明从丹参分离的轮枝菌菌株间存在致病力差异,不同丹参品种对黄萎病存在抗病性差异。本研究首次报道了由大丽轮枝菌引起的丹参黄萎病,研究结果将为防治丹参新病害提供重要依据。     

新疆北部棉区黄萎病菌种群致病性分化及变异

采用特异性引物PCR检测技术和鉴别寄主法对新疆北部棉区41个棉花黄萎病菌菌系进行检测,以期明确黄萎病菌种群致病性分化及变异。特异性引物(ND1/ND2和D1/D2)PCR检测结果显示,供试菌系中落叶型菌系16个,占39.0%;非落叶型菌系24个,占58.5%;1个菌系未能检测出致病类型。鉴别寄主法测定结果显示:41个供试菌株中致病性强、中、弱的菌系分别为21、12和8个,分别占51.2%、29.3%和19.5%。落叶型菌系的致病力明显高于非落叶型,平均病情指数分别为39.4和25.8。研究表明,无论落叶型菌系和非落叶型菌系,接种后都可产生落叶症状,但落叶的程度有明显差别,其落叶症状的轻重不仅与菌系的致病类型有关,还与品种的抗病性密切相关。     

北方棉区棉花黄萎病菌落叶型菌系鉴定

 采用RAPD扩增与温室致病性测定2种方法,以黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae的5个落叶型、7个非落叶型菌系和V.albo-atrum的2个菌系为对照,对采自北方棉区6省(自治区)的34个棉花黄萎病菌菌系进行致病型鉴定。94.1%的菌系在2种鉴定结果中表现一致,与对照菌系相比较,确定其中26个菌系为落叶型菌系,6个菌系为非落叶型菌系。从而证实了黄萎病菌落叶型菌系在北方棉区河北、河南、山东3省的存在,并发现所确定的26个北方落叶型菌系中的22个与来自美国的对照落叶型菌系T₉、V₄₄的关系比与来自江苏的对照落叶型菌系V_B、V₉₉₁的关系更近。本实验还初步筛选到2条用于鉴别V.dahliae落叶型与非落叶型菌系的RAPD特异条带OPB-19₉₆₆和OPM-20₁₆₉₁,将它们用于对34个北方菌系的RAPD扩增鉴定,则与温室致病性测定结果的一致性分别为88.2%和94.1%,证明这2条特异条带在鉴定棉花黄萎病菌落叶型菌系上具有一定的实用价值,并为进一步制作特异探针以形成一套简便、准确、规范化的鉴定技术奠定了基础。     

新疆棉花黄萎病菌的培养特性及致病力分化

 新疆是我国最主要的棉花生产基地,产量占全国的85%左右。由大丽轮枝菌引起的黄萎病严重阻碍了新疆棉花产业的可持续发展。因此,本研究针对新疆棉区采集分离的140个菌株进行研究,结果发现不同地域菌株的生长速度和产孢量差异显著,新疆棉区以菌核型、落叶型菌株为主;与此同时,建立了一种苗期棉花黄萎病抗性快速鉴定新方法——育苗块定量接种法,并在中植棉2号和新陆早36号上测定了部分菌株的致病力,结果发现新疆棉区以强致病力、中等致病力类型的菌株占主导。此外,落叶型菌株的生长速度、产孢量及致病力均极显著高于非落叶型菌株。结果表明,新疆棉田大丽轮枝菌的组成与分化具有很强的地域性,这对品种的合理布局、抗病性筛选等具有重要意义。     

新疆主要棉区棉花黄萎病发生概况

为了解目前新疆棉花黄萎病的发生现状,对新疆主要植棉地区棉花黄萎病发生程度、落叶型菌系分布以及代表棉区主栽品种黄萎病抗性类型、棉花黄萎病发生规律进行了调查研究。结果表明:在调查的新疆棉田中棉花黄萎病发病田占58.2%,其中病情指数达5.0以上的棉田占28.1%;新疆棉花黄萎病菌系中37.3%为落叶型菌系;阿克苏棉区主栽的棉花品种(系)‘中棉49号’、‘中棉414号’、‘2905’棉花黄萎病抗性表现为耐病,生产上缺乏抗病品种。阿克苏棉区棉花黄萎病发生始期较往年趋早,发病程度趋于严重,6月下旬至7月下旬为棉黄萎病快速发展期,后期由于高温抑制作用,发病趋缓。     

大丽轮枝菌核糖体基因ITS区段的特异扩增

 根据棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)核糖体基因ITS区段的碱基编码序列,设计合成了1对为26 bp的PCR特异扩增引物(引物1:5'CATCAGTCTCTCTGTTTATACCAACG,和引物2:3'CGATGCGAGCTGTAACTACTACGCAA),进行了大丽轮枝病菌PCR特异扩增试验。试验结果表明:本试验设计合成的这对引物,能对大丽轮枝菌全基因组DNA和人工接种棉花黄萎病病株组织特异地扩增到大丽轮枝菌核糖体基因ITS区段的324 bp分子片段,该对引物可用于棉花黄萎病的分子鉴定和分子监测。本试验结果对棉花黄萎病的早期诊断和病原菌的检测和监测有潜在的应用价值。     

Nit突变体营养亲和性技术在棉花黄萎病菌生理型测定中的应用

 大丽轮枝菌(Verticullrum clahliue Kleb.)是世界性的土传病原菌,严重为害棉花等多种作物。姚耀文等(1982)根据我国棉花黄萎病菌在3大棉种上的致病性反应,将致病力最强的陕西泾阳菌系定为生理型I;致病力最弱的新疆和田菌系为生理型Ⅱ:致病力中等的河南安阳茵系为生理型Ⅲ。     

中国七省(自治区)马铃薯黄萎病病情及优势病原菌致病力分析

 2013-2016年,对我国内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西、宁夏和云南7省(自治区)53县市245块马铃薯种植田黄萎病的发生、病样采集和病原分离开展了研究工作,通过分子生物学方法鉴定了病原菌分类地位,并通过温室试验研究了主要病原菌大丽轮枝菌的致病力分化情况。结果表明:(1)我国北方6省(自治区)内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西和宁夏属于马铃薯黄萎病病区,云南省属于无病区;(2)引起我国马铃薯黄萎病的病原菌为大丽轮枝菌和黑白轮枝菌两种,占比分别为75.5%和24.5%,大丽轮枝菌为相对优势病原菌种类;(3)根据病原菌种类可将我国北方6省(自治区)病田划分为大丽轮枝菌病田、黑白轮枝菌病田及两菌混生病田。其中甘肃为大丽轮枝菌病田,宁夏为混生病田,山西为大丽轮枝菌病田和混生病田,内蒙古、河北和黑龙江3种病田均存在。两菌混生病田中各类病原菌属于单独侵染致病。(4)聚类分析表明来自甘肃、河北和内蒙古3省(自治区)马铃薯的82个大丽轮枝菌菌株在马铃薯上的致病力至少可以分为3个聚类组,相应菌株的病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)均值聚类组间存在显著差异,相应可分为强、中、弱3个致病力类型,并确定了相应95%置信区间,其中强致病力菌株在3省(自治区)供试病原菌中所占比例分别为3.33%、21.74%和10.34%。     

北方棉区棉花黄萎病菌RAPD分析

以１４个黄萎病菌代表菌系为对照，对来自我国北方棉区的３４个棉花黄萎病菌菌系进行ＲＡＰＤ分析。选用对所有供试菌系都有扩增条带的１４个引物，取其结果中稳定性和多态性均好的６５条谱带作类平均法系统聚类分析，建立树状图。将上述４８个菌系分为４大类，结果表明北方棉区河北、河南、山东的部分棉田存在黄萎病菌落叶型菌系的危害，而且８５．７％的落叶型菌系与对照的美国落叶型菌系Ｔ９、Ｖ４４的亲缘关系比与对照的江苏落叶型菌系Ｖ_Ｂ、Ｖ_９９１更接近。     

Development of a robust,VdNEP gene-based molecular marker to differentiate between pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae

Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus that causes Verticillium wilt disease in a plethora of crops. Based on symptoms that develop on cotton, olive and okra, V. dahliae isolates are categorized into two pathotypes, namely defoliating and nondefoliating, with the former showing increased virulence and causing severe defoliation. Reliable differentiation between V. dahliae pathotypes is crucial for the management of Verticillium wilt in cotton and olive. In the present study, a polymorphism was detected among isolates of defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes in Southern blots using the VdNEP gene as a probe. The regions flanking this gene were isolated by inverse PCR and sequence differences in the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the VdNEP gene were detected between the two pathotypes. Based on these sequences, primers were designed and assessed to develop a multiplex PCR detection assay. Using this assay, a collection of cotton and olive V. dahliae isolates from Greece and Cyprus was screened, revealing that the defoliating pathotype is present in several regional units of Greece. Thus, this work presents a new, sensitive molecular marker for the differentiation between V. dahliae pathotypes based on the VdNEP gene. Because the 3′-UTR is involved in the phenotypes displayed by the pathotypes, an expression experiment was conducted under conditions simulating the xylem of a host plant. Expression of the VdNEP gene was elevated at all time points in the defoliating compared to the nondefoliating strain, suggesting a possible involvement of VdNEP expression in the defoliation process.     

棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理

为明确棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理,利用圆盘滤膜法和平板对扣培养法测定菌株CEF-373对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae菌丝生长的抑制作用,测定其对棉花黄萎病的温室和田间防效,并通过活性氧含量及防御基因表达情况来分析其作用机理。结果表明,菌株CEF-373的挥发性代谢产物和非挥发性代谢产物对大丽轮枝菌菌丝的生长均有显著抑制作用,抑制率最高分别可达37.75%和100.00%。用1×107CFU/mL的菌株CEF-373分生孢子悬浮液灌根后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达71.12%,用质量比为3%的菌株CEF-373固体菌剂拌土栽培后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达62.74%,防治作用显著。菌株CEF-373的发酵液滴灌和微生物肥料处理40 d后,对棉花黄萎病的田间防效达到最大,分别为36.23%和27.71%,而在后期有所降低。菌株CEF-373可以诱导棉花叶片中细胞活性氧的爆发;且菌株CEF-373成功激活了苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、几丁质酶和病程相关蛋白基因PR10的表达,对大丽轮枝菌的侵染具有抵御作用。表明棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株通过抑制大丽轮枝菌生长以及诱导寄主系统抗病性来有效防治棉花黄萎病,具有较好的生物防治应用前景。     

Mating type gene MAT1-2-1 is common among Japanese isolates of Verticillium dahliae

Mating type genes of Verticillium dahliae, a wilt pathogen affecting many plant species, were identified to examine sexual recombination between Japanese pathotypes. We amplified a DNA sequence encoding high mobility group (HMG) box from V. dahliae using PCR. A cloned genomic DNA fragment included a sequence homologous to MAT1-2-1 gene. Despite that sequence's presence in all V. dahliae isolates we used, MAT1-1-1 (an opposite mating type gene) was never amplified. We concluded that V. dahliae is potentially heterothallic. Furthermore, sexual bias practically obviates sexual recombination between Japanese pathotypes. This report describes, for the first time, a mating type gene of phytopathogenic Verticillium.     

Evaluation of Olive Cultivars for Resistance to Verticillium dahliae

Resistance of 23 important olive cultivars to Verticillium dahliae has been evaluated in four experiments under controlled conditions. Nine-month-old nursery olive plants were inoculated with a cotton non-defoliating (ND) (V4) or a cotton defoliating (D) (V117) isolate of V. dahliae. Resistance was evaluated by assessing symptom severity using a 0–4 rating scale and estimating the area under disease progress curves. The percentage of plants killed and of those which recovered from the disease were used as additional parameters for including a particular cultivar into a defined category. Most of the evaluated cultivars were susceptible, although at different levels, to both isolates of V. dahliae. All cultivars were more susceptible to the D pathotype than to the ND one. A group of 11 cultivars, including several important Spanish cultivars, were susceptible or extremely susceptible to both pathotypes of V. dahliae. A second group showed differences of resistance depending on the pathotype used. They were susceptible or extremely susceptible to the D pathotype but resistant or moderately susceptible to the ND one. Finally, 'Frantoio', 'Oblonga' and 'Empeltre' were moderately susceptible to the D isolate of V. dahliae and resistant to the ND one. The resistance of 'Empeltre' was evident by the plant ability to recover from infection with either isolates. 'Empeltre' is considered to be a valuable cultivar for inclusion in breeding programmes for resistance to Verticillium wilt.     

Differentiation of Cotton-defoliating and Nondefoliating Pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae by RAPD and Specific PCR Analyses

Severe Verticillium wilt of cotton in southern Spain is associated with the spread of a highly virulent, defoliating (D) pathotype of Verticillium dahliae. Eleven of the D and 15 of a mildly virulent, nondefoliating (ND) pathotype were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six of 21 primers tested generated pathotype-associated RAPD bands. Another 21 V. dahliae isolates were compared in blind trials both by RAPD-PCR using the six selected primers and pathogenicity tests on cotton cultivars. There was a 100% correlation between pathotype characterization by each method. Unweighted paired group method with arithmetic averages cluster analysis was used to divide the 47 V. dahliae isolates into two clusters that correlated with the D or ND pathotypes. There was more diversity among ND isolates than among D isolates, these latter isolates being almost identical. ND- and D-associated RAPD bands of 2.0 and 1.0kb, respectively, were cloned, sequenced, and used to design specific primers for the D and ND pathotypes. These pathotype-associated RAPD bands were present only in the genome of the pathotype from which they were amplified, as shown by Southern hybridization. The specific primers amplified only one DNA band of the expected size, and in the correct pathotype, when used for PCR with high annealing temperature. These specific primers successfully characterized V. dahliae cotton isolates from China and California as to D or ND pathotypes, thus demonstrating the validity and wide applicability of the results.     

Genetic structure of Verticillium dahliae isolates infecting olive trees in Tunisia using AFLP,pathogenicity and PCR markers

Since 2006, verticillium wilt of olive induced by Verticillium dahliae has caused considerable economic losses in olive orchards in Tunisia. The genetic structure of V. dahliae isolates collected from different olive growing regions was investigated using virulence tests, vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses. In total, 42 isolates of V. dahliae from diseased olive trees were tested. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed that geographic origin was the main factor determining the genetic structure of V. dahliae populations and both methods indicated a genetic separation between the central and coastal isolates. Isolates were divided into two major groups: the AFLP‐I group included all isolates from Sidi Bouzid, Kairouan, Kasserine and Sfax (centre of the country) and the AFLP‐II group included isolates from Monastir, Zaghouane, Sousse, Mahdia (coastal region), and two isolates from Sfax. Analysis of the molecular variance (amova ) indicated a significant level of genetic differentiation among (76%) and within (23%) the two populations. Analyses of both the defoliating (D) and non‐defoliating (ND) pathotypes and VCG markers indicated that most of the isolates belong to VCG 2A and 4B/ND pathotype. The disease severity was highly variable among the isolates tested (P < 0·05) with no evidence of association between aggressiveness and geographical origin of the isolates. Overall, results of this study revealed a clear association between the genetic diversity of the isolates and their geographic origin, but not between genetic diversity and virulence patterns.     

Symptom development, pathogen isolation and Real-Time QPCR quantification as factors for evaluating the resistance of olive cultivars to Verticillium pathotypes

Verticillium wilt is the most serious olive disease in the Mediterranean countries and worldwide. The most effective control strategy is the use of resistant cultivars. However, limited information is available about the level and source of resistance in most of the olive cultivars and there are no published data using microsclerotia, the resting structures of Verticillium dahliae, as the infective inoculum. In the present study, we correlated symptomatology and the presence of the fungus along with the DNA relative amount (molecules μl⁻¹) of a defoliating (D) and a non-defoliating (ND) V. dahliae strain in the susceptible cv. Amfissis and the tolerant cvs Kalamon and Koroneiki, as quantified by the Real-Time QPCR technology. The viability of the pathogen in the plant tissues was confirmed by isolating the fungus on PDA plates, while symptom assessment proved the correlation between the DNA relative amount of V. dahliae in plant tissues and cultivar susceptibility. It was further demonstrated that the D and ND strains were present at a significantly higher level in cv. Amfissis than in cvs Kalamon and Koroneiki. It was finally observed that the relative amount of the pathogen in roots was lower than in stems and shoots and declined in plant tissues over time. These data constitute a valuable contribution in evaluating resistance of olive cultivars or olive root-stocks to V. dahliae pathotypes.     

棉花黄萎病拮抗细菌H14的筛选鉴定及其拮抗机理分析

为筛选对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.具有拮抗活性的根际细菌,以大丽轮枝菌为靶菌,分离获得棉花根际细菌,利用平板对峙法和琼脂扩散法筛选具有较高拮抗活性的菌株,采用室内盆栽法测定筛选所得菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效,并通过形态特征、生理生化特性和16S r DNA基因序列分析确立其分类地位,采用底物降解法和抗菌肽基因克隆法检测其产生水解酶和抗菌肽的能力。结果显示,试验共分离获得182株棉花根际细菌,筛选得到3株对大丽轮枝菌抑菌率大于50.00%且抑菌圈直径大于15 mm的菌株,其中菌株H14的抑菌率和抑菌圈直径最大,分别为54.25%和18.10 mm。该菌能在0～9%NaCl和pH 4.5～9.0的NB培养基上生长;经形态特征观察、生理生化试验及16S rDNA基因序列分析,最终将其鉴定为莫哈韦芽胞杆菌Bacillus mojavensis;菌株H14对大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发的抑制率和对棉花黄萎病的盆栽防效分别为89.55%和74.57%;菌株H14能合成蛋白酶,含有srfAA、fenD、bacA脂肽类抗生素合成基因。表明莫哈韦芽胞杆菌菌株H14能够合成蛋白酶和脂肽类拮抗物质,具有良好的抑菌和防病能力。     

土壤中棉花黄萎病菌快速检测技术研究

 Verticillium wilt,caused by Verticillium dahliae,is the most important disease of cotton.In this work,the previously developed defoliating(D) and nondefoliating(ND) V.dahliae-specific primers were adopted for detection of pathotypes of V.dahliae in soil by using nested PCR.The results showed that the detection assay was efficient when used in infested soil and was an useful technique for rapid and accurate assessment of soil contamination by V.dahliae.