不同蜂授粉对设施草莓产量和品质的影响

通过比较熊蜂和蜜蜂对大棚栽培草莓的授粉效果试验得出,与蜜蜂相比,熊蜂的出巢时间早,工作时间长,趋光性差,撞棚膜现象发生少,且饲喂简单,饲料投入量少。采用熊蜂授粉的草莓平均产量可达16708.5kg/hm2,比采用蜜蜂授粉的棚增产35.0%;熊蜂授粉草莓单果质量为8.28g,比采用蜜蜂授粉的增加58.6%,差异显著;熊蜂授粉的草莓糖度为11.68%,蜜蜂授粉的草莓糖度为11.29%,差异不显著;熊蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率平均比蜜蜂授粉的低67.9%,差异显著。试验结果进一步说明了熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合用来进行设施草莓授粉。     

不同授粉方式对日光温室草莓授粉效果的比较

以红颜草莓为试验材料,比较了日光温室中熊蜂和蜜蜂对草莓的授粉效果。结果可知,熊蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率为11.004%,蜜蜂授粉的畸形果率为17.226%;熊蜂和蜜蜂授粉的草莓平均单果质量分别为26.96 g和23.08 g,熊蜂较蜜蜂授粉的草莓单果质量增加了16.81%;熊蜂授粉的草莓果实纵径、横径以及单果种子数均显著高于蜜蜂授粉的。因此,熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合对日光温室草莓进行授粉。     

熊蜂授粉对草莓产量和品质的影响

在大棚草莓上进行熊蜂授粉和自然授粉比较试验得出,熊蜂授粉的草莓平均产量为20 190.45 kg/hm2,比自然授粉增产38.81%;熊蜂授粉草莓平均单果质量为15.10 g,较自然授粉10.02 g提高37.02%,差异显著;熊蜂授粉草莓畸形果率降低81.82%,差异显著;熊蜂授粉草莓果实可溶性糖为11.82%,自然授粉为10.85%,差异不显著;熊蜂处理的草莓着色一致、色泽鲜亮、香甜可口,优于自然授粉,产值增加48.73%,效益显著。     

不同授粉方式对日光温室草莓产量、品质及效益的影响

以草莓品种"甜宝"为试验材料,通过测定草莓的坐果率、畸形果率、单果重、产量、产值,研究了熊蜂和蜜蜂授粉对日光温室草莓产量、品质及效益的影响。结果表明:熊蜂授粉的草莓畸形果平均率从蜜蜂授粉的11.08%降低为5.28%,2种授粉方式的坐果率均为100%。熊蜂和蜜蜂授粉的草莓单果重平均值分别为11.08g和8.09g,熊蜂较蜜蜂授粉的草莓单果重增加了36.96%。熊蜂授粉的草莓果纵径、横径以及单果种子数均显著高于蜜蜂授粉。熊蜂授粉的草莓产量和产值均显著高于蜜蜂授粉,且利润较蜜蜂授粉增加了33.80%。     

熊蜂与蜜蜂对设施蓝莓授粉习性及授粉效果分析

为设施蓝莓生产提供授粉技术支持,本文比较分析了熊蜂与蜜蜂对设施蓝莓授粉习性及授粉效果。结果表明,熊蜂的出巢温度、起始访花温度显著低于蜜蜂,访花效率及平均日工作时间显著高于蜜蜂,说明熊蜂比蜜蜂耐寒;熊蜂授粉后的蓝莓单果质量及纵横径均显著高于蜜蜂授粉后的果实,但二者的着果率、果实糖度及单株产量并无显著性差异。因此认为,在选择设施蓝莓授粉蜂时,北方地区因气温偏低可选择熊蜂,而南方熊蜂和蜜蜂均可选择。     

设施果树熊蜂授粉试验

2005年进行了设施果园熊蜂授粉试验。结果表明:设施果树熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉坐果率明显提高,其中油桃高25.5%、金太阳杏高1.02倍、李子高10.81%、大樱桃高66.41%、草莓高13.6%;果实成熟期提前3~5d;油桃、李子、大樱桃、草莓的单果质量分别高3.6、3.0、1.75、6.0g;油桃、李子、大樱桃平均株产分别高2.0、1.5、4.0kg。     

陕北日光温室草莓熊蜂授粉技术

<正>在设施栽培环境下，高质量的授粉是保证草莓坐果率、减少畸形果的关键技术措施。近年来，熊蜂授粉成为替代蜜蜂授粉的一项技术措施，在陕西甘泉设施草莓生产中推广应用。结合试验调查，我们总结了温室草莓熊蜂授粉技术，     

不同授粉方法对设施番茄果实生长发育的影响

为探讨不同的授粉方法对设施番茄坐果率、单果质量和品质的影响,在番茄开花期分别采用自然授粉法、激素处理法、蜜蜂授粉法、机械振荡授粉法和熊蜂授粉法等5种方法进行授粉处理,测定了番茄坐果率、结果数量、单果质量、畸形果率和品质性状,比较不同授粉方式下番茄果实生长发育的差异,以期为设施番茄生产者选择适宜的授粉方法提供参考依据。结果表明:在同一穗位不同授粉方法对各穗坐果率均有显著影响,熊蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉、机械振荡授粉和激素处理4种方法分别比自然授粉的坐果率提高25.46%、23.18%、19.62%和11.42%。不同辅助授粉方法能够有效增加番茄结果数量,各果穗上的表现为熊蜂授粉法蜜蜂授粉法机械振荡法激素处理法CK。熊蜂授粉番茄4~5穗果后期平均单果质量比其它处理及对照提高5.9%~11.8%,而且4种授粉方法番茄1~5穗果的畸形果率比自然授粉法降低9.14~47.00个百分点。各授粉方法的综合效果为熊蜂授粉法机械振荡授粉法蜜蜂授粉法激素处理法自然授粉法。为使设施番茄栽培达到优质高效的目的,并降低成本投入,推荐使用熊蜂授粉法。     

不同授粉方式对大葱种子产量的影响

针对豫北地区大葱(Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makion)大田制种结实率低、产量不稳、产量不高的问题,探索提高大葱制种产量的技术模式,以濮葱1号大葱品种为试材,采用随机区组试验法,研究了大葱花期熊峰、蜜蜂和人工3种不同的辅助授粉方法对种子产量的影响。结果表明,大葱制种田花期利用熊蜂辅助授粉和蜜蜂辅助授粉均可大幅提高单株结果数、单果结籽数和千粒质量,从而提高大葱种子单位面积产量。熊蜂授粉单株结果数、单果结籽数、千粒质量分别比人工授粉增长22.92%、26.09%、13.33%,从而使单株产量显著增长75.08%,提高单位面积产量74.28%。熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉增产优势也比较明显。熊蜂授粉单株结果数、单果结籽数、千粒质量较蜜蜂授粉分别增长6.80%、13.73%、9.68%,从而使单株种子产量增长42.06%,单位面积种子产量增长40.78%。熊蜂授粉与蜜蜂授粉、人工授粉相比优势更加明显,是大葱良种繁育项目比较好的增产措施,应用前景广阔。     

草莓促成栽培中的新授粉昆虫

０年代以来，在草莓品种“宝交早生”的促成栽培中，应用蜜蜂来促进授粉，对提高草莓优质果的生产起到一定的作用，并成为一项常用的技术。但蜜蜂作为授粉昆虫受环境条件局限，尚不能达到十分理想的效果。９０年代初，熊蜂作授粉昆虫，并与蜜蜂作比较，其良好的活动习性，能更显著地减少空洞果、畸形果的发生率。熊蜂的活动特点大致表现如下：１　耐低温环境：在气温降至１７℃时，熊蜂仍能活动，有效地授粉。２　时间长：能从早到晚长时间授粉，而蜜蜂早、晚不能授粉。３　不受天气影响：阴雨天也能很好地授粉。４　效率高：蜜蜂进入温室需…     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量