定西地区不同轮作田杂草生态位研究

为明确定西地区不同轮作田杂草生态位,采用倒置"W"九点取样法,对定西地区不同轮作田苗期杂草进行了调查。利用Levins生态位宽度指数和Schoener重叠指数对定西地区不同轮作田主要杂草生态位进行分析,了解不同轮作对农田杂草生态位的影响。研究表明:苦苣菜、藜的生态位宽度最大,在群落中处于绝对的优势地位,对农田危害严重。研究结果可以为农田杂草防治和建立合理的轮作顺序提供依据。     

中科院在农田杂草综合管理研究中取得新进展

<正>兼顾农田作物高产和杂草群落生物多样性,对维持农业生态系统的稳定和农田生产力的可持续发展十分重要。随着现代农业的发展和人们对环境问题的日益关注,农田杂草群落综合管理越来越受到相关研究人员的重视。中科院武汉植物园植物营养与农业生态学科组,依托位于安徽蒙城县的砂姜黑土生态环境野外科学观测站长期定位肥效试验点,探讨了5种不同施肥模式对冬小麦田间杂草群落结构、生物多样性及冬小麦生长的影响。研究表明,农田     

轮作模式下土壤微生物与线虫群落的互作研究现状

作物轮作种植在中国应用历史悠久,而针对不同地区不同栽培目的的轮作模式研究一直处于探索中。笔者以轮作在土壤生态学方面对土壤的改良作用着手,分析国内外学者关于多种轮作模式下土壤线虫与微生物群落的相关研究,讨论轮作模式下土壤理化性状对两者的影响以及在团聚体中微生物和线虫群落的关系。从宏观及微观空间尺度下分析两者在土壤生态系统食物网中的相互作用,根据其互作效应探究微生物、线虫对土壤环境的指示作用,以此来达到合理轮作、培肥土壤、作物可持续稳产高产的目的,使得农田土壤状况向着更有利于作物生长发育的方向发展。     

全国农技中心提出2020年农田杂草监控重点

<正>1月10日,全国农技中心在北京组织召开农田杂草监测调查与科学防控技术方案研讨会,共11位专家对《2020年农田杂草科学防控技术方案(讨论稿)》《2020年农田杂草监测调查技术方案(讨论稿)》进行修改完善,研究提出了2020年农田杂草监测与防控基本思路和工作重点。专家认为,近年农田杂草发生呈连年加重趋势,局部地区危害程度超过病虫,要引起高度关注。一是杂草群落演替加剧,难治种群数量增加。除草剂的     

淮北地区杂草种类调查及防治技术研究

2001—2003年,进行了农田杂草调查及防治技术研究,基本摸清了淮北地区农田杂草种类和群落分布。在农业防治的基础上,通过试验,筛选出一批高效、经济的新型化学除草剂,并配套相应的应用技术,针对部分难除杂草,应用生物防治。     

农田土壤有机碳库研究述评

农田土壤作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,是受人为活动干扰严重但又可在较短时间内调节的碳库,在全球碳循环中占据着非常重要的地位。深入探讨分析农田土壤有机碳库及其影响因素对全球生态系统碳平衡以及农田土壤利用的可持续性都具有十分重要的意义。笔者以农田土壤有机碳库基本问题为核心,对国内外有关农田土壤有机碳库的分类与组成、有机碳固定潜力以及有机碳固定影响因素的研究进展进行了总结。最后指出今后的重点研究方向包括全球不同地区农田土壤有机碳的固定周转机制、有机碳固定潜力,农田土壤有机碳库受各种因素的影响程度,农田土壤碳循环过程与地球表层过程的耦合机制以及如何设计合理有效的农田管理措施以达到最大的固碳潜力等几个方面。     

2014年沿江地区秋播作物田杂草综合防除技术

<正>农田杂草是影响秋播作物高产稳产的重要制约因素,近年来,由于受冬春气候异常、耕作方式改变、跨区机收等多种方式影响,秋播作物田杂草发生十分严重,对小麦、油菜的正常生长构成重大威胁。为切实做好秋播作物杂草防除工作,针对沿江地区实际情况,提出如下防除技术意见,供参考使用。一、综合运用农业措施1.合理安排茬口。大力推广轮作换茬,实行麦油轮作、麦豆轮作、麦菜轮作等是减轻草害的有效措施。各地在安排茬口     

中国科学院在施肥模式对农田杂草的影响研究取得新进展

<正>农田杂草在维持土壤微生物、动物多样性,减少土壤流失、酸化,以及维持农田生态系统功能的可持续性等方面发挥着重要作用。作为农田杂草综合管理的重要手段,好的养分管理可以兼顾作物高产和生物资源的保护。而目前不同养分管理措施对农田杂草群落的影响尚未有一个统一的结论,其影响机理也鲜见报道。中国科学院武汉植物园植物营养与农业生态学科组博士研究生汤雷雷     

锰矿废弃地几种不同恢复模式土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

土壤种子库技术是矿区废弃地植被恢复的重要方法,弄清不同恢复模式下种子库与地上植被之间的关系是有效利用该技术的前提。以云南建水锰尾矿恢复的醉鱼草(Buddlejaofficinalis)灌丛、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)草丛、肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)群落为对象,以人工林蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulus)林为对照,通过野外调查与室内萌发实验相结合的方法研究了各群落地上植被与土壤种子库的关系。结果显示:1)尾矿起源各群落地上植被(0.50、0.06、2.18、vs. 2.12)与土壤种子库物种多样性(1.32、1.42、1.78 vs. 2.65)均低于对照群落; 2)地上植被物种多样性与土壤种子库物种多样性成正相关(R~2=0.187,p=0.005); 3)对照群落土壤种子库与地上植被物种相似性较高,尾矿恢复各群落较低,且不同恢复模式间相似性差异较大; 4)香薷(Elsholtzia ciliata)与醉鱼草为4个群落土壤种子库共有的优势种,各群落地上植被与土壤种子库优势种不完全同步。研究结果表明恢复措施对土壤种子库物种多样性有重要影响。     

不同施肥对农田土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

为了研究华北农区施肥管理对农田（玉米-小麦轮作）土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。应用Biolog-ECO技术,借助中国农业科学院武清农田生态系统野外观测站,对农田（玉米-小麦轮作）土壤微生物群落功能多样性进行研究。结果表明：（1）单施有机肥(A1)土壤微生物对碳源利用率明显高于对照不施肥(A0)处理。（2）单施有机肥土壤微生物群落丰富度(H)和优势度指数(D)分别为2.413和0.902,显著高于推荐施肥(A2)与不施肥处理;均匀度指数(E)在推荐施肥处理下最高,显著高于单施化肥处理(A4)与其他处理间无显著差异。（3）主成分分析结果表明,推荐施肥与习惯施肥处理土壤微生物群落碳源利用方式相似,单施有机肥和单施化肥处理下土壤微生物碳源利用方式独特。糖类、氨基酸类和代谢中间产物及次生代谢物为土壤微生物主要利用的碳源。总之,有机肥的添加有利于提高土壤微生物代谢活性和土壤微生物群落功能多样性。     

湖南省稻-稻-油三熟制油菜田杂草防治研究进展

杂草严重影响油菜的产量和品质,为了减少稻茬田杂草对油菜的危害,本文从种子库、杂草种类和杂草发生特点三方面介绍了湖南省稻-稻-油三熟制油菜田的杂草发生情况以及目前所采取的化学的、物理的、生物的和其它农作措施的杂草防治方法,并对未来油菜田杂草的综合治理进行了探讨和展望。结果表明,杂草种子库密度高达224 550 seed/m2,且三熟制油菜田的杂草主要以看麦娘、日本看麦娘、菵草、硬草、早熟禾等喜湿性的杂草为主,目前采用的防治方法以化学方法为主,其余的措施应用较少,对环境污染严重。因此积极研究推广综合友好型治理体系是湖南省稻-稻-油三熟制杂草的防治最优的选择。     

Evolution of weed beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seed bank: Quantification of seed survival,dormancy, germination and pre-emergence growth

Weed beet is an important weed of sugar beet crops. Weed and cropped beets can cross easily and the management of weed beet is therefore crucial in the case of the advent of GM sugar beet, especially herbicide-tolerant cultivars, in order to ensure the co-existence of GM and non-GM crops and to avoid the appearance of herbicide-resistant weed beet. The inability of weed beet to compete in most other crops of the rotation makes the seed bank evolution a crucial stage of the life-cycle because in the rotation, sugar beet is at the most cultivated only every 3 years. The present study used seed burial experiments and laboratory analyses to characterise each step of the evolution of the weed beet seed bank and the external factors that could modify seed persistence in the soil. A monthly seed mortality of 10% was observed between October and December, while mortality was nil during the other seasons. Equations were then developed to describe the observed seasonal variations in seed survival. Seed dormancy also varied with season: the proportion of non-dormant seeds increased during winter (appearance of secondary dormancy) and decreased during the remaining seasons (loss of dormancy). In addition, the germinating seeds decreased with seed age and seed depth, while the presence of light stimulated germination. These observations were also translated into equations. Last, the pre-emergence hypocotyl growth and its variability were studied according to seed age, but no significant effect was observed. The results confirm the importance of the effects of cropping system on the evolution of the weed seed bank, especially the effect of soil tillage, which determines the date and conditions of seed burial, seed excavation and germination stimulation.     

施肥与光照强度对冬小麦田杂草野老鹳草和大巢菜生长及竞争的影响

为了研究施肥及光照强度对冬小麦田杂草的影响,以有效利用施肥模式综合治理冬小麦田间优势杂草。通过盆栽试验,研究了施肥对2种冬小麦田主要杂草野老鹳草(Geranium carolinianum)和大巢菜(Vicia sativa)种子萌发的影响,以及不同光照强度下施肥对2种杂草生长及竞争的影响。结果表明,野老鹳草种子与大巢菜种子相比,萌发起始较早,萌发较快,萌发率也较高。在萌发的过程中不同营养元素对2种杂草种子萌发的作用不同,并且混合播种时大巢菜种子比野老鹳草种子表现出了更强的竞争力。不同光照条件影响施肥对2种杂草生长的作用,在2种杂草竞争的情况下,随着光照强度的降低野老鹳草对各营养元素的竞争力逐渐增强,表现出了更强的适应性。由以上结果可知,2种杂草在不同生长发育阶段对养分元素的竞争能力差异较大,并且不同光照条件可以改变2种杂草对养分元素的竞争,这就为农业生产中合理施肥进行田间杂草综合防治提供了可能。     

Assessing innovative sowing patterns for integrated weed management with a 3D crop:weed competition model

Weed dynamics models are needed to design innovative weed management strategies. Here, we developed a 3D individual-based model called FlorSys predicting growth and development of annual weeds and crops as a function of daily weather and cropping practices: (1) crop emergence is driven by temperature, and emerged plants are placed onto the 3D field map, depending on sowing pattern, density, and emergence rate; plants are described as cylinders with their leaf area distributed according to height; (2) weed emergence is predicted by an existing submodel, emerged weed seedlings are placed randomly; (3) plant phenology depends on temperature; (4) a previously developed submodel predicts available light in each voxel of the canopy; after emergence, plant growth is driven by temperature; when shaded, biomass accumulation results from the difference between photosynthesis and respiration; shading causes etiolation; (5) frost reduces biomass and destroys plants, (6) at plant maturity, the newly produced seeds are added to the soil seed bank. The model was used to test different sowing scenarios in an oilseed rape/winter wheat/winter barley rotation with sixteen weed annuals, showing that (1) crop yield loss was negatively correlated to weed biomass averaged over the cropping season; (2) weed biomass was decreased by scenarios allowing early and homogenous crop canopy closure (e.g. reduced interrows, increased sowing density, associated or undersown crops), increased summer fatal weed seed germination (e.g. delayed sowing) or, to a lesser degree, cleaner fields at cash crop sowing (e.g. sowing a temporary cover crop for “catching” nitrogen); (3) the scenario effect depended on weed species (e.g. climbing species were little affected by increased crop competition), and the result thus varied with the initial weed community (e.g. communities dominated by small weed species were hindered by the faster emergence of broadcast-sown crops whereas taller species profited by the more frequent gap canopies); (4) the effect on weed biomass of sowing scenarios applied to one year was still visible up to ten years later, and the beneficial effect during the test year could be followed by detrimental effects later (e.g. the changed tillage dates accompanying catch crops reduced weed emergence in the immediately following cash crop but increased seed survival and thus infestation of the subsequent crops). This simulation showed FlorSys to predict realistic potential crop yields, and the simulated impact of crop scenarios was consistent with literature reports.     

Impact of Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation on Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Weeds in a Semi-arid Environment

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of mouldboard‐ or chisel‐ploughing and rotations on barley crops and associated weeds in a semi‐arid location. Two primary soil tillage operations and eight crop rotation‐tillage operation combinations were evaluated over two successive seasons. Drought conditions prevailed (<152 mm annual precipitation) and affected the measured parameters. Barley grown in mouldboard‐ploughed plots had higher biomass compared with chisel‐ploughed plots. Barley grain yield was greater in mouldboard‐ploughed plots in a fallow‐fallow‐barley rotation. Weed species densities varied between tillage systems and rotations. Density of Hordeum marinum, for example, was high in fallow‐barley‐fallow in chisel‐ploughed plots, and was high under more continuous fallow in mouldboard‐ploughed plots. Similar variations were also observed in weed fresh weights and in numbers of seed produced. The results describe the productivity of barley under extremely dry conditions, where an advantage for mouldboard ploughing was observed. The results also indicate the complexity of weed communities in their response towards different tillage‐rotation combinations.     

Sunflower allelopathy for weed control in agriculture systems

Recent developments in weed science and allied aspects have involved several interdisciplinary approaches. In this context, indiscriminate use of herbicides for weed control has become a questionable subject, which besides controlling the weeds, the chemical herbicides are harmful in many ways to soil, crops, other plants and the environment as a whole. Taking into consideration ecologically sound weed management, in modern days the reliance on chemical herbicides has decreased and a shift towards naturally occurring biological herbicides has received great attention throughout the world. Sunflower is an annual dicotyledonous plant, herbaceous, erect, and a native of North America. It is thermo and photo-insensitive, hence it can be grown year round in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Only two spp. Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus tuberosum are cultivated for food, the remaining spp., are ornamentals weeds and wild plants. However, H. annuus is allelopathic and inhibits the growth and development of other plants thus reducing their productivity. Sunflower is a major oil-yielding crop in India and its cultivation in northwest India started 25 to 30 years ago in areas located in the plains. In this region, rice-wheat rotation became very popular owing to its high yields; however, these crops are highly infested by weeds, thus farmers use herbicides for their control. Hence, this rotation consumes a maximum quantity of herbicides in this region, which has resulted in several problems viz., environmental pollution, human health hazards, and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. Thus, serious ecological questions about the reliance on herbicides for weed control in this rotation have been raised. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems is with the use of allelopathic strategies, including the use of weed-smothering crops for weed management and for the sustainability of agriculture. The field, pot culture, and laboratory studies have shown that inclusion of sunflower crops in rotation and intercropping considerably reduced the weed population in the current and succeeding crops. Rhizosphere soil of sunflower drastically smothered the weed germination, population, and biomass. The residual suppression effect of sunflower also persisted in the next crop up to 75 days. Thus, it is conceptualized that the inclusion of such oilseed crops before the rice crop in the rice-wheat rotation may provide satisfactory weed control in the succeeding rice crops and may minimize the use of herbicides. Likewise, the replacement of sorghum by summer sunflower oilseed crops may also help in the control of summer as well as winter weeds. More studies in this direction may provide avenues for satisfactory weed management in agro-ecosystems and may help to minimize the use of herbicides and thereby pave the way to develop sustainable agricultural practices for biodiversity conservation and enhancing biological integrity.     

Continuous cropping systems and weed selection

Summary Changes in the weed flora of agro-ecosystems can occur as long-term changes or temporary fluctuations in species composition. The rate at which weed population shifts occur depends on the selection pressure imposed, genetic variability among weed populations, plant characteristics and environmental factors. Agronomic practices associated with cropping systems including crop rotation, tillage, herbicide use, soil amendments, and mechanization of harvesting that impart a range of selection pressures on weed populations are discussed in this review. Widespread use of herbicides has had the greatest impact on weed selection in recent years. Evolution of herbicide resistant weeds presents an enormous challenge to farmers. Development of herbicide tolerant crops has provided another tool for farmers however the selection pressure on weeds and potential impact on weed population shifts will require judicious use of this technology. Simulation models provide an excellent opportunity to predict future weed population shifts in response to management practices. Further insight into future management changes on weed selection must proceed towards an investigation of the processes rather than the outcomes. In particular, this must involve an understanding of the ecological factors and processes that are likely to determine the weed responses to particular management regimes.     

杂草与棉花的竞争作用

概述了国内外杂草与棉花竞争作用的研究进展和现状,归纳总结了杂草种类、杂草密度及杂草与作物的不同共生期对棉花产量、生长发育、品质、农事操作等影响。但现有研究主要集中在棉花最终产量和最终生长指标的分析上,而对棉花生长发育动态影响,尤其是内在机制的研究还比较少。因此,进一步细化研究棉花生长发育动态的形态指标和生理生化指标及与环境之间的关系,才能全面分析杂草与棉花的竞争作用,探明棉花响应杂草竞争胁迫的内在机制。     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明：随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30、60、120天逐步减少0~20 cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致;随着覆盖量减少,对0~20 cm土层杂草种子库密度的降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0~5 cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0~5 cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500 kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理较一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500 kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂。