成都市两系杂交水稻制种气候适宜性区划

为解决成都市两系杂交水稻就地制种难题，运用基于风险的气象诊断方法，笔者分析成都13 个区（市）县制种的3 个关键时期（两系不育系育性敏感期，亲本抽穗扬花期和种子成熟收获期）的安全性和适宜性，得到其两系杂交水稻制种适宜区域与时段。结果表明，多数分析时间段的抽穗扬花综合风险指数小于4.0，时长为44~95 天，为两系杂交水稻制种抽穗扬花安全期时段的选择提供了充裕的区间，因此制种基地适宜性主要由育性敏感期决定。在22.5℃阈值条件下，两系水稻最适制种区为金堂、龙泉驿、邛崃、蒲江、双流和新津；在23℃阈值条件下，两系水稻适宜制种区为新津、金堂、新都、大邑和双流；在23.5℃和24.0℃温度阈值条件下，成都适宜开展两系水稻制种的地区极少。如果在成都开展两系杂交水稻制种，应尽量选用不育起点温度低于23.0℃，并且育性敏感期时段较短的两系不育系，以减少制种纯度风险。     

我国两系杂交水稻选育进展

自两系不育系被发现以来,两系杂交水稻育种几十年间取得显著成就。本文根据国家水稻数据中心两系不育系及两系品种审定数据等信息,概述了目前为止我国两系不育系及两系杂交稻品种审定情况和良好发展态势,将四川省和湖南省两个育种大省的两系杂交稻审定情况进行了对比和育种方向的分析,并对两系杂交水稻育种做出了进一步的展望。     

水稻不育系陈种发芽技术研究

水稻不育系陈种发芽技术研究福建省宁德地区农校高绍良在杂交水稻制种工作中，由于不育系的种子产量受气候、技术等因素的影响变化较大，造成不育系种子有时供大于求，有时供不应求。不育系陈种的利用可以缓解这个矛盾，但发芽率明显降低。为了提高不育系陈种的利用率，我...     

抗病优质杂交水稻不育系蓉18 A的高产制种技术

杂交水稻不育系蓉18 A是成都市农林科学院作物研究所经过多年选育的高抗稻瘟病,高配合力新的水稻不育系,系四川省目前米质和抗稻瘟病这2个性状结合得最好的骨干不育系之一,蓉18 A配组已经选育20余个组合通过国家及省级品种审定.主要结合成都市气候条件,分析总结蓉18 A杂交水稻制种高产的技术要点.     

水稻光温敏雄性核不育系的系谱分析

近年来, 我国两系杂交水稻快速发展, 截止2010年底, 共有427个两系组合通过审定。两系杂交水稻已经奠定了在我国水稻生产中的重要地位, 而光温敏核不育系是两系杂交水稻的基础。本文从实用性角度研究了1994年以来通过审定和获得新品种保护权的两系组合所涉及的130个光温敏核不育系, 分析了光温敏核不育系的基本来源和其中126个不育系的系谱。以原始光温敏核不育系为起点演绎了不育系之间的衍生关系, 介绍了大面积应用及获得新品种保护权的73个不育系的系谱, 归纳了新光温敏核不育系的育成途径。讨论了不育系育性转换的光温反应类型与其核不育基因来源的关系。提出利用光温敏核不育系开展分子生物学研究过程中, 有必要通过系谱分析不育系之间的衍生关系, 对不育系材料进行有针对性的选择。强调了促进光温敏核不育资源的开放与共享, 对加快实用性光温敏核不育系的选育, 积极应对两系杂交稻制种环境的变化具有重要的意义。     

水稻两系不育系的育种应用分析

水稻是重庆市最重要的粮食作物,两系杂交水稻因育种效率高、制种成本低、品种稻米品质好等优势,近年来成为水稻研究的热点之一。为明确两系水稻杂交组合遗传特性,选择了渝优系列代表性恢复系11个,分别与两系不育系‘C815s’、‘深08s’配制两系杂交新组合,对新组合的农艺性状、产量性状及组合实际产量进行了分析。结果显示,‘C815s’组合在株高、产量、稻瘟病抗性等性状上优于‘深08s’组合,而‘深08s’组合则在生育期、有效穗、稻米品质等方面优于‘C815s’组合。研究结果为两系亲本的创制及两系新品种的选育提供了一定的参考价值。     

杂交水稻不育系稻瘟病抗性鉴定试验

水稻稻瘟病是铜仁地区水稻生产中的重要病害之一,也是杂交水稻制种田最主要的病害。常年发病面积大,危害严重,造成损失在10％～30％,流行年份（如铜仁地区1993年）损失率高达50％以上。在种子生产实际中,稻瘟病的发生因不育系的不同而存在较大差异。在杂交水稻品种的选育过程中,不育系的抗性是决定品种抗性和种子生产风险的重要因素,为了摸清在我区常使用的几个主要不育系对稻瘟病的抗性,从而为杂交水稻品种选育和种子生产中对稻瘟病的针对性防治提供依据。2006、2007年在印江县的新业乡,铜仁市的和平镇和江口县的太平乡进行了两年不同地点的抗性监测试验,明确了不同不育系的抗感特性。     

杂交水稻制种常用发芽技术

杂交水稻制种过程中,由于不育系开颖、陈种、穗萌、种衣剂、南繁新种等原因和催芽技术上的问题,常会出现发芽烂芽问题.由于水稻不育系用种量增大,种子成本高,关系到花期相遇,因此解决制种中发芽这一关,是取得制种效益的前提条件.     

广西首个紫红叶标记性状水稻两系不育系育成

近日,广西农作物品种审定委员会办公室组织专家,对贺州市农业科学研究所和广西绿田种业有限公司育成的具有紫红叶标记性状水稻两系不育系紫红10S进行鉴定,认为紫红10S符合国家规定的两系杂交水稻不育系指标,可以在生产上应用。     

选育具标记性状的两系不育系的尝试

育成育性稳定的两系不育系(S系)是两系法杂交水稻选育的关键。目前的两系不育系的育性受气温影响很大,没有真正典型的光敏型,最早的两系不育系质源“农垦58S”及其衍生的若干新不育系,经深入研究表明属于长日高温不育或高温不育类型。其他一些两系不育系质源及其派生系。同属于高、低温敏     

Development of TGMS lines for developing two-line rice hybrids for the tropics

A breeding program was initiated at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1990 to develop thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice lines for developing two-line rice hybrids for the tropics. The TGMS trait was transferred from a temperate japonica TGMS mutant, Norin PL 12, to indica and tropical japonica rice varieties using the pedigree selection procedure. Six new TGMS rice lines adapted to tropical conditions were developed which showed complete pollen and spikelet sterility when maximum temperature was higher than 30 ^°C 1–2 week after panicle initiation. However, up to 85.5% spikelet fertility was observed when these lines were exposed to 26–29 ^°C during the critical stage. Using two of these TGMS lines, some heterotic rice hybrids showing 1–1.6 t/ha higher grain yield than the inbred check varieties were identified in unreplicated observational yield trial conducted at IRRI. Two of the six two-line hybrids yielded significantly higher than the check variety in a replicated preliminary yield trial. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interaction between the eui gene and thermo-sensitive genic male sterility in rice

Panicle enclosure is a typical phenotype of almost all male-sterile rice lines. An elongated uppermost internode (eui) mutant exhibited notably rapid elongation of the uppermost internode at the heading stage; this is considered as a potential mechanism to eliminate panicle enclosure. We developed thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile (TGMS) eui mutants that were characterized by notably elongated uppermost internodes. The elongation of the uppermost internode in the TGMS eui mutant Changxuan 3S (CX) is mainly attributed to an increase in cell number and cell elongation, the latter being the more significant process. Temperature treatments revealed that the effects of temperature on panicle exsertion were similar to those on fertility and that the most temperature-sensitive stage coincides with the period from the formation of the pollen mother cell to meiosis during panicle initiation. These results indicate that elongation increases as temperature decreases and that the expression of the eui gene is more efficient at low temperatures than at high temperatures. In hybrid rice seed production using the TGMS eui mutant, the temperature range should be optimized at 24–28°C in order to preserve the development of completely male-sterile pollen and to eliminate panicle enclosure. Consequently, by using TGMS eui rice lines, gibberellin application can be avoided, thereby reducing the cost of hybrid seed production. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

不同类型冷浸田Fe2+对水稻生理酶活性的影响

铁毒致病的生理机理是植物体内积累过量的铁以及铁化合物诱发多种活性自由基,进攻膜脂,导致脂质的过氧化和膜的损伤。在过量Fe^2＋胁迫下,植株的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶活性（POD）及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化与抗铁毒密切相关。为了研究水稻对Fe^2＋毒害的响应机制,通过田间试验,对不同类型的冷浸田开展不同浓度Fe^2＋对水稻生理酶活性、生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明：不同类型冷浸田加入Fe^2＋后。水稻叶片和根系的POD、SOD活性MDA含量随Fe^2＋浓度的增加而提高,冷浸田（冷水田、烂泥田）的环境因子如低温提高了水稻的POD活性及MDA含量,降低了水稻的SOD活性,冷浸田（冷水田、烂泥田）水稻叶片和根系受Fe^2＋伤害的程度高于黄泥田;Fe^2＋对水稻生理活性的影响主要表现在分蘖期和抽穗期,尤其是水稻分蘖期的叶片和根系更容易受到Fe^2＋的伤害;适宜的Fe^2＋浓度有利于提高水稻产量。     

Cytological screening of rice TGMS lines

An investigation was undertaken to develop new stable thermo‐sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) rice lines in intermated progenies (IMPs) of TGMS lines by using an anther clearing technique. The results indicate that both pre‐ and post‐meiotic genetic systems operate during anther development for the expression of sterility in TGMS lines. In all the TGMS lines, sterile anthers were small with empty pollen grains of irregular shape, except for TS 16, which showed pollen‐free anthers. This indicates that the sensitive stage of TS 16 is around stage IV (stamen and pistil primordia) of panicle development. Distinct differences were observed between sterile and fertile phases with respect to anther size, shape and colour of the pollen grains in TS 18 and TS 29. The pollen grains at the sterile phase were small and irregular in shape while in the fertile phase they were plump and larger with a yellow colour, establishing that the occurrence of sterility in TS 18 and TS 29 is post‐meiotic. Three distinct classes of pollen fertility percentage viz. <20%, 50‐70% and >90% were observed in IMPs. Anther clearing in IMPs showed distinct developmental patterns of pollen production with respect to distinct classes of pollen fertility. Less than 20% pollen fertility was observed in hybrids such as TS 15 × TS 16, TS 15 × Co 47, TS 18 × TS 16 and TS 18 × Co 47 which hold promise for developing new TGMS lines with a good plant type and acceptable quality.     

利用分子标记辅助选择聚合Pi-1和Pi-2基因改良两系不育系稻瘟病抗性

以含广谱稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-1和Pi-2的BL122为供体, 温敏核不育系GD-7S为受体, 通过杂交、回交和自交并结合分子标记辅助选择, 将Pi-1、Pi-2基因导入温敏核不育系GD-7S中, 获得5个携带两个抗性基因的纯合改良不育株系。利用34个广东代表性稻瘟病菌株接种鉴定, 5个改良株系的抗性频率为94.12%~97.06%, 而对照GD-7S抗性频率仅为17.65%; 自然病圃诱发鉴定5个改良株系的叶瘟和穗颈瘟均为0级, 表现高抗。经自然条件和人工气候箱育性鉴定, 改良株系与对照均为无或少花粉败育类型, 自交结实率为0, 说明不育起点温度与对照基本一致。统计分析表明, 除剑叶长和每株穗数外, 改良株系与对照在其他农艺性状方面均无显著差异。与恢复系L38杂交, 改良株系的杂种F1与对照的F1大多农艺性状无显著差异, 说明改良株系基本保持了GD-7S的农艺性状和配合力。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术编辑水稻温敏不育基因TMS5

Thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile (TGMS) gene tms5 is most widely used in the two-line hybrid breeding system in China. To develop novel rice thermo-sensitive male sterile lines, we knocked out the TMS5 genes of six elite japonica and four indica rice varieties by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. By analyzing the critical sterility-inducing temperature (CIST) of the newly TGMS lines, it was found that the CIST of japonica TGMS lines ZG75S, CYGS, YG0618S, ZG07S, T0361S, and 7679S were between 28°C and 32°C, the CIST of indica TGMS lines 2537S, 6150S and 6379S were between 24°C and 28°C, and the CIST of indica TGMS line 1109S was lower than 23.5°C. These results indicated that the CIST of tms5 mutant from different genetic background materials was different. The TGMS lines with lower CIST could be obtained by knocking out the TMS5 from different genetic background materials. A hybrid rice combination 1109S/8048 had high quality and high yield. The yield of 1109S/8048 was 13.1% higher than that of Fengliangyou 4. The creation of the TGMS 1109S and the high-yield cross combination 1109S/8048 provides a new way for high-yield breeding.     

Development of a genetic marker linked to a new thermo-sensitive male sterile gene in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa L</Emphasis>.)

Application of the thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) system has a great potential to increase the efficiency of hybrid rice breeding. An indica rice TGMS mutant, 0A15-1, was crossed with a fertile indica line Guisi-8 to map the gene responsible to the TGMS. A RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) maker, S187-770, linked to the TGMS gene at a distance of 1.3 cM in coupling phase was identified. The S187-770 was then cloned and sequenced to develop a dominant SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) marker. Homology search against rice genome DNA sequence database indicated that S187-770 located on the short arm of chromosome 3 and close to centromere as a single copy sequence. This SCAR marker can be used in the marker-assisted transfer of this gene to different genetic background. As no other TGMS gene has been mapped on rice chromosome 3, the gene from 0A15-1 is a new TGMS gene and tentatively designated tms6(t).     

Expression of thermosensitive genic male sterility in rice under varying temperature situations

Response of thermosensitive genic male sterility in rice to varying temperature situations was studied by using four TGMS lines. In three sets of maximum, minimum and their combined temperatures, it was observed that maximum temperature played a predominant role in influencing sterility/fertility of TGMS lines under the combined regimes. Expression of a TGMS gene was found to be influenced by the genetic background of the recipient lines. Exposure for more than 8 hours of 32 ^°C was found necessary to induce complete male sterility in indica TGMS lines: IR68945-4-33-4-14 and IR68949-11-5-31 while, more than 4 hours of such exposure was enough to induce sterility in case of their japonica donor Norin PL 12. Sudden interruption with 27 ^°C even for 2 hours under the sterility inducing regime of 32/24 ^°C could induce partial fertility in the line IR68945-4-33-4-14. However, the line ID 24 remained completely sterile even with 10 hours of interruption with 27 ^°C. An interruption with lower temperature of 27 ^°C for 4 hours for even one day induced partial fertility in IR68945-4-33-4-14. The period of four to eight days after panicle initiation was the stage most sensitive to temperature variations. Hybrid rice breeders need to develop numerous genetically diverse TGMS lines, which possess critical sterility inducing temperature of 28 ^°C and are not affected by sudden interruptions with a lower temperature for few hours daily for a couple of days. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

分子标记辅助选育抗稻白叶枯病的低温敏核不育系3178S

本研究以IRBB21为Xa21基因供体，籼型低温敏不育系399S为低温核不育系基因供体，采用杂交和回交方法，逐代用分子标记检测手段，导入广谱抗白叶枯病基因Xa21和低温敏核不育系基因，聚合双亲的有利性状，育成抗白叶枯病的籼型低温敏核不育系3178S，其抗性达到了IRBB21的抗性水平，且保持了399S稳定的育性和双亲的优良经济性状。     

温敏核不育水稻eui突变体自交结实期籽粒形成生理研究

为了探讨温敏核不育水稻eui突变繁殖时籽粒形成生理,以‘培矮64S’为对照,采用冷水灌溉繁殖的方法研究了温敏核不育水稻(Oryza sativa)eui突变体（‘长选3S’）自交结实期籽粒形成的生理特点。结果表明,在灌浆结实过程中,‘长选3S’和‘培矮64S’籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量在花后第7~27天增加快,随后增加减慢;籽粒中ADPG焦磷酸化酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶等3个酶的酶活性及可溶性蛋白质含量随灌浆进程逐渐下降;籽粒中可溶性淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶的酶活性随灌浆进程先升后降,呈单峰曲线变化。就整个灌浆结实期而言,‘长选3S’籽粒中ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶等5个酶的酶活性及直、支链淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白质含量均比其亲本‘培矮64S’的高,而自交结实率、单株产量则比‘培矮64S’的低。差异性分析表明,2个不育系之间籽粒中上述5个酶的酶活性及直、支链淀粉含量、自交结实率及单株产量差异不显著,而可溶性蛋白质含量差异显著。