不同降雨强度下坡地覆盖对土壤有机碳流失的影响

采用模拟降雨试验研究不同降雨强度下坡地覆盖对因地表径流泥沙流失的有机碳影响.结果表明:降雨强度越高,土壤覆盖度越低,土壤有机碳流失量越高.影响土壤有机碳流失的因素表现为降雨强度＞土壤覆盖度＞地面坡度.降雨过程中,降雨强度由60 mm/h增至120 mm/h,土壤有机碳流失量增大.覆盖度较小时,降雨强度对土壤有机碳流失起决定作用.降雨强度≤60 mm/h时,植物覆盖层抑制土壤有机碳流失,重度覆盖(覆盖度100％)、轻度覆盖(覆盖度50％)与裸露地(覆盖度0％)相比,土壤有机碳流失量分别减少56.2％和36.3％.同时,土壤有机碳流失量随地面坡度由5°升至10°增加4.6％,初始产流时间提前14s.降雨强度与土壤有机碳流失量呈正相关,土壤覆盖度与泥沙流失量(土壤侵蚀量)以及土壤有机碳流失量呈负相关,径流中土壤有机碳流失量随着土壤侵蚀量同步变化.     

短时强降雨对岩溶坡面土壤地表流失/地下漏失的影响

为研究岩溶地区雨强变化对水土地表流失和地下漏失的影响,对中国西南典型岩溶石漠化地区30年来的降雨特征进行了分析,并采用室内模拟试验,通过控制不同降雨时间和强度,研究其对土壤地表流失/地下漏失的影响。结果表明：(1)降雨强度与土壤地表流失量/地下漏失量均呈正比关系,但降雨强度的大小交替顺序对土壤地表流失/地下漏失量的影响存在差异,雨强大的降雨发生在降雨过程的后期更易发生土壤地下漏失。(2)短时多次降雨之间的时间间隔对土壤地表流失量和地下漏失量影响显著,集中性大雨比间断性大雨更易引发岩溶坡面土壤地表流失及地下漏失。短时多次降雨之间无雨的时间越长越不易发生水土流失和漏失。(3)降雨前期,降雨强度与土壤地表流失速率之间呈正相关关系,降雨中后期,土壤地表流失速率不受降雨强度的变化影响。降雨过程中,土壤地下漏失速率随着降雨强度的增大而升高。研究成果可为岩溶石漠化地区水土流失精准防治提供技术支撑。     

不同工况对土壤边坡发生滑坡破坏的影响

为减少滑坡破坏对人民生命财产造成的损失,研究不同条件对土壤边坡发生滑坡破坏的影响。主要通过水槽试验,对不同降雨强度(40、70和100 mm/h)、坡角(45～55°)和土壤初始含水量(5%～12%)条件下造成土壤边坡发生滑坡破坏的现象进行相关研究。得出以下结论：固定坡角和土壤初始含水量,滑坡破坏速度与降雨强度呈正比变化;固定土壤初始含水量、降雨强度<70 mm/h时,滑坡破坏速度与坡角呈反比变化;降雨强度>70 mm/h时,滑坡破坏速度与坡角呈正比变化;固定坡角和降雨强度,滑坡破坏速度与土壤初始含水量呈正比变化。试验结果可为预测、判断边坡发生滑坡破坏现象提供一定理论基础和参考。     

气候变迁情境下土壤冲蚀可能变化

降雨是导致土壤冲蚀的主要原因,而通用土壤流失公式(USLE)为目前世界上应用最广泛的土壤流失模式,式中之降雨冲蚀指数直接反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀的程度,为评估土壤侵蚀状况的重要因子之一.研究以基隆、新竹、嘉义、高雄、宜兰、花莲、台东等雨量测站资料之历年雨量记录建立各月之降雨冲蚀指数,所采用之记录为1975-2000年之降雨资料,并建立月降雨冲蚀指数及月降雨量关系式.由于气候变迁导致的降雨变化将影响土壤冲蚀之估算,而不同时间之雨量资料所推估的降雨冲蚀指数精度不同,又必须配合气候变迁模拟之时间尺度,故本研究以月雨量及月降雨冲蚀指数为基础探讨之.采用IPCC公告之B2情境下的大气环流模型(GCMs)模拟基隆、新竹、嘉义、高雄、宜兰、花莲、台东等测站未来降尺度月雨量变化.推估基隆、新竹、嘉义、高雄、宜兰、花莲、台东等测站未来短期、中期、长期之月降雨冲蚀指数,以供推估土壤流失量,可以发现各模型之平均值未来土壤冲蚀量在B2情境约-80%～+60%.     

不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀差异与其影响因素

采用室内纯净水人工模拟降雨试验,在坡度为10°、15°、20°、25°坡面,土槽为5 m、10 m两种规格,对两种土壤((土娄)土与黄绵土)分别进行雨强为1.5 mm min-1,的降雨实验,利用三维激光扫描仪对每一场降雨后的坡面进行监测,分析不同坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响,比较两种土壤坡面细沟侵蚀的差异,以及其差异的影响因子.结果表明:(土娄)土土壤颗粒以粉粒与黏粒为主,粉粒占总质量的64.12％,黏粒为28.42％.黄绵土的土壤颗粒以粉粒为主占总质量的67.95％,黏粒与沙粒含量较少,黏粒占14.52％,沙粒占17.53％.在相同条件下,(土娄)土降雨过程中人渗缓慢,产流时间、坡面流速均快于黄绵土,跌坎出现时间也较早,使其更容易产生细沟.(土娄)土的径流量高于黄绵土,在降雨过程中,径流稳定时间较早.(土娄)土侵蚀量高于黄绵土,(土娄)土产沙率呈增加趋势,黄绵土含沙量变化不明显.从坡面细沟发育来看,(土娄)土坡面细沟成平行状分布,黄绵土细沟为较宽树枝状.     

土壤前期含水量对弃渣坡面侵蚀特性影响的模拟试验

利用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究弃渣前期含水量在不同降雨强度条件下对土壤坡面入渗、产流和产沙特性的影响.结果表明:弃渣坡面入渗率随时间呈幂函数变化.在雨强较小(0.64 mm/min)的情况下,含沙率在产流初期会出现峰值,之后随时间递减,前期含水量越高,峰值出现的越早,土壤前期含水量对土壤侵蚀量的影响符合幂函数变化规律.在1.05 mm/min降雨强度条件下,含沙率变化呈波动性增长趋势,无明显峰值.土壤前期含水量对土壤侵蚀量影响呈二次多项式关系,计算得出土壤流失量最少的最优前期含水量为9.65%.     

降雨强度与微地形塑造对露天煤矿排土场边坡土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是制约黄土高原地区生态恢复与重建的关键性因子,探究土壤水分的增加和储存是排土场边坡土地复垦和生态系统重建的重要内容。通过塑造水平阶(阶宽1 m,阶长2 m,每个水平阶间距1 m)、鱼鳞坑(长60 cm,宽40 cm,深30 cm,每个鱼鳞坑横排间距1 m,行间距1 m)工程措施,并以未塑造地形作为对照组进行人工模拟降雨试验,选择山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿南排土场边坡为研究区,在模拟降雨期间对土壤剖面不同土层深度(0—10,10—20,20—40 cm)的水分进行动态监测,采用描述性统计分析和方差分析方法,讨论提供降雨强度和微地形塑造方式的土壤水分动态变化和垂直变化特征,并将降雨强度、微地形塑造方式和土层深度对土壤水分的影响大小进行多因素方差分析研究。结果表明:(1)相同微地形塑造下,降雨强度越大,导致土壤含水率的变化量越大,但变化幅度随雨强增大而逐渐减小;高强度降雨使表层土壤含水率变化明显,低强度降雨使深层土壤含水率变化明显。(2)相同降雨强度下,不同微地形塑造能够有效增加土壤水分,且水平阶对土壤水分的增加效果优于鱼鳞坑。(3)随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水率的变异系数逐渐减小,且都属于中等变异。(4)降雨强度、微地形塑造及土层深度对土壤水分的影响极显著(p＜0.01),且对土壤水分的影响大小为微地形塑造＞降雨强度＞土层深度。研究结果表明,在露天煤矿排土场进行微地形塑造有利于土壤水分的补给和存储,对排土场土地整治与生态修复具有积极意义。     

太湖流域典型土地利用类型土壤水分对降雨的响应

基于太湖流域平原区典型土地利用类型(林地、菜地)不同深度(10,20,40,60cm)土壤水分以及降雨的监测数据,分析2种土地利用类型下土壤水分变化对降雨的响应模式。结果表明:(1)菜地表层土壤水分波动较深层剧烈,而林地不同深度的土壤水分变化模式相似;(2)菜地表层土壤水分对降雨的响应受初始含水量影响显著。初始土壤较干燥时,降雨入渗较快,10cm和20cm土壤水分对降雨的响应时间基本一致,而若初始土壤较湿润,土壤水分对降雨响应的早晚与土壤深度正相关;(3)菜地土壤在40cm深度出现明显分层,降雨入渗到该界面时停止下渗并不断累积而趋于饱和;(4)受冠层截留以及地表枯枝落叶对雨水吸持的作用,中小降雨事件难以引起林地土壤水分的显著变化,当发生较大强度的持续降雨时,林地深层土壤水分容易受到周边侧向壤中流汇水以及土壤大孔隙的优势流影响,而在集中性强降雨过程中,林地深层土壤水分变化则主要受土壤大孔隙的优势流影响。     

降雨过程对地表糙度的影响

通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究降雨过程中,不同坡度、雨强以及不同地表覆盖度下地表糙度的变化情况.利用测点法测量每次降雨前后的地表糙度值,确定坡度、雨强以及地表覆盖度变化对地表糙度的影响.结果表明,相同雨强下,地表裸露、土壤一定时,坡度越大,地表糙度变化越大;同一地表,土壤一定且坡度相同的情况下,雨强越大,地表糙度变化越大;在同一坡面,雨强一定的条件下,植被覆盖度越小,地表糙度变化越大.研究结果为地表糙度影响因子的研究和揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施.     

喀斯特地区黄壤坡面土壤水分对降雨的响应

土壤水分是喀斯特地区水文生态环境的重要因素。通过在不同土地利用设置试验点,对降雨和20,40,80,100 cm深度土壤水分进行监测分析,揭示不同土地利用条件下土壤水分在降雨过程中的变化规律。结果表明:(1)植被盖度、土壤前期贮水量等因素对土壤水分的降雨补给量和土壤水分在土壤剖面上的再分配具有明显的影响。(2)土壤水分的降雨补给量在土壤剖面上的分布具有一定的层次性,随土层深度的增加整体表现为先增加后减少再增加的趋势;表层降雨补给量最小,最大降雨补给量多出现在100 cm深度。(3)土壤水分对降雨的响应具有滞后效应,并随土层深度增加而增强,随盖度增加而减弱。(4)在降雨影响阶段,可将土壤水分变化分为滞后期、上升期和消退期3个阶段;降雨过程中,植被盖度越高,降雨强度越大,土壤水分变化越快,并随着土层深度的增加减缓。研究结果为水资源的合理利用和配置以及水土保持提供参考和理论依据。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt

The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

The major features of an infestation by the invasive weed legume gorse (Ulex europaeus) on volcanic soils in Hawaii

Gorse (Ulex europaeus) infestation occupies over 4,000 ha of agriculture and conservation lands on the southeastern slope of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. The aim of this investigation is to identify ecological features associated with this weed invasion by comparing the gorse-infested areas to the surrounding uninfested areas of this landscape. The soils within the gorse infestation are more acidic, resulting in higher levels of KCl-extractable Al and lower levels of Mehlich III-extractable Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Yet, gorse accumulates higher concentrations of Ca, Zn and, Cu than the kikuyu grass (Pennesitum clandestinum), which is ubiquitous throughout the site. The Ca:Al and Mg:Al molar charge ratios of the soils are lowest within the epicenter of the gorse infestation, while the molar ratios are highest in the gorse apical stem tissues. All gorse plants are nodulated and have higher nitrogen contents than the surrounding kikuyu grass. Furthermore, the δ¹⁵N of the gorse stem tissues approaches 0‰, suggesting that nitrogen is being symbiotically fixed from the atmosphere. Characterization of the Bradyrhizobium isolated from gorse nodules shows similarities and distinctions to Bradyrhizobium isolated from the endemic legume koa (Acacia koa) within the same location. Population densities of the indigenous Bradyrhizobium are higher within the gorse rhizosphere than the kikuyu grass. Soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation distinguish gorse-infested areas from the surrounding uninfested areas. These observations suggest that gorse has a competitive advantage over kikuyu grass under conditions of soil nutrient deficiency.     

Nematofauna associated with exotic and native leguminous plant species in West Africa: effect of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Glomus intraradices</Emphasis> arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Ten leguminous trees, four exotic species (Australian Acacia) and six indigenous species (three Sahelian Acacia spp. and three Sesbania spp.), were grown for 4 months in a natural Sahelian soil inoculated with or without the endomycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices. In control trials, the determinant factor structuring the soil nematode fauna was the plant species, related plants having a similar influence on the nematode community in the soil. Soil nematode abundance increased from exotic acacias (3.3 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (11.5 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (17.6 g^-1 dry soil). Plant feeding nematodes (mainly Scutellonema and Tylenchorhynchus) were significantly less abundant under exotic acacias (1.4 g^-1 dry soil) than under native acacias (7.2 g^-1 dry soil) or Sesbania species (7.3 g^-1 dry soil). Bacterial feeding nematode density increased from exotic acacias (1.2 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (3.0 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (7.7 g^-1 dry soil) as total densities. However, the differences in the structure of the nematode communities between plant groups were suppressed in the presence of the mycorrhizal fungus. In fact, no difference in nematode densities remained between plant groups when G. intraradices developed in several dominant taxa belonging to different trophic groups, particularly: Tylenchorhynchus, Apelenchina, Cephalobus and Dorylaimoidea. This study clearly indicated that inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices diminished the plant-specific effect on the structure of the soil nematode community.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Collection of Chinese Barley Varieties

One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre, Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources.