籼稻恢复系镇恢084的选育及利用

镇恢084是镇江农科所用自育中间品系91－2156作母本，R19选系作父本杂交选育而成的含有显性广谱高抗白叶枯病基因Xa－7及抗白叶枯病基因Xa-4的籼型强优恢复系。该恢复系高抗白叶枯病，品质优，株型好，穗型较大，配合力好，与Ⅱ－32A配组而成的Ⅱ优084于2001年4月通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定。镇恢084于2001年7月获得国家品种保护。     

抗病杂交水稻新组合Ⅱ优8220

Ⅱ优8220是以Ⅱ—32A与浙大8220配组育成的杂交水稻新组合。其父本浙大8220是以密阳46与带抗白叶枯病基因Xα21的IRBB21杂交,再与明恢63复交后,采用分子标记辅助选择技术结合人工接种鉴定育成的抗病新恢复系。Ⅱ优8220具有高产稳产、抗稻瘟病、中抗白叶枯病等特点,2003年3月通过浙江省品种审定。     

籼型强优恢复系盐恢3934的选育与应用

盐恢3934是江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所用镇恢129作母本,镇恢084作父本通过杂交育种方法育成的籼型强优恢复系。该恢复系具有抗白叶枯病,株型好,穗型大,配合力强,于2005年育成,初步配置杂交稻组合有丰优3934、天丰优3934、Ⅱ优3934、特占优3934、内2优3934、乐丰A/盐恢3934、广抗13A/盐恢3934等,其中Ⅱ优3934已通过2008、2009年江苏省杂交中籼区域试验。     

IRBB近等基因系对白叶枯病混合菌系的抗性表现及在恢复系选育中的应用

利用浙江省流行小种混合菌系对IRBB近等基因系进行抗白叶枯病鉴定，结果表明，多个白叶枯病抗性基因的聚合有利于抗性的提高。育种上可利用聚合有多个白叶枯病抗性基因的IRBB52、IRBB54、IRBB60等作为抗源供体，与抗稻瘟病恢复系CDR448、明恢63等杂交，利用花培、常规遗传选育等方法，选育双抗恢复系。     

抗病籼型水稻光温敏核不育系N632S的选育与应用

N632S系安徽省农业科学院水稻研究所以广占63S为轮回亲本,与抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病株系6G241杂交、回交和自交,将抗白叶枯病基因Xa23和抗稻瘟病基因Pi9(t)导入广占63S后育成的籼型水稻光温敏不育系。该不育系株型松紧适中,剑叶内卷,叶色深,不育起点温度低,开花习性较好,异交结实率较高,抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病,2011年8月通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定。以N632S与科恢752选系配组育成的高产抗病两系杂交籼稻新组合两优6375于2017年通过安徽省品种审定。     

优质抗稻瘟病水稻三系不育系M20A的选育

以改良优质三系不育系金山A-1的稻瘟病抗性和配合力作为育种目标,利用携有抗稻瘟病基因Pi-9的金23B抗病近等基因系(04AMA-88)与携有抗白叶枯病基因Xa21的金山B-1抗病近等基因系(04AMA-49)杂交,经分子标记辅助选择,在杂交F4代中选择携带Pi-9的优良单株与金23A测交并转育不育系,育成抗稻瘟病、米质优、配合力好、异交率高的新不育系M20A。该不育系及其配制的杂交早稻新组合M优2155(M20A/明恢2155)于2014年5月通过福建省品种审定委员会审定。     

优质高产杂交籼稻新组合中浙优1号的选育与应用

中浙优1号是用中浙A与航恢570配组育成的籼型杂交水稻新组合.浙江省单季稻区试结果,2 a平均产量比汕优63增产6.3%,生育期长5 d,品质优良,中抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病,适合于长江中下游作单季稻种植,2004年3月通过浙江省农作物品种审定.     

抗白叶枯病杂交水稻新组合T优597的选育与应用

T优597是国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心以T98A为母本,创恢597为父本配组育成的籼型杂交水稻新组合,具有产量较高、米质较优、抗白叶枯病、中感稻瘟病等特点,2005年1月通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

聚合多个抗性基因的水稻恢复系海恢818的选育与应用

海恢818是用抗白叶枯病的华23S与抗稻飞虱的华恢8131杂交选育而成的水稻恢复系,具有株型紧凑、分蘖力较强、开花习性好、米质较优、恢复力强等优点,经分子标记鉴定,聚合了稻飞虱抗性基因Bph3、Bph14和Bph15、稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-1和白叶枯病抗性基因Xa-7,并耐低氮。组配的优质杂交稻新组合博Ⅱ优818于2015年通过海南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

高产抗病杂交中籼新组合Ⅱ优084

用镇恢084与Ⅱ-32A组配成的杂交中籼新组合Ⅱ优0 84,具有高抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病、高产稳产、米质较优、适应性广、制种产量高等特点,20 01年4月通过江苏省品种审定.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.