辽宁省玉米育种的回顾与思考

讨论了辽宁省玉米育种目标的变化、育种技术方法的变化与进步,回顾了杂交种的选育、种质创新与自交系选育取得的重要成就。介绍了农家品种、综合种、品种间杂交种的鉴选与应用,分析了杂交种的选育和应用、自交系的选育和种质创新、理论研究。就辽宁省玉米育种现状从种质、育种方法、目标和品种审定进行了阐述。     

引入美国种质对我国玉米育种的影响

我国育种者从美国商业杂交种中分离了许多二环系,逐渐形成了PA(Reid)和PB(non-Reid)两大种质群,并利用这些二环系改良国内种质,取得了明显成效。PA种质是目前我国玉米育种利用的主要A类种质,在很大程度上稳定了我国玉米育种的杂种优势模式。而PB种质在引入抗病、耐逆基因的同时,倾向于破坏我国玉米杂种优势模式的稳定性和集中性,瓦解了我国的玉米杂种优势模式,同时也造成对热带种质的盲目利用,使得玉米育种的技术路线和杂种优势模式变得复杂化。目前直接对商业杂交种的分离选系在很大程度上造成育种思路与杂种优势模式的混乱。正确利用国外商业杂交种选育二环系和改良种质,对于制定今后玉米育种的技术路线和指导产品创新具有重要的实践意义。     

美国玉米带群体与西班牙玉米群体的杂种优势模式

美国玉米带群体与西班牙玉米群体的杂种优势模式Ｊ．Ｓｉｎｏｂａｓ等玉米育种的方向是选育高配合力的自交系，这些自交系用于生产农民种植的商品杂交种。杂交种的杂种优势表达主要依赖于通过自交方式获得的这些自交系的群体间的遗传差异。Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ（１９８４）把瑞...     

黑龙江省玉米育种研究回顾与展望

系统阐述了黑龙江省玉米育种五十年在农家品种、综合种、品种间杂交种的鉴选与应用。讨论了杂交种的选育和应用、自交系的选育和基础材料的创造、基础理论研究、专用玉米育种方面的发展历程与研究进展,回顾了育种目标的变化发展、育种技术方法的变化与进步、杂交种的选育推广、种质创新与自交系的选育取得的重要成就,对黑龙江省玉米育种未来发展提出建议和展望。     

多抗、高产、稳产、优质、高配合力玉米自交系育种的途径与方法探讨

本文通过总结分析多抗、高产、稳产、高配合力、优质育种目标的复杂性(所需聚合的基因对数很多)、必要性(竞争的综合目标不能简化降低)、迫切性(竞争形势要求育种速度必须很快),提出较简便、准确、可行的玉米杂交种竞争杂种优势评估与玉米自交系和杂交种的高产稳产性综合评价方法,进而提出切实可行的玉米自交系和杂交种的高产稳产性育种途径与方法。     

玉米育种的策略

1 认识玉米育种的特殊性 玉米的天然异花授粉习性与遗传基础的杂合性,以及因此产生的利用自交系间F_1代的杂种优势的育种程序,形成了玉米育种的特殊性。 (1)育种过程较长。它包含分离筛选自交系和组配鉴定杂交种两个步骤。要使众多杂合的基因位点,经过自交分离和选择获得大多数有利基因位点达到纯合或基本纯合的自交系,通常需要6～8代。要对杂交种的生产力和适应性作出较为准确的鉴定,一般需要3～4年。     

玉米品种兴达1号的选育与栽培要点

玉米育种是以利用杂种优势为主,从具有优良农艺性状、一般配合力和特殊配合力高的自交系为原材料进行选育。就玉米杂交种而言,一般5～7年更换1次。近几年甘肃省玉米育种工作者通过育种攻关,选育出了几个适应不同生态区种植的品种,但适用范围小,推广面积上不去,跟不上全省玉米生产发展的需要。     

玉米优异核心种质资源多基因矮生系5003及其姊妹系5005创制

玉米优异核心种质5003及其姊妹系5005是我国第一个自主选育的多基因控制的矮源资源。5003(5005)及其衍生自交系适应性广、抗逆性强、配合力高,与国内外主要种质类群均有明显杂种优势,构成了新的矮生杂种优势群。从20世纪80年代至今,全国各地育种单位育成含有5003(5005)种质的优良自交系25个,配出年推广面积超过10万hm2以上的玉米杂交种有38个,累计推广面积达1.08亿hm2。     

用RFLPs和有关杂交种资料预测玉米单交种的表现

用ＲＦＬＰｓ和有关杂交种资料预测玉米单交种的表现ＲｅｘＢｅｒｎａｒｄｏ商用玉米杂交种是典型的自交系间杂交种。这些系来自相对互补的杂种优势组。遗憾的是，育种者不能评价来自不同杂种优势组的自交系间所有可能的单交组合，大量可能的杂交组合经常受限制。例如，安...     

耐旱丰产玉米育种的探讨

本文依据自己的育种实践,对耐旱丰产玉米育种的几个问题进行了讨论。认为玉米的耐旱性和丰产性在适当的选择环境下,运用相应的选择方法是可以有机结合在一起的;在育种实践中,田间相对萎蔫度、ASI、RI(修)是评价材料耐旱性的有效方法。发现目前广泛应用的骨干系中不乏玉米耐旱基因。认为水旱平行交替环境是选育耐旱、高配自交系的必要条件。并对耐旱丰产玉米杂交种的性状特点进行了研究。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.