1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜营养需要量的研究

本研究旨在通过研究饲粮铜添加水平对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能、肝脏和血清铜含量等的影响,以探讨1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜的营养需要量。选用1日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉公雏鸡1440只,根据体重随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鸡,组1(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮(2.80 mg/kg铜),组2、3、4、5、6饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加4、8、16、32、64 mg/kg铜。试验期21 d。结果表明：本试验条件下,1)饲粮添加4和64 mg/kg铜显著提高试鸡平均日采食量( P<0.05),饲粮中铜添加水平对末重、平均日增重和料重比无显著影响( P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,8 mg/kg组法氏囊指数显著升高( P<0.05),而饲粮铜添加水平对胸腺和脾脏指数无显著影响( P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,8、16、32和64 mg/kg组血清和肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),各组间血清和肝脏丙二醛含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);添加16、32、64 mg/kg铜显著降低血清铜蓝蛋白活性(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,16、32和64 mg/kg组血清铜含量显著降低(P<0.05),铜添加水平对肝脏铜含量和肝脏金属硫蛋白含量影响不显著( P>0.05)。综合考虑各项指标,为获得较好生长性能和免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能,1~21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜适宜添加水平为8 mg/kg,加上基础饲粮铜含量2.80 mg/kg,则该阶段黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为10.80 mg/kg;以血清CuZnSOD活性为依据,通过非线性回归分析估测得到1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为13.38 mg/kg。     

日粮锰水平对辽宁绒山羊母羊血液繁殖指标的影响

为筛选能够提高辽宁绒山羊母羊繁殖性能的最适日粮锰水平,研究选择体况良好,体质量相近(34.16±0.90)kg的2.5岁母羊60只,随机分为4组,各组基础饲粮一致,锰补饲量分别是0、20、40、60 mg/kg DM,测定母羊空怀期(发情配种前)、妊娠1个月(第30 d)和妊娠4个月(第120 d)血清激素指标。结果显示,空怀期,补饲20 mg/kg DM锰组的FSH含量显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。空怀期,补饲锰组的LH含量显著高于基础饲粮组(P<0.05);妊娠4个月,补饲60 mg/kg DM锰组血清LH含量显著高于补饲20 mg/kg DM锰组和基础饲粮组(P<0.05)。空怀期,补饲20、60 mg/kg DM锰组血清PROG含量显著高于基础饲粮组(P<0.05),妊娠1个月,补饲20 mg/kg DM锰组血清PROG含量显著高于40 mg/kg DM锰组(P<0.05)。空怀期和妊娠4个月,补饲20 mg/kg DM锰组血清MT含量显著高于基础饲粮组(P<0.05),妊娠1个月,补饲锰组的血清MT含量显著高于基础饲粮组(P<0.05)。空怀期,补饲20 mg/kg DM锰组的血清PRL含量显著低于基础饲粮组(P<0.05);妊娠1个月,补饲锰组的血清PRL含量显著低于基础饲粮组(P<0.05)。空怀期和妊娠4个月,补饲40、60 mg/kg DM锰组血清E_2含量显著高于其余两组(P<0.05);妊娠1个月,补饲锰组的血清E2含量显著高于基础饲粮组(P<0.05)。结果说明,空怀期补饲锰20 mg/kg DM(日粮锰水平59.84 mg/kg DM),妊娠期补饲锰60 mg/kg DM(日粮锰水平99.84 mg/kg DM)对提高辽宁绒山羊母羊繁殖性能的效果较好。     

43～63日龄黄羽肉公鸡铜需要量

本研究旨在通过研究饲粮铜添加水平对黄羽肉公鸡生长性能、抗氧化性能、肝脏和血清铜含量等的影响,以探讨43~63日龄黄羽肉公鸡铜的需要量。选用43日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉公鸡900只,根据体重随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复25只鸡,组1(对照组)为基础饲粮组(铜水平为2.74 mg/kg),组2~6饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加4、8、16、32、64 mg/kg铜。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,16和32 mg/kg铜组显著提高试鸡末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量(P<0.05),饲粮中铜添加水平对料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,16和32 mg/kg铜组血清铜锌-超氧化物歧化酶(Cu Zn-SOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),32和64 mg/kg铜组肝脏Cu Zn-SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05),饲粮铜添加水平对胸肌中Cu ZnSOD活性无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮添加32和64 mg/kg铜显著降低了胸肌丙二醛(M DA)含量(P<0.05),各组间血清和肝脏MDA含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);添加16、32、64 mg/kg铜显著降低了血清铜蓝蛋白活性(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,8、16 mg/kg铜组肝脏铜含量显著降低(P<0.05),铜添加水平对血清铜含量和肝脏金属硫蛋白含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。综合考虑各项指标,为获得较好生长性能和抗氧化性能,43~63日龄黄羽肉公鸡饲粮铜适宜添加水平分别为16和32 mg/kg,加上基础饲粮铜水平为2.74 mg/kg,则该阶段黄羽肉公鸡铜需要量分别为18.74和34.74 mg/kg;以生长性能和肝脏Cu Zn-SOD活性为依据,通过折线回归分析估测得到43~63日龄黄羽肉公鸡铜需要量分别为19.94和38.34 mg/kg。     

饲粮添加氨基酸锌对育肥羊屠宰性能、肉品质及血液和组织中微量元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究氨基酸锌对育肥羊屠宰性能、肉品质及血液和组织中微量元素含量的影响。选择4月龄、体重为(29.00±0.61)kg的健康滩湖杂F1代公羊48只,随机分为4组,每组12只。对照组饲粮锌含量为52.80 mg/kg(硫酸锌),其中不含硫酸锌的锌含量为18.02 mg/kg,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组试验饲粮锌含量分别为对照组饲粮的1/2、1和2倍(氨基酸锌),预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:饲粮添加氨基酸锌显著提高了育肥羊平均日增重(P<0.05),以试验Ⅱ组平均日增重最高,达到283.59 g/d。饲粮添加氨基酸锌对育肥羊屠宰性能、肉质理化性状无显著影响(P>0.05),但随着饲粮氨基酸锌添加量增加,试验组肉骨比、背膘厚、眼肌面积先升高后降低,GR值、肌内脂肪含量升高,剪切力降低;试验组血液锌含量均高于对照组,在同等锌添加量条件下,试验Ⅱ组血清锌含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各组间背最长肌、肾脏、心脏、肝脏及肺脏组织的锌含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但氨基酸锌添加量过高会影响肌肉、肾脏、心脏、肺脏中铁沉积及肝脏中铜沉积。综上所述,饲粮添加氨基酸锌可促进育肥羊生长,改善肉品质;在锌含量为18.02 mg/kg的基础饲粮中添加52.80 mg/kg锌(氨基酸锌)效果最佳。     

饲粮中铜添加量对断奶至2月龄长毛兔生产性能和血清指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮中铜添加量对断奶至2月龄长毛兔生产性能、血清生化指标及血清中酶活性的影响。选用蒙阴细毛型长毛兔180只,随机分为6组,每组30只,试验兔单笼饲养。6组试验兔分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0、10、20、40、80和160 mg/kg铜(添加形式为五水硫酸铜)的试验饲粮,试验饲粮中铜含量的实测值分别为3.25、13.13、23.40、43.56、83.58及163.87 mg/kg。预试期为7 d,正试期为23 d。结果表明:饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔平均日增重(ADG)、料重比(F/G)的影响极显著(P0.01),当铜添加量为80 mg/kg时,ADG最高,F/G最低。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔胎毛产量、毛直径及皮张面积的影响不显著(P0.05)。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿素氮(UN)含量及白球比(A/G)均有显著影响(P0.05)。血清中UN含量随饲粮中铜添加量的升高呈现先下降后升高的趋势,当铜的添加量为80 mg/kg时,血清中UN的含量最低。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔血清中铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-Zn SOD)活性的影响不显著(P0.05),但对血清中铜蓝蛋白(CP)活性的影响显著(P0.05)。随着饲粮中铜添加量的升高,血清中铜蓝蛋白活性先升高后降低,在铜添加量为80 mg/kg时有最高值。饲粮中铜添加量对长毛兔肝脏指数有显著影响(P0.05),而对其他内脏器官指数无显著影响(P0.05)。当铜添加量为20 mg/kg时,肝脏指数最高。综合本试验测定指标,推荐断奶至2月龄长毛兔饲粮适宜的铜添加量为20~80 mg/kg。     

日粮不同锌水平对断奶仔猪血清及组织铜、锌沉积的影响

试验选用21日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交的断奶仔猪40头,按体重和公、母各半原则随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,每组10头猪,分别在基础日粮中添加氧化锌,使试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组中锌的含量分别达到100、1000、2000和3000 mg/kg,预试期7 d,正试期42 d。结果表明,3000 mg/kg锌日粮均能提高断奶仔猪血清锌水平(P<0.05),使血清锌含量显著上升(P<0.05),降低血清铜水平(P>0.05);3000 mg/kg锌日粮使肝脏、肾脏和十二指肠中锌含量极显著升高(P<0.01),各组间脾脏、淋巴结中锌含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),3000 mg/kg锌日粮会降低脾脏、淋巴结、十二指肠和肾脏中铜含量(P>0.05),提高肝脏中铜含量(P<0.01)。提示,3000 mg/kg锌日粮能增加断奶应激仔猪体内锌水平,降低部分组织中铜含量。     

22～42日龄肉鸡铜、铁、锌、锰不同用量组合的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能和粪中铜、铁、锌、锰排泄量的影响,进而对微量元素的平衡模式进行探讨。选取940只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡,1~21日龄统一饲喂铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为16.96、166.66、46.01、60.26 mg/kg的玉米-豆粕型饲粮。试验选用22日龄、体况良好、体重接近的AA肉公鸡900只,随机分为15组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为8、125、40、60 mg/kg,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中按照均匀设计原则添加2~8 mg/kg铜、10~35 mg/kg铁、10~40 mg/kg锌、15~60 mg/kg锰组成的14种试验饲粮。测定肉鸡试验期生长性能,并于38~42日龄时采集粪样测定铜、铁、锌、锰含量。结果表明:1)饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时,对22~42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。2)由最优解分析得出,粪中铜排泄量最低为23.11 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.15、116.28、82.82、60.95 mg/kg;铁排泄量最低为438.34 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为14.78、116.81、38.15、63.72 mg/kg;锌排泄量最低为102.60 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.69、127.40、40.70、133.26 mg/kg;锰排泄量最低为159.37 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为11.07、136.97、46.13、59.05 mg/kg;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最低为218.94 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg。综上所述,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时对22~42日龄肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰任一元素的排泄量均受饲粮中其他微量元素添加量的影响,且针对不同元素最低排泄量存在不同的最佳组合;饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰的含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg时,能够满足肉鸡微量元素需要量,同时粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最小。     

饲粮铁、铜水平对早期断奶仔猪生长发育及组织铁、铜含量的影响

本试验就饲粮铁、铜水平对早期断奶仔猪(30日龄)生长发育及组织中铁、铜含量的影响进行了研究。结果指出:在含铁70mg/kg及含铜10mg/kg的基础饲料中以硫酸亚铁形式添加35及70mg/kg铁和以硫酸铜形式添加125及200mg/kg铜时,对仔猪生长性能、组织器官的发育以及品骨、肾脏中的铁含量没有影响,但饲粮铁水平的增加可导致肝脏和脾脏铁含量的增加。在饲粮中添加35mg/kg及70mg/kg的铁时,可使肝脏铁含量增加14.6％和55.0％(P<0.01),使脾脏铁含量增加15.1％(P<0.05)及22.9％(P<0.01)。在仔猪饲粮中添加200mg/kg铜,可使仔猪日增重和采食量分别提高9.7％和16.2％,使肾脏和肝脏铜含量分别增加104.6％(P<0.01)和434.0％(P<0.01),使肝脏铁含量降低19.4％(P<0.05)。添加125mg/kg铜,使肾脏和肝脏铜增加27.9％和93.4％(P<0.01),使肝脏铁降低9.4％。     

饲粮铜添加水平对5～8周龄泰和乌骨鸡生产性能及组织黑色素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮铜添加水平对5～8周龄泰和乌骨鸡生产性能及组织黑色素含量的影响。选用29日龄泰和乌骨鸡270只,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只鸡。试验鸡饲喂在基础饲粮(铜含量为4.77 mg/kg)中分别添加0、5、15、30、60、125 mg/kg铜的饲粮,饲养至56日龄。结果表明:饲粮添加适量铜可显著影响5～8周龄泰和乌骨鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比(P<0.05),且在30 mg/kg时生产性能达到最佳。饲粮添加适量铜可显著或极显著影响血清、肝脏、肾脏、皮肤及肌肉的黑色素含量及酪氨酸酶活性(P<0.05或P<0.01),并呈现出随饲粮铜添加水平的提高先升后降的趋势。当饲粮铜添加水平为30 mg/kg时,血清和组织酪氨酸酶活性及组织黑色素含量达到峰值。由此可知,玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中添加铜可提高生产性能和组织黑色素含量,其适宜添加水平为30 mg/kg。     

饲粮铜水平对冬毛期银狐铜表观生物学利用率及组织器官铜沉积量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮铜水平对冬毛期银狐铜表观生物学利用率及组织器官铜沉积量的影响。选择50只120日龄、平均体重为(5 134±540)g的健康雌性银狐,随机分成5组,每组设10个重复,每个重复1只银狐。各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加6(Ⅰ组)、30(Ⅱ组)、60(Ⅲ组)、90(Ⅳ组)和150 mg/kg(Ⅴ组)柠檬酸铜的试验饲粮,基础饲粮中铜含量为4.92 mg/kg。预试期7 d,正试期51 d。结果表明:1)饲粮铜水平对平均日采食量、粪排出量和铜表观生物学利用率均无显著影响(P>0.05),对铜摄入量和粪铜排出量有极显著影响(P<0.01)。随着饲粮铜水平增加,铜摄入量和粪铜排出量极显著升高(P<0.01)。2)饲粮铜水平对毛铜、肝铜、肾铜和心铜沉积量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。随着饲粮铜水平增加,毛铜沉积量呈升高趋势,Ⅴ组沉积量最高;各组间肝铜、肾铜和心铜沉积量未显现出规律性变化。3)饲粮铜水平对心脏重有显著影响(P<0.05),从Ⅱ组至Ⅴ组,心脏重呈降低趋势。饲粮铜水平对肝脏重、肾脏重和脾脏重无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合分析各项试验指标,得出银狐冬毛期基础饲粮中添加60 mg/kg柠檬酸铜(饲粮中铜含量约65 mg/kg)时,有利于银狐对铜的消化利用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.