不同甘油浓度对兔精液冷冻保存的影响

本试验以不同浓度甘油对家兔精液冷冻保存的影响为研究目的,以柠-葡-卵基础液于三种浓度(6%、8%、10%)的甘油相配伍做为冷冻保存液对精液进行稀释,平衡,冷冻,解冻等处理,从而确定兔精液冷冻保存的最佳甘油浓度,得出如下结论:冷冻保护液中添加浓度为6%的甘油时,对精液进行冷冻保存、稀释、平衡,解冻后的精子活率与浓度为8%,10%的甘油冷冻效果比较差异显著.     

不同冷冻保护液和解冻温度对猪精液冷冻效果的影响

在BF5稀释液中分别添加不同水平的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)(0.5,1,1.5 g/L)、二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)(0.5%,1%,1.5%)、甲基-β-环糊精载胆固醇(CLC)(1,2.5,5 g/L),对成年健康猪精液进行冷冻保存,于不同温度(37,50,70℃)解冻后分别检测冷冻后精子的活率、活力、质膜完整性、项体完整率、线粒体活性.结果显示,0.5 g/L BSA组冷冻后精子活力、质膜完整率、顶体完整率和线粒体活性均高于其他组,但差异不显著(P0.05).1% DMA组冷冻后精子活率和活力显著优于1.5%DMA组(P＜0.05),同时也高于对照组(3%甘油)冻后精子活率和活力,但差异不显著.不同质量浓度CLC组冷冻后精子的活率、活力、质膜完整性和线粒体活性与对照组相比差异不显著.50℃和70℃解冻组精子的活率和线粒体活性显著高于37℃解冻组的精子;50℃解冻组精子的活力和质膜完整率显著高于其他2组.因此,在猪精液冷冻稀释液中,用DMA可以代替甘油作为渗透性保护剂,且以1%DMA,50℃解冻最佳.     

羊冷冻精液的制作技术研究

通过对羊精液冷冻稀释液组成成分的研究,筛选合适的稀释液配方,研究精子平衡时间、解冻温度、稀释倍数和稀释方法等对精子活力的影响。结果如下:①解冻后的精子活率以加入Tris的一组稀释液活率最高,与其他组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。②精液的平衡时间以平衡4～5h解冻后活率最高。③在45℃～60℃的水温条件下,取得了精子复苏率74.5%的解冻效果。④选用5种稀释比例(精液:稀释液),分别为1∶4、1∶5、1∶6、1∶6、1∶8,结果1∶8的稀释比例精液解冻后活率最高,达到了70%以上。     

鸭精液的冷冻保存试验

以笼养金定鸭为试验材料,对鸭精液冷冻保存稀释液、防冻剂进行筛选,并研究了最佳平衡时间和解冻温度,同时对公鸭精子在抗冻性方面的差异进行了初步探讨.结果发现:以10%二甲基亚砜作防冻剂,精子冻后活力最高,达0.7以上,经小群输精、孵化测定,受精率达65%.平衡时间10min、解冻温度40℃时,鸭精子冻后活力最好.公鸭在精子抗冻性方面存在极显著差异(P＜0.01).因此,应在抗冻性方面对公鸭加强选择.     

不同平衡时间对獭兔精液冷冻保存效果的影响

为探讨獭兔精液冷冻保存适宜的平衡时间,将精液稀释后分别平衡30 min、60 min、90 min、120 min后装管,并进行冷冻保存,解冻后分析精子活率、畸形率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率四个指标.结果表明,平衡60min时冻后精子活率（0.30）显著高于30 min（0.15）、90 min（0.21）和120 min（0.15） （P＜0.05）;畸形率显著低于30min（16.16％ vs26.23％）（P＜0.05）,但与其他各组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;平衡30 min、60 min时精子质膜完整率显著高于120min（83.05％、81.79％ vs74.79％） （P＜0.05）,与90 min差异不显著（83.05％、81.79％ vs78.63％）（P＞0.05）;不同平衡时间组精子顶体完整率差异均不显著（P＞0.05）.综合分析表明,獭兔精液在冷冻时适宜的平衡时间为60 min.     

不同浓度大豆卵磷脂替代蛋黄对东佛里生奶绵羊精液冷冻保存效果的影响

本试验皆在研究添加不同浓度大豆卵磷脂（SL）冷冻保存东佛里生奶绵羊精液的效果。我们在Tris基础稀释液中,添加18%蛋黄为对照组,添加0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%SL设为试验组,检测冷冻精液解冻后的精子活率和顶体完整率。结果显示,添加0.5%、2.5% SL冷冻稀释液稀释的精液,解冻后精子活率和顶体完整率与其他组之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）;添加18%蛋黄和1%～2% SL冷冻稀释液稀释的精液,冷冻解冻后精子活率和顶体完整率之间无显著差异（P>0.05）;添加18%蛋黄和1.0%～1.5% SL冷冻稀释液稀释后的精液,进行人工授精后母羊的妊娠率与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）。因此,大豆卵磷脂可以作为冷冻保护剂用于东佛里生奶绵羊精液的冷冻保存,其最佳添加浓度为1～2%（g／L）。     

维生素E提高绵羊颗粒冻精品质的机理研究

以无角多赛特公羊为试验对象,采用2步稀释法,在冷冻精液稀释液中添加维生素E,对维生素E提高绵羊颗粒冻精品质的机理进行初探.试验1证明,试验组的活率(0.435)极显著高于对照组(0.365)(P＜0.01),其精子顶体总异常率(33.72%)极显著低于对照组(44.35%)(P＜0.01),且顶体完整率与冻精活率相关极显著(r＝0.662,P＝0.037).添加维生素E可降低冷冻对精子顶体的损害程度,冷冻精液品质得到显著改善.试验2结果表明添加维生素E后AST、ALP、GGT、CK、LDH与ALT的活性均与对照组无显著差异.但对照组与试验组比较,GOT及CK释放量与解冻精子的活率负相关下降(分别为r＝-0.536,r＝-0.209及r＝-0.419,r＝-0.051),LDH的释放量与解冻精子的活率之间正相关(r＝0.123与r＝0.507).试验3结果证明在绵羊冷冻精液稀释液中添加维生素E可以显著提高精子顶体酶的活力,分别为82.91 mu/ml和99.82 mu/ml(P＜0.05).绵羊冷冻精液精子顶体酶活力与精子活率呈正相关(r=0.490),与精子畸形率呈负相关(r=-0.122),冷冻精子活率随着精子顶体酶活力的提高而提高.     

海藻糖和维生素C对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响

试验比较了在冷冻稀释液中添加不同浓度海藻糖(0.025,0.05,0.1 mol/L)以及添加10 mg/L维生素C对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响.结果:(1)添加0.025 mol/L海藻糖组的精子冻后活率与复苏率分别跟对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但添加浓度为0.05,0.1 mol/L的海藻糖组的精子活率和复苏率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).(2)在猪精液冷冻保存稀释液中,添加维生素C组的精子冻后活率和复苏率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).表明在猪精液冷冻液中,添加0.025,0.05,0.1 mol/L 3种不同浓度的海藻糖对猪精液没有起到保护作用,其中后两者对之有降低的作用;而添加10 mg/L维生素C可取得较好的冷冻保存效果.     

几种因素对鸵鸟冷冻精液精子活力影响的研究

对每组20份精子样品,采取不同冷冻程序,分析了各单因子如:稀释液种类、稀释液中甘油浓度、稀释方法、4℃低温平衡时间、冷冻面与液氮面距离及热平衡时间对鸵鸟冷冻精液的精子解冻复苏活率的影响。结果表明:以含甘油浓度2.8%的(MEM·蛋黄)稀释液,采用两步稀释,低温平衡2.5h,冷冻面与液氮面距离1.5cm进行2min热平衡,鸵鸟精液的冷冻效果较好。     

稀释液中添加多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)对绵羊精液冷冻效果的影响

以葡3-3稀释液(葡萄糖-柠檬酸盐-卵黄)为基础,添加富含多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),且含较高比例DHA和EPA的深海鱼油作为冷冻绵羊精液的新型添加剂,进而研究PUFA对绵羊精子冷冻-解冻过程优良的保护作用.研究结果表明,绵羊精液冷冻稀释液中添加3%PUFA的处理组,同时添加1%VE(V/V)作为抗氧化剂,经冷冻-解冻对精子的损害较小,解冻后活率和顶体完整率分别比对照组1(0)显著提高6%和10%(P＜0.05),精清中LDH酶(乳酸脱氢酶)活力和GOT酶(谷-草转氨酶)活力比对照组1(0)显著降低65%和15%(P＜0.05).     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.