麻杆粉代料栽培香菇的技术研究

在实验研究的基础上,成功地进行了红麻杆代料栽培香菇的生产试验.试验结果表明,麻杆粉代替木屑栽培香菇是完全可行的,但出菇后期营养不足、容易散袋,导致出菇期短,产量低.改善培养的营养成份,增强料袋的紧实度,提高保水性能,可使菌丝生长快,香菇产量高,花菇率高.培养料中木屑含量在20%左右时,香菇产量最高,效益最佳.     

以橡胶木屑为主要基质栽培的大球盖菇与香菇、平菇的主要营养成分差异

本研究将以橡胶木屑为主栽培的大球盖菇与常见食用菌的营养成分进行比较，以期从营养的角度为推广橡胶-大球盖菇模式提供依据。以常见的香菇和平菇为对照，比较大球盖菇的三大类营养成分、功能性成分、矿质元素和氨基酸的含量与香菇和平菇的养分差异。结果表明，与香菇和平菇相比，大球盖菇中占比最大的粗蛋白、总糖、氨基酸总量分别比香菇和平菇高 35.4%和 30.3%，52.7%和 21.3%，58.3%和 45.6%；占比较小的粗脂肪、粗多糖、总黄酮、粗纤维、矿质元素则总体持平或略低。综上所述，以橡胶木屑栽培为主栽培的大球盖菇的营养总体上较丰富，是推广橡胶-大球盖菇模式的有利依据之一。     

普洱地区白参菌栽培试验

通过对引进白参菌母种的培养基配方、原种的培养基配方、栽培料配方筛选和栽培方式的试验,结果表明马铃薯麸皮综合培养基可作为白参菌的最佳母种培养基;在原种和栽培种培养基中添加一定量的香菇菌糠和咖啡壳以及菜园土来进行白参菌的栽培是可行的;在参试的三种出菇方式中,以脱袋菌筒直接覆土栽培出菇效果最好,生物学转化率可达90.8%。     

袋栽花菇栽培技术要点

花菇是香菇之上品,被誉为"山珍之冠",原来仅靠段木栽培,产量甚低．近年来在浙江庆元、福建寿宁等地兴起袋栽花菇,经济效益较高。现将其栽培技术要点整理归纳如下：一、栽培季节与菌种选择栽培季节要根据当地气候条件和香菇菌株的种性来决定。一般选用耐干旱性能好,培养菌龄长才能出菇的低温型或中低温型的香菇品种（如435、9015、939、241-4、南花等）。由于袋栽花菇需要较长（5-7个月）的营养生长期,菌筒制作须提前进行,高山地区一般在3-5月份接种,低海拔地区可适当推迟．二、菌筒制作与培养袋栽花菇从配料到培养等系列操作程序与…     

不同原料及配方添加锌、硒对大球盖菇生长及产量的影响

[目的]研究不同栽培料配方添加锌、硒微量元素对大球盖菇生长及产量的影响.[方法]设置9个栽培料配方处理,并添加锌、硒微量元素,测定各处理大球盖菇菌丝长势、出菇时间、产量、生物转化率等指标.[结果]富硒香菇菌渣30％+玉米芯70％配方,熟料栽培产量35574.32 kg/hm2,产量排名第1位,生物转化率56.9％;富硒...     

玉米秸秆栽培珍稀食用菌秀珍菇试验初报

为了解决珍稀食用菌秀珍菇[Pleurotus cornucopiae(Paul.:Pers.)Rolland]生产栽培过程中大量消耗林木或大量从外省调入棉籽壳问题,利用玉米秸秆代替木屑和棉籽壳作栽培料栽培秀珍菇试验,结果表明:用玉米秸秆可以完全代替棉籽壳栽培秀珍菇,其生物效率与对照没有显著差异(P>0.05),而用玉米秸秆代替木屑(占基质总量50%),秀珍菇生物效率比对照高10.47百分点,差异显著(P<0.05)。同时节省了木屑,解决“菌木”矛盾,有利于保持生态平衡。     

鲜美型香菇品种选育及栽培研究

[目的]培育适应中、高海拔,出菇季节广、产量高的香菇新菌株。[方法]采集贵州野生马桑香菇部分分布区域健壮子实体为育种亲本,依据《食用菌品种选育技术规范》,经系统选育,获得味道鲜美、高产、优质、抗逆性强的马桑香菇优良品种。[结果]该菌株菌丝在5~28℃均能生长,子实体适宜温度15~22℃。菌丝萌发,形成原基能力强。除7—8月外,其余时间均可生长。平均产量90000 kg/hm2,生物学转化率80%。采用马桑木屑+麸皮+过磷酸钙+蔗糖配方栽培。[结论]驯化后的马桑香菇在不同海拔地区试验产量稳定,没有出现突变现象和性状分化情况,具有很好的商业价值。     

香菇新法段木栽培

近些年来，香菇筒代料栽培遍及闽西北各地，成为当地一项脱贫致富的项目。然而这种栽培法也存在不少问题，主要表现在生产成本日益高涨，目前直接成本高达1．10元袋左右，而且生产工序十分繁琐，更主要的存在着污染率居高不下的状况，加上由于菌丝体培养阶段偏短，往往会出现第一潮菇畸形率偏高，影响到商品销售价格，降低菇农的经济效益。在森林资源丰富地方，人们仍旧采取一些段木栽培，但由于交通不便，大多采用山场就地砍伐，仿照日本打孔接种，不加选择就地假山，山出菇的方法。加上管理上极为粗放导致产量低微，难以获得高品质的厚菇…     

辣木屑对秀珍菇子实体产量与品质的影响

试验拟探讨添加不同比例辣木屑作为培养原料栽培秀珍菇对其菌丝生长、子实体产量与品质的影响。结果表明:添加辣木屑可促进秀珍菇菌丝的生长,但添加60%以上时,秀珍菇产量会显著降低;添加40%或50%时秀珍菇产量无明显降低。添加50%辣木屑时,秀珍菇子实体的总氨基酸含量显著增加,而粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物和灰分均无显著差异;子实体的重金属镉、砷、铅和汞含量均无显著差异,且均未超出污染标准;子实体硒含量显著升高,并达到富硒食用菌标准。说明辣木屑完全可用于栽培秀珍菇,其适宜使用量为40%~50%;适量的辣木屑可保证秀珍菇产量的同时,提高秀珍菇的品质,特别是可提高秀珍菇的硒含量,是生产富硒秀珍菇产品的良好原料。     

茶生物资源循环利用初报：茶废弃物栽培毛木耳,黑木耳,香菇试验

本试验通过茶屑、茶粉代替木屑、麸皮栽培食用菌的结果表明:1、利用茶屑代替木屑栽培毛木耳、黑木耳、香菇是可行的,具有很高的实用价值,随着茶屑用量的增加,产量呈递度增长,而且产品内质也有所提高。2、茶粉代替麸皮栽培毛木耳、黑木耳是可行的、适量的比例对产量有促进作用;茶粉对香菇的菌丝生长有抑制作用,是不适宜的。     

Peach brown rot incidence related to pathogen infection at different stages of fruit development in an organic peach production system

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is the most widespread disease for organic peach production systems in Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the favorable periods for latent infection by M. fructicola in organic systems. The field experiment was carried out during 2006, 2007 and 2008 using the cultivar Aurora. After thinning fruits were bagged using white paraffin bags, and the treatments were performed by removing the bags and exposing the fruit for four days to the natural infection during each of seven fruit stages from pit hardening to harvest. Throughout the entire growing season, the conidial density and the weather variables were measured and related to the disease incidence using multiple regression analyses. At the fourth day after harvest in each season, the cumulative disease incidence was assessed, and it ranged from 40 to 98%. The incidence of brown rot on fruit that were exposed during the embryo growing stage was lower than that of unbagged fruit throughout the entire season in 2006 and 2008. The relative humidity and the conidia density were significantly correlated to disease incidence. Based on our results, M. fructicola can infect peaches during any stage of fruit development, and control of the disease must be revised to account for organic peach production systems.     

秀珍菇菌种复壮方法比较

以从秀珍菇(Pleurotus geesteranus)污染菌包中分离得到的3个秀珍菇菌株为出发菌株,采用挑取尖端菌丝、基内菌丝及气生菌丝3种方法进行复壮处理,共获得处理菌株8个。以出发菌株为对照,比较处理菌株的菌落形态、菌丝生长速度及菌丝生物量,并通过出菇实验以及dsRNA检测,对不同复壮方法的复壮效果进行评价。结果表明:尖端菌丝和基内菌丝挑取法能显著提高出发菌株的菌丝生长速度和生物量,可以缩短出菇周期并提高出菇产量;而气生菌丝挑取法则不能对出发菌株进行复壮,其菌丝生物量和出菇产量反而比出发菌株有所降低。     

Changes in mass and chemical composition of grass roots during decomposition

The decomposition of dead roots of perennial grasses was examined in nylon litter bags not containing soil at two soil depths, 10 and 20 cm, and also in larger nylon bags containing soil at 020 cm depth. Bags were sampled three times during the growing season to determine weights of organic matter, crude protein, Klason lignin and non-structural and structural carbohydrates.
From 3 July to 5 October (94 days) the litter bags at 10 and 20 cm and the nylon bags lost, respectively, 35,38 and 65% of their organic mass of particle size < 1 mm.
Non-structural carbohydrates constituted 6% of the organic matter in the original sample but only 1% or less during the sampling period. Klason lignin increased from 22 to 29% and crude protein from 8 to 10% of the remaining organic matter, whereas structural carbohydrates changed very little.
The constituents were degraded at different rates. The non-structural carbohydrates had decomposed almost completely by the first sampling and of the other constituents the structural carbohydrates were degraded most rapidly. Before the first sampling unexpected amounts of structural carbohydrates, particularly glucans, had disappeared.
The results help to explain rapid declines in root mass (up to 50%) during summer in perennial grass leys observed in earlier experiments.     

Effectiveness and economics of hermetic bags for maize storage: Results of a randomized controlled trial in Kenya

Maize is an important seasonal crop and year-round food staple in Africa. On-farm storage is therefore needed, but it suffers from storage pests. To study the effectiveness and economics of a new storage method, hermetic bags, a randomized controlled trial was organized in Kenya with 300 farmers in the treatment group using hermetic bags and 300 in the control group using conventional farmer practices. A subsample of 224 farmers was visited three times during the 2012–2013 major storage season: at baseline and after two and four months. Grain samples were taken and insect infestation, damage and weight loss observed. Results show that hermetic bags were highly effective in controlling storage insect pests: after four months, grain damage was 14% in the control and only 4% in the treatment; weight loss due to insect pests was 1.7% among control farmers, but only 0.4% in the treatment group. Economic analysis shows that hermetic bags become potentially profitable, under basic price and loss assumptions, if farmers use hermetic bags for storage for at least four months per season, and if the bags last for at least four seasons.     

羽叶决明代木栽培鸡腿菇的物质转化

研究羽叶决明(Chamaecrasta nictitans)代木栽培鸡腿菇(Coprinus ovatus)对其绝对生物学效率、基物失重、呼吸消耗及木质纤维素转化的影响.结果表明,羽叶决明牧草替代60%木屑(A60)栽培鸡腿菇的绝对生物学效率最高,均为10.77%.覆土前和采收后的基物失重和呼吸消耗都以A0(CK)为最高,分别为11.47%、11.47%和31.75%、25.55%,其木质素转化率也最高,为79.21%;纤维素转化率以A100(羽叶决明牧草替代100%木屑)为最高,达50.93%;半纤维素转化率以A40(羽叶决明牧草替代40%木屑)为最高,为49.74%.回归分析结果表明,绝对生物学效率和半纤维素转化率与替代比例呈抛物线相关,而基物失重、呼吸消耗及木质素、纤维素转化率与替代比例呈线性相关.     

高温高湿地区套袋处理对火龙果果实品质的影响

为探讨适用于高温高湿地区的火龙果果袋,以红皮红肉型‘桂红龙2号’火龙果为材料,测定5种不同类型果袋套袋后袋内温湿度日变化及对火龙果果实品质、果实病害以及采后果实失水率等的影响。结果表明,套袋后袋内温度升高速度更快,白天袋内温度均显著高于对照;套袋使果皮变薄,增加可食率,促进了果皮鳞片转红,以牛皮纸袋为最高;套袋显著增加了果皮与果肉的色素含量;显著增加了果实可溶性固形物含量,不同程度的提高了葡萄糖和果糖的含量;但套袋也提高了果实苹果酸及柠檬酸的含量。套袋总体上降低了采后水分散失的程度,白色纸袋和无纺布袋有利于降低采后病害发生率,延长货架期。除黑色尼龙网袋以外,套袋均提高了果实煤烟病的发病率。综上,在广西南宁周边高温高湿地区,可使用黑色尼龙网袋,有利于防止鸟啄和虫害,或使用白色纸袋和无纺布袋,有利于延长货架寿命,但采收后要注意煤烟斑的清洗。     

Production of carboxymethylcellulose fibers from waste lignocellulosic sawdust using NaOH/NaClO2 pretreatment

In this study, waste lignocellulosic sawdust was converted to carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) by the combination process of an inorganic base (NaOH) and a weak acid (monochloroacetic acid, MCA). Optimum conditions for the pretreatment were studied on the basis of lignin and hemicellulose removal. NaOH and MCA concentration, reaction time, and operating temperature were the parameters studied to acquire the optimized conditions for the production of CMC. Degree of substitution (DS) and solubility were greatly influenced by the changes in the experimental conditions. DS increased on increasing the concentration of NaOH and MCA but the effect was more profound during the NaOH loading. A maximum DS of 0.5 was obtained on the treatment with 20 % NaOH and 20 % MCA concentration at 50 °C, 150 rpm for 4 h. 1.28 g CMC/g cellulose was obtained at the optimized set of conditions. Structural information of cellulose and CMC was obtained using IR spectroscopy and the surface morphology was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Carboxymethylcellulose showed lower crystallinity than the native cellulose extracted from sawdust which was studied using X-ray diffraction.     

金针菇松杉木屑菌糠栽培猴头菇的技术研究

为降低猴头菇生产成本和解决松杉木屑工厂化栽培金针菇菌糠利用问题,研究了金针菇菌糠营养成分和不同配方对猴头菇产量及经济效益的影响。结果显示:金针菇菌糠含有9.8%粗蛋白、32.3%粗纤维、1.2%粗脂肪、17.9%木质素和7.7%灰分;筛选出配方2是最佳的配方,比例分别为金针菇菌糠38%、棉籽壳20%、玉米芯30%、麸皮10%、碳酸钙2%,其产量和利润分别比对照组、配方1、配方3和配方4提高了9.67%、25.00%、6.12%、8.40%和115.91%、48.44%、46.15%、25.00%。为金针菇菌糠用于猴头菇大面积栽培提供了科学依据。     

不同果袋对油梨果实品质及脂肪酸成分的影响

以海南本地3个油梨品系为试材,选取2种不同类型果袋(白色纸袋和外黄内黑牛皮纸袋)进行油梨果实套袋处理,以不套袋作为对照,在套袋后100 d,油梨成熟时采集样品,进行果实外观和内在品质的测定.观察并测定套袋对油梨果实品质和脂肪酸成分的影响.结果表明,外黄内黑牛皮纸袋套袋处理后的果实表皮变黄,白色纸袋套袋处理后的果皮颜色与...     

竹基质与菌种密度对棘托竹荪产量及营养品质的影响

以棘托竹荪为研究对象,采用正交试验设计,探讨竹荪培养基质量与菌种密度对其产量和营养成分的影响,筛选最佳配比组合,旨在为竹荪种植提供科学的技术支撑。结果表明:鲜菇平均产量3.51 kg/m²、粗蛋白含量18.78%、粗纤维含量21.19%、总糖含量37.79%。不同处理组合间产量、粗蛋白和总糖差异极显著（P<0.01）,粗纤维差异显著（P<0.05）。菌种密度和基质量各因素水平间仅产量差异显著,营养成分无显著差异,其中600 g/m²菌种密度的竹荪产量极显著大于400、800 g/m²,为4.54 kg/m²;16.0 kg/m²基质量的产量显著高于8.0、12.0 kg/m²,为3.95 kg/m²,3种主要营养成分随菌种量和基质量水平的增加呈异质性变化,二者的交互作用显著影响粗蛋白含量（P<0.05）;极差分析结果显示,菌种量对竹荪产量、粗蛋白和粗纤维含量的影响大于基质,而对总糖含量影响与之相反。不同处理组合的种植支收比为(1∶3.77)~(1∶9.32),其中以每平方米林地采用16.0 kg基质种植600 g菌种收益最高,收益达54.9元/m²,支收比1∶6.62,但投入成本与产量收益呈非完全正比关系。本研究认为,尽管基质量和菌种种植密度不会单方面显著改变竹荪营养成分,但选择合适的配比对提高竹荪产量和优化支收比都具有重要意义。