转hrf1基因水稻对稻瘟病多小种非专化的稳定抗性

以表达水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）编码harpin广谱抗性激发子的hrf1基因的转基因系为材料,在温室和田间病圃鉴定它们对稻瘟病菌的抗性,分析转基因水稻抗稻瘟病的作用机制。研究结果显示,转hrf1基因水稻对稻瘟病菌ZC3、ZD1和ZG1小种表现高抗,对ZB13表现中抗,表明hrf1基因在水稻中表达可以产生非小种专化抗性。在稻瘟病圃中对水稻稻瘟病抗性鉴定结果显示,转hrf1基因水稻在T1、T3、T5和T7代对稻瘟病菌都表现很好的抗性,表明转hrf1基因水稻对稻瘟病菌的抗性能稳定遗传。 转hrf1基因抗病水稻中防卫反应基因OsPR1a、OsPR1b、PAL和Chia4a以及正向调控水杨酸介导信号传导的NPR1基因的表达显著增强。转基因抗病水稻中硅含量显著提高。Harpin编码基因在水稻中表达,可能通过激发水稻中防卫反应基因的表达,提高水稻中硅含量等,从而使水稻产生对稻瘟病菌的广谱抗性。     

水稻抗稻瘟病分子机制研究进展

稻瘟病是危害世界水稻生产最严重的真菌病害之一。稻瘟病菌生理小种变异快，水稻品种的抗性一般仅能维持3~5年。培育和种植抗性品种是目前最经济有效的措施。近年来，对稻瘟病菌致病机制和抗性基因分子机理的系统研究，加深了对该病原菌-宿主系统中病原相关分子模式诱导的免疫反应机制和病原菌效应蛋白诱导的免疫反应机制的了解。本文综述了水稻抗稻瘟病的两种天然免疫机制研究的最新进展，并对目前水稻抗稻瘟病分子机制研究中急需解决的问题和挑战进行探讨和展望。     

水稻抗稻瘟病分子机制研究进展

稻瘟病是危害世界水稻生产最严重的真菌病害之一。稻瘟病菌生理小种变异快,水稻品种的抗性一般仅能维持3~5年。培育和种植抗性品种是目前最经济有效的措施。近年来,对稻瘟病菌致病机制和抗性基因分子机理的系统研究,加深了对该病原菌-宿主系统中病原相关分子模式诱导的免疫反应机制和病原菌效应蛋白诱导的免疫反应机制的了解。本文综述了水稻抗稻瘟病的两种天然免疫机制研究的最新进展,并对目前水稻抗稻瘟病分子机制研究中急需解决的问题和挑战进行探讨和展望。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定向改良水稻稻瘟病抗性

【目的】CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术是作物遗传改良的有效工具。本研究通过对水稻Pita、Pi21和ERF922稻瘟病相关基因进行定点编辑，以期获得能够稳定遗传的抗稻瘟病水稻材料。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术，以Pita、Pi21和ERF922为靶基因，构建共编辑载体pC1300-2×35S::Cas9-gPita-gPi21-gERF922 ，用农杆菌转化长粒粳稻恢复系L1014，筛选获得稳定遗传的纯合突变体用于稻瘟病抗性鉴定。【结果】在T0代转基因株系中，Pita、Pi21和ERF922突变频率分别为75%、85%和65%，突变基因型多为双等位突变。筛选到的不含T-DNA成分的T1代能够稳定遗传给T2代，并从中获得Pi21单突变纯合株系及Pita、Pi21和ERF922的三突变纯合株系。稻瘟病抗性鉴定结果表明，与野生型相比，突变株系的抗性显著提高。同时，接种后纯合突变体株系内水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯等信号转导途径相关基因的表达量均上调。据此，我们推测纯合突变株系对稻瘟病的抗性增强可能与其对稻瘟病菌的响应被激活有关。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术获得了能够稳定遗传和具有较高稻瘟病抗性的纯合突变株系，为水稻稻瘟病抗性改良提供了良好的材料。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定向改良水稻稻瘟病抗性

[目的]CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑技术是作物遗传改良的有效工具。本研究通过对水稻Pita、Pi21和ERF922稻瘟病相关基因进行定点编辑,以期获得能够稳定遗传的抗稻瘟病水稻材料。[方法]利用 CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,以 Pita、Pi21 和 ERF922 为靶基因,构建共编辑载体 pC1300-2×35S::Cas9-g^Pita-g^Pi21-g^ERF922 ,用农杆菌转化长粒粳稻恢复系L1014,筛选获得稳定遗传的纯合突变体用于稻瘟病抗性鉴定。[结果]在T0代转基因株系中,Pita、Pi21和ERF922 突变频率分别为 75%、85%和 65%,突变基因型多为双等位突变。筛选到的不含 T-DNA成分的T1代能够稳定遗传给T2代,并从中获得 Pi21单突变纯合株系及Pita、Pi21和ERF922的三突变纯合株系。稻瘟病抗性鉴定结果表明,与野生型相比,突变株系的抗性显著提高。同时,接种后纯合突变体株系内水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯等信号转导途径相关基因的表达量均上调。据此,我们推测纯合突变株系对稻瘟病的抗性增强可能与其对稻瘟病菌的响应被激活有关。[结论]利用 CRISPR/Cas9 技术获得了能够稳定遗传和具有较高稻瘟病抗性的纯合突变株系,为水稻稻瘟病抗性改良提供了良好的材料。     

Current Status of Conventional and Molecular Interventions for Blast Resistance in Rice

Pyricularia oryzae anamorph of Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most notorious fungal pathogens causing severe economic loss in rice production worldwide. Various methods, viz. cultural, biological and molecular approaches, are utilized to counteract this pathogen. Moreover, some tolerant or resistant rice varieties have been developed with the help of breeding programmes. Isolation and molecular characterization of different blast resistance genes now open the gate for new possibilities to elucidate the actual allelic variants of these genes via various molecular breeding and transgenic approaches. However, the behavioral pattern of this fungus breakups the resistance barriers in the resistant or tolerant rice varieties. This host-pathogen barrier will be possibly countered in future research by comparative genomics data from available genome sequence data of rice and M. oryzae for durable resistance. Present review emphasized fascinating recent updates, new molecular breeding approaches, transgenic and genomics approaches(i.e. mi RNA and genome editing) for the management of blast disease in rice. The updated information will be helpful for the durable, resistance breeding programme in rice against blast pathogen.     

广西野生稻资源抗稻瘟病材料的鉴定与评价

 经过3代自交纯化与稻瘟病抗性鉴定,在1500份普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)中发现38份抗病材料,在113份药用野生稻(O. officinalis Wall. ex Watt.)中发现18份抗病材料。普通野生稻和药用野生稻相同材料在不同年份的田间病区诱发鉴定中,各级抗性植株分布差异不显著,鉴定结果表现一致。与普通野生稻相比,广西药用野生稻抗性基因发生的频率显著较高、抗性稳定,是一种特殊抗性类型,从中获得具有重要利用价值的新抗性基因的可能性较大。研究还表明,自交提纯能够明显提高这两种野生稻的平均抗性水平。在田间病区诱发条件下,广西普通野生稻抗性材料出现的频率与地区居群的遗传多样性没有显著相关性。     

Application of Functional Markers to Identify Genes for Bacterial Blight Resistance in Oryza rufipogon

Field resistances of nine accessions of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and one rice variety (IR24) were evaluated by using nine strains of bacterial blight pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) from the Philippines. IR24 was highly susceptible to all the strains, and six common wild rice accessions resisted all the nine strains, with a resistance frequency of 67%. The accessions Yulin and Wanning were only susceptible to PXO280 and PXO71, respectively. The accession Gaozhou was susceptible to the three strains PXO79, PXO99 and PXO339, whereas resistant to the other six strains. It could be concluded that there is at least one resistance gene in each common wild rice accession. The functional markers of the genes xa5, xa13, Xa21 and Xa27 were used to detect the presence of these resistance genes in the nine tested wild rice accessions, and it was found that four wild rice accessions contained heterozygous xa13. Among the nine common wild rice accessions, five were homozygous for Xa27 and three homozygous for xa27, and the accession Laibin contained neither xa27 nor Xa27. In addition, there were no xa5 and Xa21 in all of these accessions.     

多年生稻稻瘟病抗性评价

利用长雄野生稻（Oryza longistaminata）地下茎无性繁殖特性培育多年生稻（Perennial Rice, PR）已经成功并开始示范推广。多年生稻表现出一定的稻瘟病抗性,但其所具有的稻瘟病抗性来源尚不清楚。本研究通过田间病情调查、接种鉴定以及抗性基因检测等3种方法,对育成的多年生稻23（PR23）、云大24（PR24）、云大25（PR25）、云大101（PR101）、云大107（PR107）、父本长雄野生稻、母本RD23、（RD23/长雄野生稻）F₁进行稻瘟病抗性评价。结果表明,父本长雄野生稻、（RD23/长雄野生稻）F₁代及5个多年生稻品种（系）表现为高抗稻瘟病,而母本RD23表现高感稻瘟病,推测PR23、PR24、PR25、PR101和PR107这5个多年生稻品种（系）的稻瘟病抗性可能来源于长雄野生稻。其中,PR23、PR25稻瘟病抗性基因可能来自于长雄野生稻的Pi5基因和Pita-2位点,PR24稻瘟病抗性基因可能是来自长雄野生稻的Pita-2位点,PR107稻瘟病抗性基因可能来自于长雄野生稻的Pi5基因和Pish位点;PR101中未检测到本文中涉及到的基因或位点,推测其稻瘟病抗性来自长雄野生稻内未知的稻瘟病抗性基因。本研究结果将为多年生稻稻瘟病抗病育种、品种布局、植保技术制定等提供一定参考。     

Strategy for Use of Rice Blast Resistance Genes in Rice Molecular Breeding

Rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice production worldwide. The development and rational use of resistant varieties has been the most effective and economical measure to control blast. In this review, we summarized the cloning and utilization of rice blast resistance genes, such as Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi54, Pigm and Piz-t. We concluded that three main problems in the current breeding of rice blast resistance are: availability of few R(resistance) genes that confer resistance to both seedling and panicle blast, the resistance effect of pyramided lines is not the result of a simple accumulation of resistance spectrum, and only a few R genes have been successfully used for molecular breeding. Therefore, novel utilization strategies for rice blast R genes in molecular breeding were proposed, such as accurately understanding the utilization of R genes in main modern rice varieties, creating a core resistant germplasm with excellent comprehensive traits, screening and utilizing broadspectrum and durable resistance gene combinations. Lastly, the trends and possible development direction of blast resistance improvement were also discussed, including new genes regulating resistance identified via GWAS(genome-wide association study) and improving rice blast resistance using genetic editing.     

Improving Rice Blast Resistance by Mining Broad-Spectrum Resistance Genes at Pik Locus

Magnaporthe oryzae is known for its genetic diversity and pathogenic variability, leading to rapid breakdown of resistance in rice. Incorporating multiple broad-spectrum blast resistance genes into rice cultivars would extend disease resistance longevity. Effective resistance breeding in rice therefore requires continual enrichment of the reservoir of resistance genes and alleles. We conducted a large-scale screen of rice blast resistance in about 2 000 rice accessions. Among them, 247 accessions showed at least medium resistance to the natural infection of rice blast and 7 novel Pik alleles were identified from them. Variations in gene sequences were then correlated with the phenotypic trait to enable the identification of favorable alleles. Among the seven novel Pik alleles, the resistant rate of Pik-R0/ME/7017 donors was greater than 80%, and the disease score was less than 3. Through molecular marker-assisted backcross breeding, we successfully transferred the three Pik alleles, Pik-R0/ME/7017, into an elite cultivated line Kongyu 131 to obtain BC₃F₂ lines, which showed enhanced resistance to rice blast compared with the recurrent parent. Assessment of these near-isogenic lines in the greenhouse using 31 isolates of M. oryzae from Heilongjiang Province of China revealed that the resistant levels of the BC₃F₂ lines with Pik-R0/ME/7017 were significantly higher than those of the established cloned resistance genes Pik-m and Pi1. Exploring such alleles will enrich our gene library for resistance to rice blast.     

分子标记辅助选择改良三系杂交稻恢复系R225稻瘟病抗性

稻瘟病是水稻的主要病害,培育抗稻瘟病品种是防治稻瘟病的有效途径。本研究通过分子标记辅助选择与杂交育种相结合的方式,将稻瘟病抗性基因Pi1、Pi2和Pi9导入到三系杂交稻恢复系R225。对BC3F3代材料进行苗期和成熟期稻瘟病抗性鉴定,携带1个或2个抗性基因的目标株系抗性达到中抗以上水平,稻瘟病抗性显著高于各自的轮回亲本。SSR标记分析表明,改良株系的遗传背景回复率达到86.1%~95.3%。通过标记辅助选择获得的改良材料为三系杂交稻恢复系的培育提供了稻瘟病抗性亲本。     

利用分子标记辅助育种技术选育高抗白叶枯病恢复系

通过常规回交育种结合分子标记辅助选择技术,已将来自IRBB24的2个抗白叶枯病基因, Xa21和Xa4, 聚合到感病的杂交稻恢复系绵恢７２５中。通过分子标记检测目标基因和亲本遗传背景差异分析快速获得了4个高抗白叶枯病的恢复系姊妹系R207 1、R207 2、R207 3和R207 4。采用与目标抗性基因相应的菲律宾菌系P1、P6 和7个中国病原型代表菌系（CⅠ~CⅦ）对4个姊妹系及其杂交组合进行田间接种。结果表明,这些姊妹系及所配制的杂交组合抗病性强、抗谱广,其中杂交组合G46A/R207 2具有良好的产量潜力,将R207 2定名为蜀恢207。     

Breeding Rice Restorer Lines with High Resistance to Bacterial Blight by Using Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection

Rice bacterial blight, one of the major diseases of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo, jeopardizes rice diversely. It causes leaf wilting, affects photosynthesis and reduces 1000-grain weight and generally results in yield loss by 20-30 pe…     

稻瘟病主效抗性基因对广东省籼稻稻瘟病菌的抗性评价

对来自不同抗源的30个抗稻瘟病单基因系进行了小种专化抗性及田间抗性的分析和评价。30个单基因系对163个广东省稻瘟病菌株的抗谱介于0.6%~89.6%,大多数单基因系对测试的病菌表现出较窄的抗谱,在病区表现为高度感病,但含有Pikh 和 Pi1(t)的单基因系表现出广谱抗性,抗谱分别为89.6% 和 82.2%,在病区表现出较好的田间抗性。基于抗性基因与163个稻瘟病菌的抗感互作聚类分析,将30个单基因系的小种专化抗性划分为15个类型。主成分因子分析结果表明,其中9个类型的小种专化抗性表现出较大差异,可解释总变异的81.3%。含有Pik、Piz5、Pi9、Pish的单基因系在小种专化抗性上有别于广东省骨干亲本,这些基因在今后抗性育种中可重点引入。Pikh\[或 Pi1（t）\]、Pi9（或 Piz5）及Pish（或 Pita2）的基因聚合有利于提高广东省水稻品种对该地区稻瘟病菌的抗谱。并就稻瘟病抗性基因的研究及利用策略进行了讨论。     

CRISPR/Cas9-Targeted Knockout of Rice Susceptibility Genes OsDjA2 and OsERF104 Reveals Alternative Sources of Resistance to Pyricularia oryzae

Rice genes OsDjA2 and OsERF104, encoding a chaperone protein and an APETELA2/ ethylene-responsive factor, respectively, are strongly induced in a compatible interaction with blast fungus, and also have function in plant susceptibility validated through gene silencing. Here, we reported the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of OsDjA2 and OsERF104 genes resulting in considerable improvement of blast resistance. A total of 15 OsDjA2 (62.5%) and 17 OsERF104 (70.8%) T₀ transformed lines were identified from 24 regenerated plants for each target and used in downstream experiments. Phenotyping of homozygous T₁ mutant lines revealed not only a significant decrease in the number of blast lesions but also a reduction in the percentage of diseased leaf area, compared with the infected control plants. Our results supported CRISPR/Cas9-mediated target mutation in rice susceptibility genes as a potential and alternative breeding strategy for building resistance to blast disease.     

Pathogenic and Genetic Diversity of Magneporthe oryzae Populations from Sri Lanka

The present study was undertaken to determine the pathogenic and the genetic diversity of the isolates of M.oryzae collected from the wet,intermediate and dry zones of Sri Lanka with a view to develop rice varieties conferring durable resistance to rice blast.No significant morphological or growth variations existed amongst the isolates studied.The genetic diversity of isolates determined by carrying out Pot2 transposable element based on repetitive-PCR revealed that the majority of isolates (92%) clustered into a single group with 45.4% similarity.The existence of nine pathotypes was identified by observing the reaction type of isolates on 16 different rice lines.Pathotype 1 which was distributed in all zones affected only one differential line.Pathotype 2 which was able to infect six lines was restricted only to the dry zone of Sri Lanka.Of the 16 rice lines,seven lines,K3 (Pik-h),C101A51 (Piz5),K1 (Pita),C105TTP2L9 (Pita),K59 (Pit),Shin (Pish) and WHD-1S-75-1-127 (Pi9) had highly effective blast resistance.None of the isolates of the fungus showed any virulence against the seven lines.These seven blast resistant lines can be used in the breeding programmes in Sri Lanka for development of lines conferring durable resistance to rice blast.     

水稻子预44和江南香糯基因组比较鉴定稻瘟病抗性相关基因

【目的】子预44是一具有广谱持久稻瘟病抗性的云南地方粳稻品种。为了鉴定子预44中候选稻瘟病抗性相关基因,【方法】本研究利用高通量测序技术（High-throughput sequencing）对子预44和感病水稻江南香糯进行了全基因组测序。而后使用软件GATK(3.4-46)对高质量测序结果进行SNP和InDel的检测和统计,进一步筛选出子预44和江南香糯DNA水平存在SNPs/InDels多态性抗病相关基因。【结果】通过Hiseq X10 PE150平台分别获得了4 118 170 045 bp和2 995 054 509 bp子预44和江南香糯的基因组数据,比对到参考基因组（Ensembl release 31）的比对率分别为98.56％和98.30％。在抗病水稻子预44和感病水稻江南香糯之间鉴定了922个纯合突变的差异抗病相关基因。结合基因定位结果,在子预44中鉴定了一个新的抗稻瘟病候选基因。【结论】 研究结果为子预44中抗稻瘟病新基因的克隆提供了参考,对子预44广谱持久抗瘟分子机制的研究奠定了基础。     

水稻子预44和江南香糯基因组比较鉴定稻瘟病抗性相关基因

【目的】子预44是一具有广谱持久稻瘟病抗性的云南地方粳稻品种。为了鉴定子预44中候选稻瘟病抗性相关基因，【方法】本研究利用高通量测序技术（High-throughput sequencing）对子预44和感病水稻江南香糯进行了全基因组测序。而后使用软件GATK(3.4-46)对高质量测序结果进行SNP和InDel的检测和统计，进一步筛选出子预44和江南香糯DNA水平存在SNPs/InDels多态性抗病相关基因。【结果】通过Hiseq X10 PE150平台分别获得了4 118 170 045 bp和2 995 054 509 bp子预44和江南香糯的基因组数据，比对到参考基因组（Ensembl release 31）的比对率分别为98.56％和98.30％。在抗病水稻子预44和感病水稻江南香糯之间鉴定了922个纯合突变的差异抗病相关基因。结合基因定位结果，在子预44中鉴定了一个新的抗稻瘟病候选基因。【结论】研究结果为子预44中抗稻瘟病新基因的克隆提供了参考，对子预44广谱持久抗瘟分子机制的研究奠定了基础。     

OsDUF500基因沉默提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

 以编码HarpinXoo 的hrf1转基因水稻NJH12的cDNA为模板,克隆到了DUF500的保守功能区。序列分析表明,OsDUF500是DUF500家族成员,功能未知。构建OsDUF500的沉默载体,用土壤根癌农杆菌介导的方法转化粳稻 R109,用Hpt抗生素做抗性筛选,获得9个再生株系。经分子鉴定,8个为沉默株系（ABD 2~9）。与野生型相比, ABD株系株高变矮,叶片变短,出现白色空秕谷。白叶枯病抗性鉴定结果表明,OsDUF500沉默株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性存在差异,病斑长度比野生型明显缩短,病斑面积均在30%以下,株系ABD 3和ABD 5病斑面积分别为12.3%和15.7%,显示出较好的抗性。推测在稻瘟病抗性中上调表达基因OsDUF500对水稻白叶枯病抗性起负调控作用。