棉花黄萎病拮抗菌的筛选和增产效果研究

从江西九江棉区棉花根际土壤中分离纯化细菌180株,从中筛选出棉花黄萎病高效拮抗细菌1株,编号为C-02.将该菌株研制成棉花专用生物有机肥并进行大田棉花防病增产试验,结果表明,在常规施肥的基础上增施生物有机肥有利于棉花产量的提高,增施该棉花专用生物有机肥300 kg/hm2较常规施肥皮棉增产24.27%,增加投入和增收比达到1∶15.     

48株枯草芽孢杆菌对棉花黄萎病防治效果评测

目前,枯草芽孢杆菌已广泛应用于防治棉花黄萎病,但不同菌株的防治效果（防效）参差不齐,有待进一步筛选验证。前期,本课题组从健康棉花植株和根际土壤中分离获得了48株枯草芽孢杆菌。为明确这些菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效,筛选具有优异防效的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株,采取对峙培养法、对扣培养法测定其对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用,并通过温室试验验证其对棉花黄萎病的防效。通过对峙培养和对扣培养筛选出18株拮抗效果较好的菌株。温室试验结果显示：无论浸种或灌根处理,EBS03、EBS07、EBS10和BS04菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效均大于55％,其中EBS03防效最好,浸种与灌根处理对棉花黄萎病的防效分别为76.31%、87.10%;此外,播种后60 d EBS03和EBS10菌株浸种处理的棉苗株高、地上部鲜物质质量、总鲜物质质量较对照分别提高78.08%和77.77%、113.33%和108.00%、107.23%和103.61%。综上,EBS03和EBS10菌株具有较好的促生长作用,并对棉花黄萎病有一定的防效,具有进一步开发应用的潜力。     

棉萎克对棉花黄萎病的防控效果及使用技术

2015年于河南安阳黄萎病人工病圃和新疆黄萎病重病田研究了棉萎克对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。结果表明:在人工病圃黄萎病发生的中期,连续喷施600倍棉萎克2次后,处理区的病情指数下降14.3%,标记病株的平均病级由4.0下降到2.8;而对照区病情指数增长92.6%,标记病株的平均病级由4.2上升到5.9,对黄萎病的防治效果为55.4%。在新疆阿拉尔和石河子重病田黄萎病发生初期,连续喷施棉萎克3次后,对黄萎病的防治效果分别为66.1%和73.1%。本研究表明,在棉花黄萎病发生初期喷施棉萎克对棉花黄萎病具有较好的防治效果。     

用木霉菌处理棉种可减轻黄萎病症

用干木霉菌 ( Trichoderma virens)处理棉种后播种 ,6片真叶时用大丽花轮枝菌接种 ,1 0天后评估了棉株黄萎病症 ,并测量了株高 ,木霉菌的两个种可以减轻被接种的两个棉花品种罗登 50和岱字棉 50的发病程度。这个结果表明 ,木霉菌可引发棉花的系统抗性反应 ,但是从中柱提取的类帖烯植保菌素 ,接种并用木霉菌处理的棉株和单独用木霉菌处理的棉株之间无明显差异。无黄萎病的棉株用木霉菌处理较未处理的棉株高 ,这表明木霉菌的某些种可促进棉株的生长用木霉菌处理棉种可减轻黄萎病症@牛巧鱼     

早熟抗虫棉品种赣棉02的选育及栽培技术要点

赣棉02是由江西省棉花研究所选育的早熟转基因抗虫棉常规品种,在江西省棉花产区生育期99.9 d,植株塔形,株型较紧凑,出苗好,霜前花率98.4%,耐枯萎病,抗黄萎病,抗棉铃虫。2019―2020年江西省棉花品种区域试验中,赣棉02平均皮棉产量为1 351.5 kg·hm^－2。主要介绍了该品种的选育过程、特征特性及栽培技术要点。     

棉花留种“八不要”

棉花留种应该注意什么？据实践证明,在选留种时,一定要注意以下“八不要”和“五要”： 1.不要选病虫害严重的棉株枯、黄萎病是制约棉花产量的顽症,棉籽又是病菌的载体,病菌可以随着棉籽迅速传播。因此,对感枯、黄萎病的棉株和抗虫性不好的棉株一定要淘汰（而在重病地表现良好的棉株则可以留种）。     

2017―2021年新疆维吾尔自治区棉花品种区域试验参试品种（系）枯黄萎病抗性评述

对2017―2021年参加新疆维吾尔自治区棉花品种区域试验的581个棉花品种（系）枯萎病、黄萎病的抗性进行分析，为新疆棉花抗病育种及品种推广提供参考。结果表明，581个品种（系）中未出现对枯萎病和黄萎病免疫的品种；对枯萎病的抗性水平较高且稳定，达到抗级及以上的占比在90%以上，其中2019年早中熟棉、2020年早熟棉和早中熟棉、各年彩色棉和长绒棉中抗级及以上的品种占比均为100%；除参试长绒棉品种（系）对黄萎病的抗性水平较高外，早熟棉、早中熟棉和彩色棉品种（系）均以耐病为主，5年中耐病的品种（系）平均占比为60.0%；长绒棉和早中熟棉品种（系）对黄萎病的总体抗性优于早熟棉，不同年份间彩色棉的黄萎病抗性波动较大。所有参试品种（系）的总体抗枯萎病指数（r_F）远大于总体抗黄萎病指数（r_V）和总体枯黄萎病兼抗指数（r_FV），各年份均表现为r_F＞r_V＞r_FV。可见，筛选出抗黄萎病的品种是新疆维吾尔自治区棉花品种区域试验中审定双抗棉花品种的关键。     

江汉平原棉区枯黄萎病综合防治措施

江汉平原是湖北省最大的优质棉生产基地 ,棉花种植历史悠久 ,也是全国棉区单产水平最高的棉区之一。棉花枯、黄萎病近年来面积呈逐渐扩大、发生程度加重趋势 ,特别是 2 0 0 3年 7月份持续特大暴雨 ,病区面积迅速扩大 ,由此造成的危害将日益严重 ,搞好棉区枯 ,黄萎病综合防治措施 ,必须引起高度重视。1棉花枯、黄萎病发病症状棉花枯、黄萎病是一种由真菌引起的检疫性病害。棉花枯萎病在棉株上症状复杂多变 ,在苗期主要表现为子叶或真叶凋萎下垂 ,有的叶脉发黄 ,叶肉仍保持绿色 ,形成网纹 ,被害棉苗大量枯死。成株患病叶片半边黄 ,半边绿 ,节…     

5%氨基寡糖素诱导棉花抗枯黄萎病研究

通过田间病圃法测定了氨基寡糖素喷施后诱导棉花抗枯黄萎病表现及相关防御酶活性变化。结果表明:与对照相比(乙蒜素处理),氨基寡糖素诱导后棉花对枯黄萎病抗性表现与乙蒜素存在极显著差异,喷施3次后诱导棉花对枯萎病和黄萎病防治效果分别是73.39%和41.19%,诱导对枯萎病抗性效果高于黄萎病;且随着喷洒次数增加,诱导抗枯黄萎病的能力也在不断增加。抗性相关防御酶活性测定结果表明:氨基寡糖素处理3次,棉叶中的POD、PPO和PAL的活性均有不同程度上升,说明氨基寡糖素能够诱导棉叶中POD、PPO和PAL的活性。在小区试验的基础上,开展了5%氨基寡糖素诱导棉花抗枯黄萎病的田间示范,调查结果表明5%氨基寡糖素诱导棉花对枯、黄萎病防治效果最高分别可达80%和70%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对中长绒棉病害防效研究

为研究不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌溶液对中长绒棉枯、黄萎病的防治效果,以及其对棉花生长发育、产量、品质的影响,于2013年在新疆生产建设兵团第三师农业科学研究所试验基地进行苗期灌根试验。结果表明：枯草芽孢杆菌溶液灌根后,中长绒棉3-110C9对枯、黄萎病的抗性增加,但棉株的株高降低,铃重、绒长受到不同程度的影响。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。