Coherent optical information systems

Coherent optical beams are used to communicate, store, and process information in a growing number of applications. The availability of coherent laser sources is of critical importance for the realization of such optical information systems. An incoherent source randomly populates the available temporal and spatial channels of the optical system, making it difficult to represent information. Coherent laser sources provide a stable carrier on which to encode information, making it possible to realize powerful information-processing techniques such as wavelength division multiplexing in fiber networks, gated holographic imaging, and three-dimensional optical data storage.     

Formation of a matter-wave bright soliton

We report the production of matter-wave solitons in an ultracold lithium-7 gas. The effective interaction between atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate is tuned with a Feshbach resonance from repulsive to attractive before release in a one-dimensional optical waveguide. Propagation of the soliton without dispersion over a macroscopic distance of 1.1 millimeter is observed. A simple theoretical model explains the stability region of the soliton. These matter-wave solitons open possibilities for future applications in coherent atom optics, atom interferometry, and atom transport.     

Modulation instability and pattern formation in spatially incoherent light beams

We report on the experimental observation of modulation instability of partially spatially incoherent light beams in noninstantaneous nonlinear media and show that in such systems patterns can form spontaneously from noise. Incoherent modulation instability occurs above a specific threshold that depends on the coherence properties (correlation distance) of the wave packet and leads to a periodic train of one-dimensional filaments. At a higher value of nonlinearity, the incoherent one-dimensional filaments display a two-dimensional instability and break up into self-ordered arrays of light spots. This discovery of incoherent pattern formation reflects on many other nonlinear systems beyond optics. It implies that patterns can form spontaneously (from noise) in diverse nonlinear many-body systems involving weakly correlated particles, such as atomic gases at (or near) Bose-Einstein condensation temperatures and electrons in semiconductors at the vicinity of the quantum Hall regime.     

不同光环境下两种品系坛紫菜DOC分泌特性研究

为明确坛紫菜Porphyry haifanesis在生长过程中溶解有机碳(DOC)的分泌特性,以两种品系"洞头本地菜"和"浙东1号"的坛紫菜为材料进行了不同光照(1500、2000、3800 Lx)和黑暗条件下的室内养殖试验,通过测定养殖水体中DOC、溶解无机碳(DIC)含量变化,对DOC分泌特性进行分析。结果表明:在光照强度2800 Lx下,两种品系的坛紫菜DOC分泌速率与DOC分泌量占固碳量的比例均在光照2h时达最高;在光照6 h条件下,坛紫菜DOC分泌速率与DOC分泌量占固碳量的比例均在2000 Lx时最高;随着黑暗时间的延长,两种品系坛紫菜的DOC分泌速率、DOC分泌量占释碳量的比例均逐渐下降,黑暗2h时,DOC分泌量占释碳量的比例"洞头本地菜"最高达66.09%,"浙东1号"最高达75.04%;光照条件下,两种品系坛紫菜DOC的分泌与碳同化的同步性较弱,而黑暗条件下,DOC的分泌与DIC的释放同步性较强;在光照与黑暗条件下,"浙东1号"坛紫菜DOC分泌基本未表现出滞后效应,"洞头本地菜"坛紫菜DOC分泌在光照6 h后表现出微弱的滞后效应。研究表明,坛紫菜在光照或黑暗条件下,均会向水体中分泌DOC,提高海水中的DOC浓度。     

单色光间歇性刺激胚蛋对肉仔鸡胸肉生长及肉品质的影响

【目的】采用LED（light emitting diodes）灯作为光源,探讨孵化期间歇性单色光刺激对肉仔鸡出雏后生产性能、胸肉化学成分及肉品质的影响。【方法】1 480枚爱拔益加（AA）鸡商品代受精蛋（蛋重65-70 g,平均重68 g）被随机分配到绿光组（560 nm,490枚）、蓝光组（480 nm,490枚）和黑暗组（对照组,500枚）3种不同处理的孵化器中,采用间歇光照（15 min开灯,15 min关灯）,光照强度为15 lx。肉仔鸡出壳后,从每个处理组各选取120只公雏分配到3个处理中,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。自由采食和饮水,统一采用30 lx日光灯补光,光照时间23L﹕1D。【结果】各处理组种蛋孵化率、肉仔鸡初生重及平均采食量均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。与黑暗组和蓝光组相比,胚胎期绿光刺激可显著增加肉仔鸡21和42 d体重（P＜0.05）。42 d时,绿光组肉仔鸡的胸肌重和胸肌率均最高,分别较黑暗组提高了38.3 g和0.67%,较蓝光组提高了44.6 g和0.78%。整个生长期绿光组饲料转化率为1.81,显著优于黑暗组（1.88）和蓝光组（1.92,P＜0.05）。各组肉仔鸡42 d胸肌化学成分无显著差异（P＜0.05）。蓝光组胸肌24 h肉色b*值显著高于黑暗组和绿光组（P=0.05）,而绿光处理组胸肌滴水损失（P=0.10）和蒸煮损失（P=0.07）均较黑暗组和蓝光组有升高的趋势。【结论】孵化期15 lx间歇绿光刺激可促进肉仔鸡肌肉生长,提高胸肌产量并改善饲料转化率,对胸肌化学成分无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但绿光组肉仔鸡胸肌系水力有降低的趋势。     

Evolution of magnetic and superconducting fluctuations with doping of high-Tc superconductors

Electronic Raman scattering from high- and low-energy excitations was studied as a function of temperature, extent of hole doping, and energy of the incident photons in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+/-delta superconductors. For underdoped superconductors, short-range antiferromagnetic (AF) correlations were found to persist with hole doping, and doped single holes were found to be incoherent in the AF environment. Above the superconducting (SC) transition temperature Tc, the system exhibited a sharp Raman resonance of B1g symmetry and energy of 75 millielectron-volts and a pseudogap for electron-hole excitations below 75 millielectron-volts, a manifestation of a partially coherent state forming from doped incoherent quasi particles. The occupancy of the coherent state increases with cooling until phase ordering at Tc produces a global SC state.     

玉米地微波相干和非相干散射模型比较分析(英文)

[目的]对玉米地微波相干和非相干散射模型进行比较分析。[方法]在Stile相干散射模型的基础上提出了针对玉米作物的相干散射模型,模型中使用物理光学(PO)和无限长介电圆柱体近似方法计算玉米叶片和秆的单散射体矩阵,替代了原模型中计算窄叶的单散射体模型,并在模型中考虑了不同散射机制之间相互作用所产生的相干分量。研究中所使用的非相干散射模型为密歇根森林散射模型(MIMICS)。使用吉林省公主岭地区玉米地部分生长周期内的实测数据为以上相干和非相干散射模型的输入参数,分别模拟L和C波段VV和HH极化的后向散射系数,并将这2个模型的模拟结果进行了比较。[结果]该模型在不考虑树干层的情况下,可应用于玉米地后向散射系数的模拟玉米;该相干散射模型在L波段的模拟结果较差,在植被生长初期表现为模拟结果没有明显的规律性;通过相干和非相干散射模型的比较分析,证实由散射机制引起的相干性是较小的。[结论]文中只分析了随入射角变化,相干和非相干散射模型的差异,在以后的研究中,需要进一步分析该差异随植被和土壤参数的变化情况。     

玉米地微波相干和非相干散射模型比较分析

[目的]对玉米地微波相干和非相干散射模型进行比较分析。[方法]在Stile相干散射模型的基础上提出了针对玉米作物的相干散射模型,模型中使用物理光学(PO)和无限长介电圆柱体近似方法计算玉米叶片和秆的单散射体矩阵,替代了原模型中计算窄叶的单散射体模型,并在模型中考虑了不同散射机制之间相互作用所产生的相干分量。研究中所使用的非相干散射模型为密歇根森林散射模型(MIMICS)。使用吉林省公主岭地区玉米地部分生长周期内的实测数据为以上相干和非相干散射模型的输入参数,分别模拟L和C波段VV和HH极化的后向散射系数,并将这2个模型的模拟结果进行了比较。[结果]该相干散射模型在L波段的模拟结果较差,在植被生长初期表现为模拟结果没有明显的规律性;通过相干和非相干散射模型的比较分析,证实由散射机制引起的相干性是较小的。[结论]文中只分析了随入射角变化,相干和非相干散射模型的差异,在以后的研究中,需要进一步分析该差异随植被和土壤参数的变化情况。     

Coherent two-dimensional nanoscopy

We introduce a spectroscopic method that determines nonlinear quantum mechanical response functions beyond the optical diffraction limit and allows direct imaging of nanoscale coherence. In established coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy, four-wave-mixing responses are measured using three ingoing waves and one outgoing wave; thus, the method is diffraction-limited in spatial resolution. In coherent 2D nanoscopy, we use four ingoing waves and detect the final state via photoemission electron microscopy, which has 50-nanometer spatial resolution. We recorded local nanospectra from a corrugated silver surface and observed subwavelength 2D line shape variations. Plasmonic phase coherence of localized excitations persisted for about 100 femtoseconds and exhibited coherent beats. The observations are best explained by a model in which coupled oscillators lead to Fano-like resonances in the hybridized dark- and bright-mode response.     

D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环在青花菜叶片强光破坏防御中的作用

 【目的】明确青花菜叶片的光抑制特性和主要光破坏防御机制,为青花菜高产高效栽培和选育光破坏防御能力强的品种提供理论依据。【方法】应用抑制剂法和叶绿素荧光测定技术,研究D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环在青花菜叶片强光破坏防御中的作用。【结果】1 800μmol?m-2?s-1强光下胁迫1～4 h,或夏季晴天中午强光高温下,青花菜叶片的最大光能转化效率Fv/Fm降低,初始荧光Fo升高;暗中恢复5 h或下午光强减弱后,Fv/Fm和Fo均可恢复。硫酸链霉素（SM）或二硫苏糖醇（DTT）处理使强光下青花菜叶片的Fv/Fm、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、开放的PSⅡ有效光能转化效率（F’v/F’m）和实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）的下降幅度增大,SM处理的下降幅度大于DTT处理。强光处理4 h后再暗恢复12 h的青花菜叶片在1 000μmol?m-2?s-1光强下进行荧光诱导,诱导结束时SM处理的ΦPSⅡ和F’v/F’m分别较CK降低85.71%和80.31%,DTT处理的分别较CK降低22.45%和11.48%。【结论】青花菜叶片具有完善的光破坏防御机制,抑制D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环,均可使强光下青花菜叶片的PSⅡ反应中心遭受破坏,抑制D1蛋白周转的破坏程度大于抑制叶黄素循环;D1蛋白周转在青花菜叶片光破坏防御中的作用大于叶黄素循环。     

Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction

Conventional optical components rely on gradual phase shifts accumulated during light propagation to shape light beams. New degrees of freedom are attained by introducing abrupt phase changes over the scale of the wavelength. A two-dimensional array of optical resonators with spatially varying phase response and subwavelength separation can imprint such phase discontinuities on propagating light as it traverses the interface between two media. Anomalous reflection and refraction phenomena are observed in this regime in optically thin arrays of metallic antennas on silicon with a linear phase variation along the interface, which are in excellent agreement with generalized laws derived from Fermat's principle. Phase discontinuities provide great flexibility in the design of light beams, as illustrated by the generation of optical vortices through use of planar designer metallic interfaces.     

Role of light in the photoperiodic responses of migratory birds

Light-dark cycles with 12-hour and 16-hour photoperiods are known to be effective in 24-hour cycles in inducing gonadal activity and fat deposition in migratory birds. Twenty-four-hour cycles with 16-hour dark periods are not effective. To test the role of the light periods and the dark periods in a given cycle, slate-colored juncos were subjected to light in cycles which combined stimulatory photoperiods (L) and inhibitory dark periods (D) as follows: 12L-16D; 12L-20D; 16L-16D; 16L-22D; 16L-32D. The results indicate that the photoperiod, not the dark period, determined the response.     

Control of light emission by 3D photonic crystals

Three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals containing artificial point defects have been fabricated to emit light at optical communications wavelengths. They were constructed by stacking 0.7-micrometer-period gallium arsenide striped layers, resulting in a 3D "woodpile" photonic crystal. Indium-gallium arsenide-phosphide quantum-well layers emitting at a wavelength of 1.55 micrometers were incorporated in the center of the crystal. Samples having up to nine stacked layers were constructed, and artificial point-defect cavities of different sizes were formed in the light-emitting layer. Light emission was suppressed in the photonic crystal regions, whereas cavity modes were successfully observed at the point defects and were size dependent.     

Tunable Coherent X-rays

A modern 1- to 2-billion-electron-volt synchrotron radiation facility (based on high-brightness electron beams and magnetic undulators) would generate coherent (laser-like) soft x-rays of wavelengths as short as 10 angstroms. The radiation would also be broadly tunable and subject to full polarization control. Radiation with these properties could be used for phase- and element-sensitive microprobing of biological assemblies and material interfaces as well as reserch on the production of electronic microstructures with features smaller than 1000 angstroms. These short wavelength capabilities, which extend to the K-absorption edges of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are neither available nor projected for laboratory XUV lasers. Higher energy storage rings (5 to 6 billion electron volts) would generate significantly less coherent radiation and would be further compromised by additional x-ray thermal loading of optical components.     

光诱导c-fos基因在母鸡中脑的表达

为了解光照对母鸡生产性能的影响,采用c-fos法探讨光信息在母鸡中脑的传导通路,将鸡右眼遮光7 d后接受20 lx的光照刺激1.5 h,暗适应1.5 h后灌流固定,取脑制作石蜡切片,采用免疫组化方法检测c-fos基因在中脑的表达。结果显示:中脑内有大量Fos样免疫反应阳性神经元,主要见于左侧,分布于中脑SGC层、峡核(大细胞部Imc、小细胞部Ipc)、峡视核(ION)、中脑外侧核背侧部(MLd)、红核(RN)、滑车神经核(nIV)。表明光照信息主要通过视网膜经离顶盖通路传达至母鸡中脑,同时顶盖-峡核回路也起重要作用。     

Pattern formation in homogeneous polymer solutions induced by a continuous-wave visible laser

We report an unexpected nonphotothermal material organization induced by continuous-wave visible laser light at low power levels. This effect is observed along the laser beam propagation direction in fully transparent entangled solutions of common homopolymers featuring sufficiently high molecular mass and optical anisotropy along the chain backbone. The resulting formation of long-lived stringlike or dotlike patterns on the micrometer scale, probed by dark-field coherent imaging, depends on the molecular mass, architecture, solvent nature, and polymer concentration. Electrostrictive and alignment forces as well as chain cooperativity are responsible for the osmotic compression of the polymer solute. Subsequent waveguiding effects induce autoamplification and "pattern writing" upon prolonged illumination. This wave-medium coupling could potentially lead to photorefractive, microoptics, and nanotechnology applications.     

白黄侧耳子实体颜色遗传规律

【目的】研究白黄侧耳子实体颜色的遗传规律,为平菇的色泽定向育种提供遗传学依据。【方法】以白黄侧耳Pleurotus cornucopiae白色菌株CCMSSC00358（P-w）和深灰色菌株CCMSSC00406（P-d）为材料,构建自交系2个(P-w×P-w、P-d×P-d）,两亲本杂交一代（F1,P-w×P-d）,杂交一代中浅灰色和深灰色子实体与二亲本的回交系4个（F1浅×P-w、F1浅×P-d,F1深×P-w、F1深×P-d）,共7个家系群体。出菇期观测统计各家系群体不同颜色的个体数。【结果】菌株P-w的自交系出菇29个,子实体全部为白色。菌株P-d的自交系出菇17个,子实体浅灰色5个、深灰色12个,经卡方检验,浅灰色﹕深灰色＝1﹕3。杂交一代（F1,P-w×P-d）出菇82个,子实体颜色呈现由浅向深的连续分布,无白色子实体出现。按照深浅分为浅灰色和深灰色两大类,分别为47个和35个,经卡方检验,比例为1﹕1。在回交系中,F1代与白色亲本杂交,经卡方检验,出现深灰色﹕浅灰色﹕白色=1﹕4﹕3的分离;与深灰色亲本杂交,无白色子实体出现,经卡方检验深灰色﹕浅灰色=5﹕3。【结论】白黄侧耳子实体的颜色性状为数量性状,深灰色对白色呈不完全显性,由不同位点上的两对主基因控制。     

2个玉米光敏色素C基因的转录丰度对多种光质处理的响应

【目的】通过NCBI数据库获得2个玉米PHYC及相关数据,并进行相关生物信息学分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)分析2个玉米PHYC在玉米各器官的转录丰度,以及其转录丰度对多种光质处理、黑暗到各种光质转换和光周期处理(长日照和短日照)的响应,为研究玉米PHYC在玉米幼苗去黄化与开花期的调控机制奠定基础。【方法】采用玉米B73自交系为研究材料,通过RT-PCR分别对Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的全长ORF序列进行克隆;借助相关软件对其进行生物信息学分析,利用q RT-PCR分析这两个基因在玉米各器官中的转录丰度,及其转录丰度对各种光照处理的响应。【结果】Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的全长ORF均为3 408 bp,编码1 135个氨基酸基序,分子量分别为126.14和126.07 k D。生物信息学分析表明,玉米phy C蛋白可以分为6个功能区段:节奏周期蛋白—Ah核转运接受蛋白—专一蛋白区段(Per-Arnt-Sim,PAS)、c GMP受激磷酸二酯酶区段(GAF)、色素区段(PHY)和PAS相关区段(PRD,包含2个PAS区段)、组氨酸激酶A区段和组氨酸激酶ATP酶区段,但是Zmphy C2在PRD区段仅有一个PAS区段。氨基酸水平的系统发育树分析表明,Zmphy C1和Zmphy C2与禾本科物种phy C有很高的一致性,且与甘蔗和高粱phy C的亲缘关系较近。q RT-PCR分析表明,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的表达在根和叶中的转录丰度均较高,同时对持续蓝光和白光响应强烈;在黑暗到各种光质转换处理中,这两个PHYC的表达模式相似。在黑暗转到远红光、红光、蓝光和白光的0.5 h,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的转录表达均急剧上升,随后迅速下降到自身起始黑暗时的水平以下,并上下波动。这两个基因对长日照和短日照的光周期处理也能积极响应,在长日照条件下,2个Zm PHYC出现了极其相似的表达模式,均在光照和黑暗阶段各出现1个峰值;在短日照条件下,这两个基因的表达模式差异较大,Zm PHYC1的峰值出现在进入黑暗后6 h,而Zm PHYC2的峰值出现在进入光照阶段2 h。【结论】玉米phy C蛋白可以分成6个功能区段,但是Zmphy C2在PRD区段仅具有一个PAS相关区段。2个玉米PHYC转录丰度具有组织特异性。在各种光质处理中,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的表达模式相近,可能二者存在功能冗余,在转录水平上前者的丰度高于后者,推测Zm PHYC1在玉米中起更重要的作用,并且可能二者在功能上存在分工。Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2对各种光质和光周期处理均有较强的响应,推测二者在调控玉米光形态建成和开花中具有重要作用。     

印度谷螟成虫复眼的外部形态及显微结构观察

利用扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术观察研究了印度谷螟[Plodia interpunctella(Hübener)]成虫复眼的外部形态和明暗适应对其内部显微结构的影响.结果显示:(1)该蛾复眼半球形,位于头部两侧,略成“八”字形排列,单个复眼的小眼数约为1 950;(2)每个小眼主要由角膜、晶锥、小网膜细胞柱、视杆和基膜组成,其中角膜、晶锥、小网膜细胞周围环绕着由初级虹膜色素细胞分泌的初级虹膜色素颗粒和由6个次级虹膜色素细胞分泌的次级虹膜色素颗粒,基膜处分布有基膜色素颗粒,且密集的气管穿过基膜进入网膜区;(3)明适应时,大部分次级虹膜色素颗粒向视杆远心端移动,覆盖整个小网膜细胞柱区域;暗适应时,次级虹膜色素颗粒逐渐向晶锥方向聚集,分布在各晶锥周围和小网膜细胞柱的远心端.结果表明:印度谷螟成虫复眼为典型的重叠像眼,其主要通过色素颗粒发生纵向位移来调节对光的吸收,以适应外界光环境的变化.     

Harnessing attosecond science in the quest for coherent X-rays

Modern laser technology has revolutionized the sensitivity and precision of spectroscopy by providing coherent light in a spectrum spanning the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet wavelength regimes. However, the generation of shorter-wavelength coherent pulses in the x-ray region has proven much more challenging. The recent emergence of high harmonic generation techniques opens the door to this possibility. Here we review the new science that is enabled by an ability to manipulate and control electrons on attosecond time scales, ranging from new tabletop sources of coherent x-rays to an ability to follow complex electron dynamics in molecules and materials. We also explore the implications of these advances for the future of molecular structural characterization schemes that currently rely so heavily on scattering from incoherent x-ray sources.