农杆菌介导的哈茨木霉T-DNA转化系统优化及拮抗能力突变子的性质分析

采用单因子试验方法研究了农杆菌EHA105介导的哈茨木霉Th-33转化过程中,各主要因素对转化效率的影响,建立了高效的转化系统,使农杆菌转化哈茨木霉的效率达到60～150个转化子/10^6个木霉孢子,利用该转化系统构建了含有8000多个转化子的T-DNA插入突变库。通过转化子与立枯丝核菌的对峙试验,从1260株转化子中筛选到23株拮抗能力发生变化的突变子。随机挑选5株突变子对其遗传稳定性进行分析,表明5株突变子都具有稳定性,聚合酶链式反应（PCR）表明上述突变子均有T-DNA片段的插入。     

根癌农杆菌介导的香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的转化

 本文针对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种这一对我国香蕉生产构成了极大威胁的检疫性有害生物,建立了根癌农杆菌介导的该生理小种的转化体系,确定了影响转化效率主要因子的最佳条件分别是:共培养乙酰丁香酮(AS)浓度为200μmol/L、共培养时间为48 h、培养温度为25℃、诱导培养基pH值为5.5。此条件下,转化效率达到21~24个转化子/10⁴香蕉枯萎病菌孢子。PCR和Southern杂交分析表明外源的T-DNA已经成功随机地整合到该病原菌基因组中,且多为单拷贝。应用该转化体系已获得近25 000个转化子,为研究该生理小种致病机制奠定了基础。     

一种评价甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力的方法

为建立甘蓝枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.conglutinans)转化子致病力评价方法,从接种方法、甘蓝品种、苗龄、病原菌接种体浓度等几方面探索,建立了一种评价甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力差异的体系。结果表明:蘸根法和伤根法均适于甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力的评价,其中伤根法更优;其他适合甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力评价的因素有:甘蓝品种为‘中甘21’,苗龄为三叶期,甘蓝枯萎病菌孢子悬浮液浓度为孢子含量1×106个/mL。该致病力评价方法的建立为甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力衰弱或增强突变体的筛选提供了方法支持,也为下一步尖孢镰刀菌致病机理的解析奠定了基础。     

一种农杆菌介导稻瘟病菌的遗传转化

以农杆菌C58C1及携带潮霉素抗性的质粒pBIG2RHPH2为介导,以广泛不致病的野生型稻瘟病菌CY2为出发菌株,开展稻瘟病菌T-DNA插入转化条件的研究。农杆菌OD600为0.1条件下,乙酰丁香酮(AS)200μmol/L,用IM培养基(pH5.2)共培养。结果表明,在潮霉素、头孢噻肟钠和壮观霉素为200μg/mL,2mm滤纸条筛选培养,转化效率最高,平均可获得329.0个转化子/1×104个孢子。通过对转化子的继代稳定性和PCR检测,证明转化子均获得了T-DNA插入片段,且能稳定遗传。采用接种法,在不同遗传背景的44个抗稻瘟病的水稻近等基因系接种8000个转化子,获得20个致病突变体。     

根癌农杆菌介导的胶孢炭疽菌遗传转化体系的建立

本研究基于农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法,建立了芒果胶孢炭疽菌高效的遗传转化体系,获得一批炭疽菌的T-DNA插入突变体,其目的是为炭疽菌的功能基因组学研究和致病相关基因的克隆奠定基础。结果如下:通过摸索并优化了体系的各项因子,在潮霉素筛选浓度为200μg/mL,菌液浓度为OD₆₆₀=0.15条件下,AS为200μmol/L,选择pH5.5的IM共培养基中转化效果最好;进一步通过对转化子的继代稳定性和PCR检测,结果发现潮霉素抗性稳定遗传和假阳性率低;通过菌落形态观察和产孢能力的测定获得3个菌落形态异常突变体,6个产孢能力下降突变体。     

木霉Tr-92菌株厚垣孢子发酵条件的优化

利用单因素试验、正交试验方法对木霉Tr-92厚垣孢子发酵培养基及培养条件进行优化,筛选获得了适合此菌株厚垣孢子产生的最佳培养基组成为:草炭2.5%,玉米浆4.5%,葡萄糖2%,酵母膏0.5%;最佳培养条件为:接种量3%,装液量75mL/250mL,转速为180r/min,初始pH 5.0,温度28℃,培养时间7d。在此培养条件下,木霉Tr-92菌株厚垣孢子产量达到3.01×108个/mL。与优化前相比,厚垣孢子产量增长130.80%。通过培养条件优化确定了适合木霉Tr-92菌株产生厚垣孢子的条件,为高效木霉厚垣孢子生防菌剂的研制奠定了基础。     

农杆菌介导的西瓜枯萎病菌遗传转化

为获得带GFP标记的西瓜枯萎病菌转化株,用于后期观察病原菌侵染过程,采用农杆菌介导的方法,对西瓜枯萎病菌1号生理小种进行了遗传转化。结果表明:共培养时间为36h,枯萎病菌孢子和农杆菌AGL1比例为1∶1时该菌株的遗传转化效率最高,可以达到117.33个转化子/107个孢子。转化株的孢子、菌丝体及萌发的孢子均能发出稳定而强的绿色荧光。转化株的致病力检测显示其致病力与转化前的野生菌株致病力无明显差异。结果表明本研究获得的带GFP标记的西瓜枯萎病菌转化株可用于观察病菌在西瓜根系的侵染过程。     

通过染色体整合β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因glu14提高绿色木霉对小麦纹枯病的防治效果

 绿色木霉LTR-2是生物防治菌株。利用来自巨大芽胞杆菌Ap25的β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因glu14构建木霉表达载体pSilent/glu14,利用限制性内切酶介导法(REMI)转化绿色木霉LTR-2。PCR扩增及Southern杂交证实目的基因已插入木霉转化子的染色体DNA上。转化子的β-1,4-葡聚糖酶水解活性,对小麦纹枯病菌的平板抑制作用及温室防治效果较原始菌株LTR-2明显提高(P<0.01),其中转化子L-10的效果最好,平板抑制率比LTR-2提高了27.0%,温室防治效果比LTR-2提高了26.7%。本试验表明,利用REMI技术,将β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因重组到木霉染色体DNA上,是获得高效木霉工程菌株的有效手段。     

木霉菌对小麦白粉病防治效果研究

研究了2株木霉菌对小麦白粉菌孢子萌发的抑制作用和对温室盆栽小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,绿木霉DB14、加纳木霉DB35孢子悬浮液(1×10~6cfu/mL)对小麦白粉菌孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,抑制率分别为90.06%和85.95%,对盆栽小麦白粉病的防效可达68.63%、66.67%。喷施木霉菌提高了小麦叶片叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,同时降低了丙二醛含量,说明喷施绿木霉DB14、加纳木霉DB35也可同时增强小麦抗逆性。     

甘蓝枯萎病菌REMI转化体系的建立

建立高效、稳定的甘蓝枯萎病菌REMI转化体系,为进一步获得特定表型突变体及基因功能研究建立技术储备.利用REMI(restriction enzyme mediate intergration)转化方法,将线性化的含有潮霉素抗性基因的pUCAT-PH质粒转化甘蓝枯萎病菌A6菌株的原生质体,摸索获得转化子最适的潮霉素筛选浓度以及不同限制性内切酶和酶量对转化效率的影响;利用PCR(polymerase chain reaction)技术对潮霉素抗性转化子进行验证.结果表明转化子的最适潮霉素筛选浓度为50 μg/mL;转化效率较高的限制性内切酶为HindⅢ,并且转化效率最高时的酶量为20 U.利用该转化体系构建了含1 050个转化子的甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子库,对转化子进行Southern验证,证明该转化体系是可行的.     

橡胶树白粉病杀菌剂生物测定接种方法研究

对橡胶树白粉病菌的3种接种方法－抖粉法、涂抹法和喷雾法进行比较,并测定了喷雾法不同接种量对橡胶白粉病病情指数和10 mg/L三唑酮相对防效的影响。结果表明,喷雾法较抖粉法和涂抹法重复性更好,结果更稳定;在进行杀菌剂对橡胶树白粉病菌的室内盆栽毒力测定时,应采用喷雾法,接种量以5×10 4~10×104个/mL为宜。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对月季长管蚜的毒力测定

研究结果表明蜡蚧轮枝菌对月季长管蚜有较强的致病性,孢子浓度2.0×105个/mL时可造成大量月季长管蚜感染死亡,其LT50=（6.62±0.14）d; 而高浓度2.0×108个/mL对月季长管蚜感染致死的LT50=（4.69±0.16）d,第8天的死亡率达93.6%,致死中时随浓度增加而缩短。第5天的致死中浓度为（1.72±0.18）×107个/mL,第8天为（1.53±0.15）×104个/mL,致死中浓度随时间增加而减小。     

白僵菌Bb0812菌株生物学研究及其对美国白蛾的致病性

对采自美国白蛾僵虫的虫生真菌Bb08 12菌株进行了生物学研究及致病性测定。根据该菌株的形态特征将其初步鉴定为球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）。室内测定结果表明：该菌株在26 ℃恒温、高湿度下对1龄中期美国白蛾幼虫具有较强的致病力。107 孢子/mL剂量饲毒处理幼虫72～120 h,幼虫死亡率可达25.47%～79.32%,120 h的LC50 为1.169×106孢子/mL。该菌株在不同培养基上菌落形态差异明显。沙氏培养基上产孢量最高,10 d产孢量可达到5.59×108孢子/cm2,极显著高于PSA、查彼培养基和5%麸皮 蔗糖固体培养基上的产孢量。24 h光照和24 h黑暗两处理间的菌落生长量差异不明显,而在培养的最初48 h,24 h黑暗处理可显著促进分生孢子萌发。     

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Fusarium oxysporum: An Efficient Tool for Insertional Mutagenesis and Gene Transfer

ABSTRACT Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) has long been used to transfer genes to a wide variety of plants and has also served as an efficient tool for insertional mutagenesis. In this paper, we report the construction of four novel binary vectors for fungal transformation and the optimization of an ATMT protocol for insertional mutagenesis, which permits an efficient genetic manipulation of Fusarium oxysporum and other phytopathogenic fungi to be achieved. Employing the binary vectors, carrying the bacterial hygromycin B phosphotrans-ferase gene (hph) under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter as a selectable marker, led to the production of 300 to 500 hygromycin B resistant transformants per 1 x 10(6) conidia of F. oxysporum, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than that previously accomplished. Transformation efficiency correlated strongly with the duration of cocultivation of fungal spores with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells and significantly with the number of Agrobacteruium tumefaciens cells present during the cocultivation period (r = 0.996; n = 3; P < 0.01). All transformants tested remained mitotically stable, maintaining their hygromycin B resistance. Growing Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells in the presence of acetosyringone (AS) prior to cocultivation shortened the time required for the formation of transformants but decreased to 53% the percentage of transformants containing a single T-DNA insert per genome. This increased to over 80% when Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells grown in the absence of AS were used. There was no correlation between the average copy number of T-DNA per genome and the colony diameter of the transformants, the period of cocultivation or the quantity of Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells present during cocultivation. To isolate the host sequences flanking the inserted T-DNA, we employed a modified thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) technique. Utilizing just one arbitrary primer resulted in the successful amplification of desired products in 90% of those transformants analyzed. The insertion event appeared to be a random process with truncation of the inserted T-DNA, ranging from 1 to 14 bp in size, occurring on both the right and left border sequences. Considering the size and design of the vectors described here, coupled with the efficiency and flexibility of this ATMT protocol, it is suggested that ATMT should be regarded as a highly efficient alternative to other DNA transfer procedures in characterizing those genes important for the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum and potentially those of other fungal pathogens.     

莱氏野村菌对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的致病性

研究了莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)MZ060727-XW菌株5个浓度(3.5×104~3.5×108个/mL)对斜纹夜蛾2龄和3龄幼虫的致病性。在3.5×108个/mL孢子浓度下斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫死亡率最高达88.58%,3龄幼虫死亡率最高达83.84%,2龄幼虫的LC50为(1.898±0.162)×104个/mL,3龄幼虫的LC50为(3.293±0.108)×104个/mL。在3.5×104~3.5×108个/mL浓度处理下2龄幼虫的LT50依次为(6.33±0.18)、(5.16±0.16)、(4.84±0.14)d和(4.27±0.11)d,3龄幼虫的LT50分别为(7.67±0.15)、(6.14±012)(、5.28±0.14)d和(4.69±0.17)d。     

对张北小菜蛾高毒力白僵菌株的筛选

小菜蛾是河北坝上错季蔬菜生产区最重要的害虫,为了探索对其无公害治理方法,以张北的小菜蛾为试虫, 测定了33株球孢白僵菌对其幼虫的僵虫率,从中筛选出5株对小菜蛾2龄幼虫有较高致病力的菌株;从致死中浓度(LC50)和致死中时(LT50)的测定结果分析,BD B026菌株的毒力最高,其处理后7d的LC50为0.47×105个/mL孢子,含1.0×108个/mL孢子菌液的LT50为(1.57±0.027)d,对小菜蛾表现出较强的致病力,具有一定的开发前景。     

哈茨木霉T2-16的GFP标记及其生防特性

优化高效拮抗生防菌哈茨木霉T2-16的转化条件，筛选出与野生型菌株具有相似生防特性的阳性转化子，为生防木霉菌T2-16的定殖动态、分布规律等研究打下基础。通过PCR和分子克隆技术构建具有G418抗性基因的绿色荧光（GFP）表达载体pKN-sGFP，利用PEG-CaCl₂介导的原生质体转化法，获得强荧光表达的哈茨木霉T2-16转化子，并将其与野生型菌株的生物特性进行比较，筛选出与野生型菌株具有相似生防特性的阳性转化子。试验结果显示，哈茨木霉T2-16在20℃培养条件下对1000 μg/mL G418敏感，在上述优化条件下，转化获得稳定遗传的阳性转化子TG2-10；进一步比较其与野生型菌株的生物特性发现，两者之间无明显差异，可用于下一步哈茨木霉T2-16生防机理的研究。     

AAL-Toxin-Deficient Mutants of Alternaria alternata Tomato Pathotype by Restriction Enzyme-Mediated Integration

ABSTRACT Host-specific toxins are produced by three pathotypes of Alternaria alternata: AM-toxin, which affects apple; AK-toxin, which affects Japanese pear; and AAL-toxin, which affects tomato. Each toxin has a role in pathogenesis. To facilitate molecular genetic analysis of toxin production, isolation of toxin-deficient mutants utilizing ectopic integration of plasmid DNA has been attempted. However, the transformation frequency was low, and integration events in most transformants were complicated. Addition of a restriction enzyme during transformation has been reported to increase transformation frequencies significantly and results in simple plasmid integration events. We have, therefore, optimized this technique, known as restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI), for A. alternata pathotypes. Plasmid pAN7-1, conferring resistance to hygromycin B, with no detectable homology to the fungal genome was used as the transforming DNA. Among the three restriction enzymes examined, HindIII was most effective, as it increased transformation frequency two-to 10-fold depending on the pathotype, facilitating generation of several hundred transformants with a 1-day protocol. BamHI and XbaI had no significant effect on transformation frequencies in A. alternata pathotypes. Furthermore, the transforming plasmid tended to integrate as a single copy at single sites in the genome, compared with trials without addition of enzyme. Libraries of plasmid-tagged transformants obtained with and without addition of restriction enzyme were constructed for the tomato pathotype of A. alternata and were screened for toxin production. Three AAL-toxin-deficient mutants were isolated from a library of transformants obtained with addition of enzyme. These mutants did not cause symptoms on susceptible tomato, indicating that the toxin is required for pathogenicity of the fungus. Characterization of the plasmid integration sites and rescue of flanking sequences are in progress.