氮肥用量及钾肥施用对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响

为探明优化施氮量与高施氮量下不同钾肥施用处理对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响。本试验于2010年5月–2011年7月在江苏省如皋市农业科学研究所试验基地的田间稻麦轮作条件下,对常规粳稻品种镇稻11和春性中筋品种扬麦16设置了两个氮肥用量下不同钾肥用量及施用方法处理,测定稻麦周年的产量和组成因子,成熟期不同器官的氮、钾浓度和累积量,氮、钾利用效率及经济效益。试验结果表明,钾肥的施用显著提高了周年稻麦的产量,同时提高了稻麦的有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率,钾肥的利用效率和经济效益。稻麦周年钾肥(K₂O)的偏生产力(PFP)、农学效率(AE)、回收利用率(RE)和经济效益均以周年钾肥(K2O)土壤施用150 kg hm^-2 + 叶面喷施16.2 kg hm^-2 (K_S150 + K_F16.2)处理最高。氮肥用量的结果表明,相对于优化施氮量,高施氮量有利于提高水稻的氮素营养而增产,但对稻麦周年产量的影响不显著,且优化施氮量的氮肥利用效率及经济效益均高于高施氮量。因此,综合考虑土壤环境因素、经济效益和肥料资源管理,本地区最佳氮肥(N)用量为水稻200 kg hm^-2,小麦180 kg hm^-2;最佳钾肥(K₂O)用量及方法为水稻土壤施用90 kg hm^-2 + 叶面喷施9.7 kg hm^-2 (K_S90 + K_F9.7),小麦土壤施用60 kg hm^-2 + 叶面喷施6.5 kg hm^-2 (K_S60 + K_F6.5)。     

Improving the productivity and profitability of irrigated rice production in Mauritania

Yield, input use, productivity and profitability of irrigated rice in Mauritania were analyzed during the 1997 wet season (July–December) in the Senegal river delta and middle valley, in collaboration with 42 large farmers and extension staff. Objectives were to determine agronomic constraints to rice cropping and to evaluate alternative crop management strategies aimed at overcoming these constraints. Grain yields ranged from 0.9 to 8.5 t ha⁻¹ and averaged 4.4 t ha⁻¹. Based on crop simulations, average yield potential in farmers' fields was estimated at 8.6 t ha⁻¹, indicating considerable scope for increased yields. Our survey identified the following main agronomic constraints: (i) mismatches between timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications and critical N demanding growth stages of the rice plant; (ii) non-use of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on P deficient soils; (iii) largely neglected or inefficient weed management and (iv) late harvesting, often due to non-availability of combine harvesters. Based on these results we tested improved nutrient and weed management practices with farmers during the 1998 wet season. Improved nutrient management (i.e. T1: application of 20 kg P ha⁻¹ and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ in three splits at start tillering, panicle initiation and booting) increased yields by 0.9 t ha⁻¹. Improved weed management (i.e. T2: application of 6.0 L propanil ha⁻¹ and 2.0 L 2,4-d-amine ha⁻¹ at 2–3 leaf stage of weeds) also raised yields by 0.9 t ha⁻¹ as compared to farmers' practice (TP). The combined effect of T1 and T2 (i.e. T3) was additive: improving both nutrient and weed management raised yields by 1.8 t ha⁻¹ over average farmers’ yields of 3.9 t ha⁻¹, i.e. an increase of almost 50%. The improved crop management practices were highly profitable: compared to farmers’ practice, net benefits increased by 40% for T1 and T2 and by about 85% for T3, with minimal additive investments. Inputs used for T3 are relatively easily available in Mauritania. We concluded that increased farmer awareness of the profitability of improved nutrient and weed management may have a tremendous impact on the competitiveness of rice production in Mauritania     

氮素穗肥对水稻幼穗细胞分裂素和生长素浓度的影响及其与颖花发育的关系

以粳稻品种武育粳3号和2401为研究材料,在盆栽条件下,设高(HN)、低(LN)两个穗肥施氮水平,对幼穗发育过程中(颖花分化至抽穗后7 d)细胞分裂素(ZRs、iPAs)和生长素(IAA)含量及其动态分别进行测定和比较分析。结果表明,幼穗发育过程中穗中细胞分裂素和生长素含量均表现先降后升的趋势,穗肥的施用(HN处理)提高了各个时期细胞分裂素的含量,尤其是颖花分化期效果最为明显。而生长素的变化情况较为复杂,从颖花分化期到花粉母细胞减数分裂期前LN处理稍高于HN处理,之后HN处理又逐渐超过LN处理。穗发育期间HN处理的ZRs/IAA和iPAs/IAA均高于LN处理,颖花分化期差距最大,随后逐渐减小,到花粉母细胞减数分裂期差异最小,抽穗时比值差距又再次扩大,两个品种表现相似。水稻氮素穗肥的施用具有延长颖花分化时间、增加每穗颖花数的作用,这可能与其提高幼穗分化期尤其是颖花分化期的细胞分裂素含量及其与生长素的比值有关。     

养分管理对直播稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探明不同养分管理模式在实地农户种植条件下对直播水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。本试验于2011年6月至2013年11月在江苏省兴化市茅山镇基本农田保护区的田间稻麦轮作条件下,分别选取茅山东村、茅山西村和冯顾村各8个农户,开展3个不同养分管理模式试验,设置了不施肥对照(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FFP)和优化施肥(OPT1和OPT2)4个处理,主要研究了水稻产量及构成因子、氮累积分配和氮肥利用率等对不同养分管理模式的响应。结果表明：(1)施肥较不施肥显著提高水稻产量,优化施肥(226 kg N hm^-2)在较习惯施肥(333 kg N hm^-2)平均减氮32.1%的基础上显著提高水稻产量5.5%,增产原因是提高了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重;OPT2较OPT1平均增产3.1%,其原因是在孕穗期增施了钾肥(18 kg hm^-2 K₂O)。(2)优化施肥水稻植株各部位氮浓度、百千克籽粒需氮量和秸秆氮累积均显著低于习惯施肥,且降低营养器官的氮素分配比例。(3)优化施肥较习惯施肥显著提高水稻氮肥利用率,其氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)、氮肥农学效率(AE_N)、氮肥回收效率(RE_N)和氮肥生理效率(PE_N)分别平均增加55.5%、79.1%、18.7%和48.7%。(4)水稻植株氮累积与产量呈显著正相关,且优化施肥单位氮累积的增产效果高于习惯施肥。因此,基于氮肥总量控制、分期调控和增施钾肥的养分优化管理措施可在实地农户直播稻种植上协同实现水稻高产和氮肥高效。     

高土壤肥力环境下不同类型粳稻品种产量对氮肥用量的响应

以13个粳稻品种为材料, 设计5种氮肥用量, 研究高肥环境下氮肥用量对粳稻产量及其构成的影响, 并比较不同产量、结实率、每穗粒数、千粒重和穗数水平粳稻品种对氮肥的响应。结果如下: (1) 粳稻产量以施氮处理显著高于不施氮处理, 多数粳稻品种在施氮量为150~225 kg hm^-2时产量最高; 每穗粒数和有效穗数随施氮量的增加而增加, 但当施氮量超过225 kg hm^-2时反而下降, 而千粒重和结实率随施氮量的增加一直呈下降趋势。(2) 氮肥对不同产量水平、穗数水平粳稻品种的增产效应不同。不施氮时产量越低的粳稻品种对氮肥越敏感, 少量施用氮肥即起到较好的增产效果, 而不施氮时产量越高的粳稻品种对氮肥相对钝感, 氮肥施用量<75 kg hm^-2时对其产量无明显促进作用。穗数<220×104穗 hm^-2和>310×104穗 hm^-2的粳稻品种的适宜施氮量低于穗数居中的粳稻品种。(3) 1980年以前育成的品种对氮肥的反应相对一致, 多数在施氮量225 kg hm^-2时产量最高; 而1980年后育成的粳稻品种最高产时的N水平相对分散。     

钾对不同类型水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以常规粳稻武运粳7号、武香粳14和杂交粳稻86优8号、泗优422为材料,研究了钾对水稻氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响。结果表明,钾对水稻有明显增产效应,增产率4.56%~14.77%;钾提高了水稻不同生育阶段植株吸氮量,以拔节期到抽穗期氮素积累增量最大,但吸氮比例下降;钾促进了抽穗后氮素转运量和转运率,提高了氮素在不同器官分配量及叶片、穗分配比例,但降低了茎鞘分配比例;钾增强了植株对肥料氮吸收,基肥氮素利用率、全生育期氮素利用率和氮素收获指数显著增长,但降低了植株氮生产效率;以180 kg hm^-2K₂O处理产量最高,氮素积累量、转运量和转运率以及不同器官分配量最大,基肥氮素利用效率、植株对肥料氮吸收量和全生育期氮素利用率最大,但拔节期到抽穗期氮素吸收比例、茎鞘氮素分配比例和植株氮生产效率最低;常规粳稻产量高于杂交粳稻,其氮素利用率相对较大。     

钾对不同类型水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以常规粳稻武运粳7号、武香粳14和杂交粳稻86优8号、泗优422为材料,研究了钾对水稻氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响。结果表明,钾对水稻有明显增产效应,增产率4.56%~14.77%;钾提高了水稻不同生育阶段植株吸氮量,以拔节期到抽穗期氮素积累增量最大,但吸氮比例下降;钾促进了抽穗后氮素转运量和转运率,提高了氮素在不同器官分配量及叶片、穗分配比例,但降低了茎鞘分配比例;钾增强了植株对肥料氮吸收,基肥氮素利用率、全生育期氮素利用率和氮素收获指数显著增长,但降低了植株氮生产效率;以180 kg hm^-2K₂O处理产量最高,氮素积累量、转运量和转运率以及不同器官分配量最大,基肥氮素利用效率、植株对肥料氮吸收量和全生育期氮素利用率最大,但拔节期到抽穗期氮素吸收比例、茎鞘氮素分配比例和植株氮生产效率最低;常规粳稻产量高于杂交粳稻,其氮素利用率相对较大。     

不同氮肥水平下早熟晚粳氮和磷的吸收利用特性及相互关系

采用大田试验,以长江中下游地区具有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种为材料,研究7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm^-2纯氮)下水稻氮和磷积累量、吸收速率、利用效率的差异及其相互关系。结果表明：(1)在0~337.5 kg hm^-2纯氮范围内,随着氮肥水平的增加,早熟晚粳的植株含氮率和氮积累量在拔节、抽穗和成熟期均显著增加;植株含磷率和磷积累量在拔节和抽穗期显著增加,成熟期呈先增后减变化。(2)播种至拔节阶段氮和磷吸收速率随施氮量的增加而提高,差异极显著;拔节至抽穗阶段氮和磷吸收速率随施氮量的增加呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势;抽穗至成熟阶段的氮和磷吸收速率规律不明显。(3)在0~337.5 kg hm^-2纯氮范围内,随着施氮量的增加氮素籽粒生产效率和磷素籽粒生产效率均显著降低,随着施氮量的增加基因型之间的差异减小;随着施氮量的增加氮和磷收获指数都呈现抛物线关系,在施氮量为262.0 kg hm^-2纯氮时出现最大值。(4)早熟晚粳对氮和磷的吸收利用具有显著的协同效应,但随生育进程的推进这种效应减弱。水稻在播种至拔节、拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟3个生育阶段的氮和磷吸收速率都呈二次曲线关系(r=0.892^**,r=0.736^**,r=0.512^**)。(5)相关分析表明,产量与拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的吸氮量和吸磷量以及播种至拔节期和拔节至成熟期的吸氮速率和吸磷速率呈极显著正相关关系。增施氮肥有利于水稻氮和磷吸收利用的提高,但氮肥过高时氮和磷吸收利用不再增加,甚至有所降低。     

杂交中稻粒肥高效施用量与齐穗期SPAD值关系研究

以杂交中稻组合Ⅱ优602为材料,通过不同基、蘖肥施氮量以塑造施粒肥当时植株营养状况的差异,在此基础上,分别设粒肥施用量处理,探明了粒肥高效施用量与齐穗期库源结构关系。粒肥施用效果与稻齐穗期植株营养水平关系密切,齐穗期剑叶SPAD值、叶片含氮量和群体单位面积的总颖花量3个因子决定粒肥高效施用量。建立了根据齐穗期剑叶SPAD值（x）预测粒肥的高效施氮量(y,kg hm^-2)的回归方程,y =－30.7980x + 1340.9,R² = 0.9114,并指出当齐穗期剑叶的SPAD值高于43.5时,植株营养充足,不需施粒肥,此为临界的苗情诊断指标。     

甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力的优势及形成特征

以长江下游地区大面积种植的4种类型(籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻)水稻品种中有代表性的品种为材料,设置6个氮肥水平(0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm–2),比较研究其氮肥群体最高生产力及其产量构成、关键生育阶段天数、主要生育时期的叶面积指数和干物重。结果表明:(1)杂交籼稻获得最高生产力对应的施氮量为225.0~262.5 kg hm–2,常规粳稻为300.0 kg hm–2,杂交粳稻和籼粳杂交稻为262.5~300.0 kg hm–2。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力以籼粳杂交稻最高,达12.2(12.0~12.3)t hm–2,较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高出6.6%、9.8%和19.6%(两年平均值)。群体颖花量和每穗粒数均以籼粳杂交稻最高,但其每穗粒数年度间波动较大。穗数和结实率以常规粳稻最高。(3)播种至抽穗期天数以杂交粳稻最长,抽穗至成熟期天数则以籼粳杂交稻最长,达60 d左右。全生育期天数呈杂交粳稻常规粳稻籼粳杂交稻杂交籼稻。两年中日产量以籼粳杂交稻最高。(4)籼粳杂交稻在抽穗、抽穗后20 d和成熟期的叶面积指数和干物重均显著高于另外3种类型品种,且抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量也最高。此外,籼粳杂交稻在拔节至抽穗期以及抽穗至成熟期的光合势显著高于另外3种类型品种。较多的每穗粒数、较长的灌浆期天数以及较高的日产量、生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)较强的光合物质生产能力是籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力形成的重要原因和基础。     

Effect of panicle nitrogen on grain filling characteristics of high-yielding rice cultivars

The effects of four levels of panicle nitrogen fertilizer on the grain filling characteristics of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties (super japonica rice Ningjing 3, three-line japonica hybrid rice Changyou 3 and three-line indica–japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 12) were analyzed. The results showed that difference in time of maximum filling rate (T_max) was the smallest between the superior and inferior spikelets of Ningjing 3, bigger between those of Changyou 3, the biggest between those of Yongyou 12. Ningjing 3 was of the synchronous grain-filling type, Yongyou 12 the asynchronous type, and the Changyou 3 the medium type. The grain filling rate, the initial filling power (R₀), the maximum filling rate (G_max), and the average filling rate (G) of the superior and inferior spikelets of the three varieties under the treatment of panicle N with the amount of 120 kg ha⁻¹ (middle panicle N, shortened as NM) treatment were higher than those of other treatments. NM treatment led to the highest increase in grain weight at the middle stage of filling for all the three varieties. The treatment shortened the early and late stages of grain filling, but extended the middle stage when the filling rate was the highest. However, the middle stage of grain filling of Changyou 3 and Yongyou 12 was much more extended than that of Ningjing 3, indicating a better effect of N on hybrid rice varieties.     

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响

稻麦两熟地区,旱直播水稻生产受前茬小麦收获、全量麦秸秆还田及耕整地质量不高等因素的影响,常采用迟播期、大播量、高基本苗和主茎成穗为主的“独秆”栽培模式,而配套该模式直播稻优质丰产的氮肥管理技术尚缺乏系统的研究。以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料,采用机械旱直播方式,基本苗为380×10⁴ hm^-2,设置不同叶龄期(六、七、八、九和十叶龄期)氮肥追施处理及氮肥追施用量(纯氮180 kg hm^-2和225 kg hm^-2)处理,以基本苗380×10⁴ hm^-2和300×10⁴ hm^-2的旱直播精确定量氮肥管理(纯氮270 kg hm^-2,基肥︰分蘖肥︰穗肥=3.5︰3.5︰3.0)为对照,系统比较研究“独秆”栽培模式下,全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随追施叶龄的延后,水稻产量呈先增后降趋势,八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量显著高于其他处理,且追施量增加,水稻产量进一步提高。与2组对照相比,在纯氮180 kg hm^-2,氮肥减量33.3%情况下,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期一次性追施氮肥,可显著提高水稻产量5.10%和8.65%;在纯氮225 kg hm^-2,氮肥减量16.7%情况下,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期及7 d后二次追肥可显著提高水稻产量7.46%和11.09%。不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量提高的原因是,保障较大穗型的基础上增加有效穗数,显著提高群体颖花量,同时保持较高水平的结实率和千粒重。随追肥叶龄延后,水稻整精米率呈增加趋势,垩白度呈增大趋势,蛋白质含量增加,直链淀粉含量下降,食味值呈降低趋势。与2组对照相比,不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥的水稻,加工品质提高,整精米率提高0.67%~2.23%;外观品质变好,垩白度降低3.6%~14.5%;营养品质提升,蛋白质含量增加3.03%~14.08%;蒸煮食味品质呈变优趋势,直链淀粉含量下降4.23%~10.95%;食味值无显著差异。综上所述,“独秆”栽培模式下基肥不施氮肥配合全程氮肥在分蘖中后期适宜叶龄施用可实现稻麦两熟地区旱直播稻迟播期、大播量和高基本苗生产方式的提质增产生产。     

晒田强度和穗肥运筹对三角形强化栽培水稻光合生产力和氮素利用的影响

以杂交中稻组合II优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下,研究3种晒田强度(0~20 cm土壤相对含水量为80%±5%、60%±5%和40%±5%,分别记为W₁、W₂和W₃)和3种穗肥运筹(晒田复水后第1、8和15天施用第1次氮素穗肥,分别记为S₁、S₂和S₃)对灌浆结实期水稻光合生产和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,晒田程度和穗肥运筹对水稻光合生产、干物质积累、氮素积累、转运和利用和产量的影响存在显著互作效应,且晒田影响最为显著,氮素穗肥运筹次之。轻度晒田(W₁)复水后第1天施用第1次氮素穗肥会降低抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合和有效穗数,推迟至复水后第8天或第15天施用第1次氮素穗肥可以提高抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合、收获指数和氮素稻谷生产效率;中度和重度晒田(W₂和W₃)复水后第1天和第8天施用第1次氮素穗肥可以提高孕穗期和齐穗期剑叶P_n和抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合、干物质积累、籽粒产量及构成指标、稻株氮素积累与利用。经过分析比较得出,TSRI模式下W₂S₁为晒田强度和穗肥运筹的最优组合,产量达到10.96 t ha^-1。     

基肥配比和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米籽粒物性的影响

以鲜食糯玉米品种苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料研究表明,基肥配比和拔节期追氮对籽粒物性有显著影响,且基肥配比对物性参数(除脆度和黏聚性)影响大于拔节期追氮。物性参数中,黏着性、脆度和咀嚼度变异系数较高。基肥处理中,总体上以氮磷钾肥合理配比(N 75 kg hm^-2 + P₂O₅ 75 kg hm^-2 + K₂O 75 kg hm^-2)时硬度、脆度、黏着性(绝对值)、弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼度较高,回复性适中。随着拔节期追氮量增加,硬度、脆度、黏聚性、咀嚼度和回复性均呈先升后降趋势,黏着性在不追氮和追氮150 kg hm^-2处理下无显著差异,但显著高于追氮300 kg hm^-2处理,弹性受拔节期追氮量影响较小。相关分析表明,硬度和脆度与弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼度显著正相关。黏着性与弹性、咀嚼度显著负相关,与回复性显著正相关。弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼度两两极显著正相关。综合考虑各参数的变化趋势,氮磷钾均衡基施并拔节期适量追氮时两品种籽粒具有较好的黏着性、咀嚼度和脆度,且苏玉糯5号籽粒硬度显著低于渝糯7号。     

Effects of Time and Rate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on the Growth and the Seed and Oil Yields of Canola (Brassica napus L.)

A field study was conducted to investigate the influence of variable rates of application of N and P fertilizers in splits at various times on the growth and the seed and oil yields of canola (Brassica napus L.) during 1995–97. Rates of fertilizer application were 0 and 0 (F0), 60 and 0 (F1), 0 and 30 (F2), 60 and 30 (F3), 90 and 60 (F4) and 120 and 90 (F5) kg N ha^?1 and kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. All the P was applied at sowing while N was applied in splits, i.e. all at sowing, half at sowing and half with first irrigation, or half at sowing and half at flowering. The responses of growth, seed yield and components of yield were consistent in both years. Increasing the rate of fertilizer application from F4 (90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1) to F5 (120/90 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1) increased the leaf area index (LAI) relative to the control and to lower rates of fertilizer application. For both crops, application of 90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1 significantly enhanced total dry matter (TDM) and seed yield. Seed yield increased mainly due to a greater number of pods per plant and seeds per seed‐pod. The time of fertilizer application did not significantly affect seed yield or components of yield in either season. Oil yield generally followed seed yield, increasing with increasing rate of fertilizer application up to 90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1. The maximum oil contents were obtained from the control. The results show that seed and oil yields of canola were maximized at the F4 (90/60 kg N/P₂O₅ ha^?1) rate of application under the agro‐ecological conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan.     

Assessment of N topdressing rate at panicle initiation stage with chlorophyll meter-based diagnosis in rice

This study was conducted to determine N topdressing rate at panicle initiation stage by using chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502)-based N nutritional diagnosis in rice plant for high quality production of the Chucheongbyeo variety. Field experiments were carried for 3 years from 2003 to 2005 in Gyeonggi, Hwaseong. To confirm the method of measuring the leaf color with SPAD-502, leaf position of rice plant and measuring point on the leaf were studied. And the proper period to examine the leaf color and growth characteristics of rice plants was suggested at panicle initiation stage, from the results of the correlation between SPAD value and both content of chlorophyll and nitrogen in rice leaves. The multiply value of plant height, number of tillers per m² and SPAD value could explain well the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the growth of rice plants, and was used to determine an equation for on-site determination of nitrogen fertilization rate for Chucheongbyeo variety at the panicle initiation stage. Nitrogen fertilization increased number of tillers and rice yields, and affected the increase in protein content in rice grain resulting in loss of quality, such as taste value, and decreased the percentages of both ripened and whole rice grains. Based on the response surface statistical methodology using the SAS program, the relationship equation among protein content of brown rice (PROT), plant growth value (plant height × number of tillers × SPAD value, PGV), and nitrogen fertilization rate at the panicle formation stage (NF) was developed. That is, PROT (%) = 7.379403 ? (5.27E-7) a ? 0.013291 b + (3.025355E-13) a ² + (3.222997E-8) ab + (6.781E-05) b ², where a means PGV and b is NF (%), and the equation’s coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.967. From this equation, to recommend the optimum N fertilization rate at panicle initiation stage easily to produce high quality rice of Chucheongbyeo variety, which contains the target protein content of brown rice.     

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量及氮肥利用的影响

研究籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下适宜的控释氮肥运筹。试验于2016—2017年在安徽庐江进行,以当地高产籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种,设置控释氮肥一次性基施(single basal application of CRNF,BC)、与尿素分蘖肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at the tillering stage,BC+TU)、与尿素穗肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation,BC+PU)三种运筹模式,以尿素分次施肥(conventional high-yield fertilization,SU)和不施氮肥(0N)为对照,研究控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及相关农艺指标的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥阶段释放基蘖肥:穗肥比例为7∶3,较传统优化氮肥运筹SU(6∶4)整体表现基蘖肥冗余,穗肥不足,因而BC和BC+TU处理显著降低了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量和氮肥利用效率。与BC和BC+TU处理相比,BC+PU通过基肥减量和尿素穗肥配施,在保证水稻营养生长期基本氮素供应的同时,显著增加了穗分化至成熟期氮素吸收,促进了穗分化至成熟期光合物质生产能力,在稳定有效穗数和千粒重的同时,显著提高了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻每穗粒数、结实率和产量,很好的匹配了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻全生育期氮素需求。BC+PU两年的产量和氮肥利用率分别为12.2~13.1 t hm^-2和43.8%~44.1%,分别较BC显著提高7.4%~9.2%和48.5%~59.9%,较BC+TU显著提高8.0%~11.9%和63.9%~74.5%。另外,BC+PU的产量和氮肥利用率与SU无显著差异,但由于大幅降低了施氮人工成本,最终提高净收益6.5%~12.3%。在籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下,采用70%控释氮肥+30%尿素穗肥处理可有效取代常规尿素分次施肥,获得无显著差异的水稻产量和氮肥利用效率,同时进一步提高经济效益。     

控释尿素对环洞庭湖区双季稻吸氮特征和产量的影响

缓控释肥料应用于我国水稻生产中,对化肥使用量零增长和农业可持续发展具有重要推动作用。本研究以连续在湖南进行6年(2013—2018年)的双季稻控释尿素施用试验为研究平台,分析控释尿素施用下环洞庭湖区早晚稻主要生育期地上部氮素累积、氮素阶段吸收速率与氮素利用的关系,探究控释尿素减施对水稻持续稳产增产的原因。结果表明:早稻各施氮处理均有1次明显的氮素阶段吸收速率峰值,控释尿素(controlled-release urea,CRU)处理氮素吸收相对延后,氮素累积主要在幼穗分化始期至抽穗期阶段,占生育期总量的35.31%~42.33%,其次为始分蘖期至幼穗分化始期和抽穗期至乳熟期。晚稻于始分蘖期至幼穗分化始期和抽穗期至乳熟期出现2次明显的氮素阶段吸收速率峰值,均以1.0 CRU(等氮量控释尿素)处理峰值最高;始分蘖期至幼穗分化始期、抽穗期至乳熟期水稻大量吸收氮素,累积增量分别占35.92%~40.52%和23.05%~24.58%。控释尿素还能显著提高双季稻产量,早晚稻分别以0.9 CRU(控释尿素减氮10%)和0.8 CRU(控释尿素减氮20%)处理最佳,控释尿素减施的晚稻增产效果优于早稻,且显著提高早晚稻氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力。CRU处理早晚稻产量与幼穗分化始期、抽穗期、乳熟期、腊熟期氮素累积量和有效穗数均呈极显著正相关,且晚稻产量与穗长呈显著正相关;早晚稻幼穗分化始期氮素累积量与氮肥农学利用率、生理利用率呈显著负相关,氮肥偏生产力与早稻幼穗分化始期、抽穗期、乳熟期和腊熟期氮素累积量呈极显著或显著负相关,与晚稻抽穗期氮素累积量呈显著负相关。因此,控释尿素施用使水稻氮素阶段吸收速率、地上部氮素累积后延,有利于后期生殖生长及籽粒结实,显著提高双季稻产量及氮肥利用效率。结合双季稻吸氮特征和籽粒产量,建议环洞庭湖区早稻采用释放期较短的控释尿素或配合速效氮肥施用,进一步实现增产。     

Effect of N fertilizer top-dressing on N accumulation and N2 fixation of supernodulating soybean mutant

Increased application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer top-dressing during growth is an effective option for enhancing N supply to soybean plants. SS2-2 was characterized by the superior ability of symbiotic N₂ fixation at the level of 30 kg N ha⁻¹. But, the response of nitrogen fixation ability of supernodulating soybean mutant, SS2-2, to N fertilizer application rate remains unclear. The objective of this experiment was to compare the response of N fertilizer top-dressing on N accumulation and N₂ fixation between supernodulating mutant, SS2-2, and wild-type, Sinpaldalkong 2. The effect of N fertilizer top-dressing (0.6 g N pot⁻¹ top-dressing) on the nitrogen accumulation and redistribution were compared between SS2-2 and Sinpaldalkong 2. N fertilizer top-dressing at R1 stage increase in plant dry weight, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), and N redistribution (NR). SS2-2 showed highest N concentration, 65.0 mg N g DW⁻¹, followed by Sinpaldalkong 2 and En1282, and the N content per plant did not show a significant difference between SS2-2 and Sinpaldalkong 2. The N₂ fixation rate was significantly reduced by N top-dressing, but the amount of N₂ fixation was not changed due to an improved dry weight without changes of N concentration. In addition, SS2-2 showed higher NHI, NR and NRE than Sinpaldalkong 2. These results suggested that supernodulating soybean mutants, SS2-2, could be characterized by high N concentration and N₂ fixation regardless of N fertilizer top-dressing due to a higher nitrate tolerance of supernodulating mutants than that of wild-type.     

超高产栽培杂交中籼稻的生长发育特性

以5个杂交中籼稻品种(含品系)扬两优6号、P88S/747、珞优8号、珞优234和天两优2号为材料,研究大田条件下超高产水平(产量≥12.0 t hm^-2)的物质生产、产量构成及养分吸收特性。试验结果表明,与高产水稻(产量≥9.0 t hm^-2)相比,超高产水稻具有以下特征,幼穗分化期、齐穗期和灌浆结实期(齐穗后10 d) LAI大,分别为6.5~7.2、8.5~8.9和6.5~7.0;齐穗期的高效叶面积比率高,为60.0%~66.5%;齐穗期、灌浆期和成熟期积累较多的干物质,分别为13.5~15.0、15.0~16.0和25.0~28.0 t hm^-2;分蘖盛期对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)吸收利用优势不明显,而幼穗分化期、齐穗期和成熟期对N、P、K 吸收利用高而且积累速度快。此外,具有穗数多(有效穗数介于250×10⁴ ~290×10⁴ 穗 hm^-2)、结实率高(88.2%~92.3%)、千粒重大(29.0~31.0 g)的特点。