不同种质瓜蒌子形态学研究

目的:讨论不同产地,不同地理位置瓜蒌子形态学的相关性.方法:分别测定瓜蒌子的长、宽、厚、百粒重,根据瓜篓子百粒重、长、宽、厚、长×宽×厚、长/宽、厚/宽7个指标,分析瓜蒌子的产地差异、地理变化规律及不同产地种子形态相关性.结果:瓜蒌子长度和宽度呈明显正相关,宽度和厚度呈显著性正相关.结论:不同产地不同地理瓜蒌子差异不明显,产区内差异较为显著.瓜蒌子的形态学指标间有显著相关性.     

福建省三尖杉种子形态变异研究

研究了福建省内几个三尖杉分布区之间三尖杉种子形态变异规律,结果表明,三尖杉种子的形态指标:长、宽、厚、种子大小(长×宽×厚)及种子单粒重存在极显著的产地差异.在发芽率与各性状的相关性方面,三尖杉种子长、宽、厚、长宽比、重、大小、比重等形态特征与种子发芽率有一定的正相关,特别是种子的单粒重、大小和比重与发芽率的相关系数都达到了显著或极显著水平,而长厚比和宽厚比与发芽率却成负相关,其中宽厚比与发芽率呈极显著的负相关.聚类结果表明,除来源于永泰的F9外,其余各地种子在D0.407处可以大致地分为两大类:来源于永泰黄溪和柘荣的三尖杉种子形态差异不明显,归为一类;来源于漳平的三尖杉种子与其它居群有明显的差异,归为一类.     

厚荚相思种子性状及苗期性状变异的研究

为探索厚荚相思不同家系间种子性状的变异规律及与其子代苗期生长性状的关系.对厚荚相思种子园中不同家系种子的主要性状进行了测定及育苗试验.结果表明:21个不同家系间种子各性状差异均达到极显著水平.变异系数从大到小依次为发芽率>种脐长>千粒重>种形系数>种子长>种子宽.家系间的苗高与地径生长均存在着显著差异.广义遗传力分别为0.614和0.844.这些差异主要受遗传因素控制.种子各性状与苗木生长的相关未达显著水平.而种子各性状间也不存在显著相关性,表明厚荚相思苗木早期生长与种子大小和重量关系不大.     

薄壳山核桃17个家系种子性状和子代苗期性状变异及初步选择

以17个优树自由授粉家系种子和子代一年生苗为试验材料,分析了种子性状和幼苗生长差异,并进行相关分析和主成分分析,以探讨薄壳山核桃不同家系种子性状、变异规律及与子代苗期生长的关系。结果表明:薄壳山核桃家系间种子性状、幼苗生长存在丰富的变异,种子性状变异系数为1.63%～11.85%,幼苗生长的变异系数为4.91%～17.26%,种壳厚、发芽率、茎干重和叶干重因变异程度高,可作为育种和优良单株选择重要性状指标;百粒重与种长、种宽呈极显著正相关,长/宽与种长呈极显著正相关,与种宽呈负相关但不显著,说明其长/宽主要取决于种长。种子的种宽变化很小,种长变化较大,地径与种长呈显著负相关,说明种子过长对植株增粗生长有阻碍作用;通过主成分综合评价,初步筛选出家系1、8、4、3、7、12号和9号表现较优的子代,为薄壳山核桃优良植株选择提供参考。     

玉米自交系籽粒性状与种子萌发能力的关系研究

针对不同血缘的玉米种质资源,探讨自交系籽粒性状与种子萌发能力之间的关系,为选育强发芽势玉米品种提供依据。以玉米自交系为材料,鉴定供试材料的籽粒类型、百粒重,同时采用纸间萌发法,测定发芽势、发芽率、根长和芽长等性状。结果表明,玉米自交系的籽粒大小与种子萌发性状存在显著相关性,即籽粒大小与发芽率、发芽势呈显著相关,均为负向低度相关。其中,百粒重与发芽势的相关系数为-0.133,百粒重与发芽率的相关系数为-0.132。籽粒大小与根长、芽长呈极显著相关,均为负向低度相关。其中,百粒重与根长的相关性为-0.222,百粒重与芽长的相关性为-0.215。籽粒类型与种子萌发不存在显著相关性,其相关系数均小于0.1。发芽率和发芽势、根长和芽长间均呈极显著正相关,相关系数均大于0.5。通过百粒重性状可以推断自交系芽期活力的强弱。     

玉米种子粒重差异对相关发芽指标整齐度的影响

对新疆五家渠市种子市场购买的12个玉米品种种子进行调查表明：多数玉米品种种子在净度、含水率等指标上达到国家标准,但仍有品种发芽率未达到国家强制标准,且不同品种之间发芽势差异较大,发芽势最高的达到90%,而最低的仅为15%;不同品种间粒重受遗传影响较大,品种间单粒重整齐度存在较大差别,整齐度变化区间为3.78~7.38。发芽试验中发现,玉米单粒重与芽长、主根长、芽重和根重等指标间存在显著正相关关系,且单粒重整齐度与主根长、根重、芽长和芽重等指标整齐度间存在显著或极显著正相关关系,表明粒重整齐度将影响玉米苗期群体整齐度。     

6个自然青檀居群种子形态特征及其与发芽率的相关分析

对6个自然青檀居群的种子形态特征进行统计分析,探讨不同地区自然青檀种子形态差异以及形态特征与发芽率的相关性,为我国青檀种质资源的评价以及青檀的选种育种提供依据.结果表明:1)6个居群果实和种子的变异程度不同,其中安徽LY、河南JL等青檀居群的果实变异程度大,江苏YZ、山东QT等青檀居群的果实变异程度较小;LY、YZ、JL等居群种子变异程度较大,安徽HC、山东QT等居群的种子变异程度较小;2)6个居群果实长、宽存在极显著差异,YZ居群果实长度最大,HC居群的果实宽度最大;6个居群种子长、宽、厚度均达到显著差异,HC青檀居群种子长度最大,JL居群的种子宽度最大,QT居群的种子厚度最大,且差异都达到了显著水平;3)青檀种子长度与发芽率、发芽势之间存在着显著相关;种子百粒重与发芽率之间存在着显著相关.     

玉米粒重杂交当代杂种优势分析

通过测定123个不同玉米品种杂交当代种子及其母本、父本的百粒重和容重,分析了杂交育种对玉米籽粒的产量性状即百粒重和容重产生的优势以及其具有的超母本优势和超父本优势对玉米籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:不同玉米品种杂交当代籽粒百粒重、容重之间存在显著差异;玉米籽粒百粒重和容重杂交当代具有一定的杂种优势,既存在正向优势,也存在负向优势,以中亲优势、超亲优势均为正向优势为指标,本研究基于百粒重筛选出农单9139等21个品种,基于容重筛选出农单9080等16个品种。     

果实和种子性状对宁夏枸杞果实商品品质的影响

[目的]以宁杞1号枸杞为实验材料,对5个产区枸杞果实和种子的性状指标进行测定,同时应用数理统计的方法对果实百粒重和单果种子的数量进行统计,为不同产区同一品种枸杞的商品品质评价提供参考和依据.[方法]通过传统性状鉴别和体式显微镜成像相结合的方法,对5个产区枸杞果实和种子性状进行观察、描述;采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对枸杞果实百粒重和种子数量进行统计.[结果]1)宁夏、内蒙古产区果实为长纺锤形,引种甘肃、青海后果实形状变化趋于卵圆形和椭圆形;2)果实纵、横径的变化规律一致,均表现为:青海＞宁夏固原＞宁夏中宁＞甘肃靖远＞内蒙古;3)枸杞种子纵径变化规律与果实纵、横径变化规律一致;4)百粒重数理统计结果显示,5个产区均有显著差异;5)种子数量数理统计结果显示,内蒙古与宁夏中宁、宁夏固原、甘肃靖远、青海产区枸杞种子数量有显著差异,而其它4个产区枸杞种子数量没有显著差异.[结论]通过对不同产区宁夏枸杞果实和种子性状的对比研究,能够评价不同产区宁夏枸杞的商品品质.     

青藏高原沙棘属植物种实表型多样性和发芽特性研究

为研究沙棘属植物云南沙棘、江孜沙棘和肋果沙棘各采集点种实表型性状、种子发芽特性及其相关性,通过测定果实的鲜果长、宽、干果长、宽、果实含水量和种子的长度、宽度、长宽比、百粒重、种子含水量等表型性状,以及种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等发芽特性,并比较浸种时间(12,24,48h)和培养温度(20,25,30℃)对种子发芽的影响。结果表明:青藏高原沙棘属3种植物各采集点种实表型性状和种子发芽特性存在显著差异;浸种24h,30℃发芽条件下,青藏高原沙棘属3个种9个采集地点种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均存在显著差异,其中类乌齐县肋果沙棘发芽率(95.68%)最高,白朗县江孜沙棘(86.00%)最低;温度设定在20～30℃之间,3种沙棘植物种子发芽势和发芽指数差异显著;浸种时间12～48h时,沙棘属植物种子发芽率差异显著;浸种24h,在温度25℃和30℃条件下,沙棘属植物种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数最高;种子发芽势与种子发芽指数呈极显著正相关,与鲜果宽呈极显著负相关,发芽指数与鲜果宽呈极显著负相关,种子百粒重与鲜果长、种子宽呈极显著正相关。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.