非人灵长类肠道寄生虫研究进展

随着经济社会活动正日益增加,几乎没有非人灵长类的栖息环境能逃脱干扰,这不可避免增加了非人灵长类与人类的接触机会,也极大地增加人兽共患寄生虫交叉感染的风险。我国非人灵长类不仅面临着生境减少的威胁,更为严重的是很多保护区或者旅游景区将野生猴科灵长类作为招揽游客的手段,没有任何防护措施的人猴近距离接触更增加了寄生虫传播的危险。总结了国内外非人灵长类肠道寄生虫的相关研究成果,包括肠道寄生虫的种类、传播途径、危害及预防措施,为濒危非人灵长类的综合保护提供科学依据,对其保护方法和方针提供指导,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

7个灵长类物种PRSS12基因编码区序列测定与进化分析

参考人的PRSS12基因组序列(NT016354),分段设计多对引物,对灵长类系统发育中代表不同谱系的7个物种的PRSS12基因蛋白质编码序列进行了PCR扩增、序列测定和拼接,结果获得了7个非人灵长类物种PRSS12基因的完全编码序列,全长为2628bp(大猩猩2631bp,黄猩猩2634bp),均含有13个完整的外显子。同源性分析表明,灵长类PRSS12的核苷酸和氨基酸序列均显示出高度的保守性。其基因进化速率也非常缓慢,每10亿年每个位点的平均非同义替换数仅为0.20个,平均同义替换数仅为1.13个。选择性检验表明,在灵长类的进化历程中,PRSS12其因保持着由纯化性选择所致的强烈的功能束缚,这暗示着该基因在灵长类的神经系统发育和认知能力发展中可能起着关键的功能性作用。进一步分析表明,纯化性选择实际上主要作用于PRSS12基因的SRCR功能结构域编码区,该结构域起着介导PRSS12基因编码蛋白结合于其它细胞表面或胞外蛋白质的重要作用。     

上位性及其对家养动物复杂经济性状形成的遗传学影响

Bateson于1909年最早将上位性(Epistasis)这个概念引入遗传学领域,在1918年,Fisher将不同位点上的非等位基因相互作用定义为上位性,非等位基因间的交互作用而产生的基因效应定位为上位效应(Epistaticeffect)。自此,在相当长的时期内,受到试验方法及技术手段的限制,研究者多采用以数量遗传学为主的研究方法对上位性开展研究。近年来,伴随着分子数量遗传学与功能基因组学的飞速发展,人们现在已获得大量的理论和实验证据支持上位效应对家养动物复杂性状的表型塑造以及复杂遗传系统演化机制存在重要的遗传学影响。文章拟对目前使用较为广泛的上位性概念、类型及主要的学术观点加以评述,着重介绍了这些概念的产生的背景、原理以及差别之处,并对上位性对家养动物复杂经济性状的遗传学影响给予简要介绍,以期能够为相关领域的研究者提供参考。     

我国非人灵长类实验动物产业发展的现状、问题及对策

非人灵长类是人类近亲。作为重要科技支撑条件,在引领和支撑生命科学研究、生物技术创新和生物医药产业发展中发挥着不可或缺的重要作用,其战略地位受到了世界各国的普遍重视。我国对非人灵长类实验动物资源建设与共享,重大疾病模型的自主研发高度重视,在《国家"十二五"科学和技术发展规划》以及《科研条件发展"十二五"专项规划》中明确提出了"加强具有中国特色实验动物资源培育,重点     

黑猩猩精子的电镜观察

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜及光镜首次对灵长类动物黑猩猩的精子形态结构进行了观察研究.结果显示:在光镜及电镜下,黑猩猩精子在大体结构(如头的形状、顶体大小、核的结构等)上与人类相似;精子总长、头长、尾中段及尾主段的长度与非人灵长类存在明显差异(P<0.01).研究结果表明,黑猩猩可能在种系进化过程中与人类关系最近,而与非人灵长类分离较早.     

群居动物中的共同决策

群居的个体能够更好的躲避天敌的捕食,增强与同种其它种群的资源竞争,增加生殖机会与生殖成功率,使信息在个体之间顺畅的交流等。但是群内个体又会在有限的资源下产生群内的个体竞争,从而引起动物群的分裂,失去群居的利益。为了保持动物群的聚合力,当动物群内出现冲突时,需要在群内个体间形成协调各种冲突以及在群内达成共识的机制。依据动物社群组成的不同,领导力机制和自组织机制是协调群内冲突,形成一致决策和联合决策的两种主要机制。从行为生态学的角度入手,阐述了动物群内共同决策的类型,群内冲突的协调机制,共同决策的制定过程,比较了信息因素与利益因素在共同决策制定过程中的影响。旨在藉此推进我国相关领域研究的开展, 为群居动物社会与行为生态学研究者启发思路,并为保护群居濒危物种提供科学依据。     

合水油田庄51井区长6_3油层储层非均质性研究

通过对测井曲线、岩石薄片以及压汞等资料分析,对合水油田庄51井区长6_3油层的储层层内、层间、平面以及微观非均质性特征进行了定性分析。研究表明:长6_3油层的储层层内非均质性受沉积韵律和层内夹层的影响,整体表现为中等非均质性,其中长6_3~3小层的储层最为均质,长6_3~2小层和长6_3~1小层非均质性稍强,为均质-中等非均质;层间隔层较为发育,层间非均质性强;平面上,砂体的平面展布和物性平面分布受沉积相的控制,砂体侧向连通性较差,物性变化大,非均质性较强;微观孔隙结构受成岩作用影响大,会增强储层非均质程度。总体而言,研究区长6_3油层可被定义为中等-较强非均质性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地合水油田长8油层组储层宏观非均质特征研究

结合铸体薄片、物性、测井解释等资料，对合水油田长8油层组储层宏观非均质特征进行了较为深入的研究，认为区内储层的层内、层间及平面非均质性均较强；层内非均质特征与沉积韵律和层内夹层的分布密切相关，层间非均质特征主要受层间隔层平面展布特征及储层物性变化的影响，平面非均质特征则受控于砂体的形态及平面展布特征。     

昆虫性信息素的研究与应用进展

５　性信息素与种间生殖隔离所谓“种”是指能交配和繁殖的自然个体所形成的“集团”。在自然界，种间存在生殖隔离。昆虫实现生殖隔离的方式有：时空隔离（诸如生境、发生季节和求偶时间不同）；形态隔离（体形相异及交尾器官形态不同）；行为隔离（性信息素的种间特异性）；交尾后的体内隔离（精子不得存活、受精卵生成无存活能力的杂种等）。在其它条件都相同的情况下，昆虫则是利用性信息素的特异性实现种间生殖隔离。主要表现在以下４个方面。５．１　性信息素化学结构的不同性信息素的化学结构不同，诸如碳链长短、双键位置和末端功能…     

东北百合属植物的细胞遗传多样性

为了揭示东北百合属（ＬｉｌｉｕｍＬ．）植物在细胞（染色体）水平上的遗传多样性、利用常规压片方法，对东北产８种２变种百合种内不同个体及不同居群进行了广泛研究。指出百合属种内个体及不群间的染色体数目变化为非整倍性，Ｂ染色体的出现频率、数量与无性繁殖的方式及能力相关。其中大花百合、朝鲜百合和垂花百合的染色体核型公式为首次报道。三倍体卷丹的结实现象及所得种子中染色体数目也为第一次观察记录。     

异色瓢虫的交配及配后的保护行为研究

通过室内试验,对异色瓢虫的交配及配后的保护行为进行了初步研究.结果表明:异色瓢虫完成交配时间为110.89 min,雌雄虫生殖器结合39 min后雄虫的身体开始晃动,完成一次交配雄虫晃动的总时间为75.11min,雄虫晃动的回合数为129.57个,每个晃动回合包括几个至十几个身体左右晃动的单元,晃动持续直至交配结束.交...     

Characterization of a Phytophthora mating hormone

Water molds of the genus Phytophthora include many plant pathogens responsible for epidemics such as potato blight and sudden oak death, causing global economic damages. Sexual reproduction is of biological importance in Phytophthora and has been believed to be stimulated by unknown endogenous factors named a hormones. We describe here the chemical characterization of a Phytophthora mating hormone, a1, which was obtained from approximately 2 tons of culture fluid of one mating type of a species and which induced sexual spores on the counter-mating type at a nanogram level.     

Relationship Between Behavioral Frequency and Reproductive Potential of Female Alpine Musk Deer in Captivity

Between June 2005 and February 2006, focal sampling and all occurrence behavior recording were used to quantify the behavioral patterns of captive female alpine musk deer （Moschus sifanicus） at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu Province, China. Copulation success was used to differentiate individuals into two groups （successful and unsuccessful） and to provide a basis for behavioral comparisons, throughout both mating （rut） and non mating seasons. The results indicated significant differences between the behavior patterns of successful and unsuccessful females; however, the reproductive season played an important environmental factor. Pooling results across reproductive seasons, successfully copulating females showed significantly higher frequencies of vigilance and lower frequency of feeding behavior as compared with unsuccessfully copulating females. In the non-mating season, unsuccessfully copulating females had higher frequency of self-directed behavior, environment sniffing, and were less aggressive than successful copulating females. Furthermore, females who were successful at copulating also demonstrated tail-pasting behavior; however, this only occurred during the rut season. The results of this study can improve management practices for musk deer farms through increasing mating success and reducing maintenance costs. Furthermore, variation in behavior may also be used as a predictor of copulation success and reproductive potential, whereby females can be grouped and separated according to their reproductive history and past reproduction success.     

Function, developmental genetics, and fitness consequences of a sexually antagonistic trait

Sexual conflict is thought to be a potent force driving the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits. In the water strider Rheumatobates rileyi, we show that elaborated traits on male antennae function to grasp resistant females during premating struggles. Using RNA interference, we uncovered novel roles of the gene distal-less (dll) in generating these male-specific traits. Furthermore, graded reduction of the grasping traits resulted in a graded reduction of mating success in males, thus demonstrating both selection for elaboration of the traits and the role of dll in their evolution. By establishing developmental genetic tools in model systems where sexual selection and conflict are understood, we can begin to reveal how selection can exploit ancient developmental genes to enable the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits.     

Parasites as a viability cost of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals

Sexual selection in mammals has resulted in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD), with males usually being the larger sex. Comparative analyses indicate that the evolution of SSD is associated with the evolution of male-biased mortality, suggesting a possible causal link between the two. Here, we use a comparative approach to investigate the possible role of parasites in generating this relation. We show that there is a robust association between male-biased parasitism and the degree of sexual selection, as measured by mating system (monogamous or polygynous) and by the degree of SSD. There is also a positive correlation, across taxa, between male-biased mortality and male-biased parasitism. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that parasites contribute to the observed association between SSD and male-biased mortality.     

Evolution of mechanisms controlling mating behavior

The proximate mechanisms underlying mating behavior in naturally occurring species can be fundamentally different from those in more commonly studied laboratory and domesticated forms. In naturally occurring species, reproductive strategies are much more diverse, and mechanisms controlling behavior are correspondingly diverse. A variety of hormonal, environmental, and social cues can be used to activate mating behavior. Which cues are used by particular species depends on differences in environmental and physiological constraints imposed by particular reproductive strategies. Study of this diversity of mechanisms promises to identify specific selective forces that have shaped their evolution. This evolutionary perspective leads to widely applicable generalizations and provides a useful context within which to conceptualize differences between species, populations, and individuals.     

Induction of mating behavior in rats by luteinizing hormone-releasing factor

Ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen, in dosages too low to provoke mating, displayed this behavior when given subcutaneous injections of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) 48 hours later. Two hours after the injection of LRF, components of female sexual behavior appeared. The lordosis reflex followed mounting by the male, and darting and hopping behavior was quite prevalent. On the other hand, treatment with estrogen followed by luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin-releasing factor did not induce copulatory behavior. The results suggest that LRF may play a role in induction of mating behavior.     

Correlated Evolution of Female Mating Preferences and Male Color Patterns in the Guppy Poecilia reticulata

Sexual selection may explain why secondary sexual traits of males are so strongly developed in some species that they seem maladaptive. Female mate choice appears to favor the evolution of conspicuous color patterns in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from Trinidad, but color patterns vary strikingly among populations. According to most theory, correlated evolution of female mating preferences and preferred male traits within populations could promote this kind of divergence between populations. But mating preferences could also constrain the evolution of male traits. In some guppy populations, females discriminate among males based on variation in the extent of orange pigment in male color patterns, and populations differ significantly in the degree offemale preferences for orange area. In a comparison ofseven populations, the degree offemale preference based on orange is correlated with the population average orange area. Thus male traits and female preferences appear to be evolving in parallel.