GIS技术在中国农业气候区划中的应用进展

地理信息系统（GIS）的空间分析功能与传统区划方法的结合,可以得到更加精细的农业气候区划结果,其作为一种技术手段已经广泛应用于农业气候区划,为当地农业生产决策提供可靠的依据。笔者着重从气候要素细网格化、区划成果数字化、信息服务、“3S”技术相结合等四个方面,总结GIS技术在中国农业气候区划中的应用进展,对应用中所存在的问题进行分析讨论,提出将来可能的研究方向,以期对该领域的研究提供参考。几点建议如下：（1）进行农业气候区划时应综合考虑多种自然环境因素和社会因子;（2）运用GIS技术进行“自下而上”的区域合并过程中,需要更好地结合自动合并与人工合并;（3）区划指标应考虑运用逻辑交集运算;（4）建立基于Web技术的开放式共享GIS农业气候区划平台;（5）GIS结合GPS、卫星遥感数据可以从宏观的角度全面监测农作物的整个生长发育过程,对指导农业生产具有重要的应用价值。     

“3S”技术绿色食品生产基地监测应用

结合京郊绿色食品生产基地利用“3S”技术进行监测的几个应用实例,介绍和分析了卫星遥感信息提取以及结合GPS、GIS对基地动态分析和管理的方法;探讨了利用不同数据源对基地面积、变化、环境和生产等进行信息提取、分析和管理的适宜性技术;并通过具体的应用实例说明了“3S”技术应用于基地监测的可实现性。     

高温对一季晚稻结实率与产量的影响及其防御技术

为了寻找湖南省主推一季晚稻品种最佳播种期,避开水稻幼穗分化的减数分裂期与抽穗期的高温热害,通过分期播种,研究不同时期的气温对一季晚稻品种幼穗分化的减数分裂、抽穗灌浆结实及产量的影响,同时调查了湖南省大面积生产的高温热害。研究与调查结果表明：在湘中地区,生育期相对较长的一季晚稻品种最佳播种期是5月20日左右,生育期相对较短的一季晚稻品种最佳播种期是5月30日左右,最安全的幼穗分化的减数分裂期是8月13日后,最安全的抽穗灌浆期则是8月下旬。     

我国燕麦育种技术的回顾与发展方向

分析了我国从20世纪50年代至今燕麦育种经历的几个阶段,及每个阶段的育种水平和代表品种,同时还对我国目前燕麦育种的目标从3个方面分9个切入点进行了分析。     

谷子主要营养品质性状遗传差异与选择研究

为了增强谷子品质育种目标的针对性和提高选育效率,对29个谷子品种的营养品质性状进行差异性、相关性、主成分与通径分析研究。结果表明：营养品质性状在品种间的差异较大变异系数顺序为：粗蛋白>粗纤维>脂肪>水分>总碳水化合物。相关分析结果表明,粗蛋白与总碳水化合物含量间达到极显著负相关（相关系数-0.8224）,粗蛋白与脂肪含量间达到显著负相关（相关系数-0.3807）,其余各性状间相关性不明显。主成分分析和通径分析表明粗蛋白、脂肪、总碳水化合物和粗纤维4个性状决定了营养品质变异的97.35%,可作为营养品质育种材料的选择依据,决定系数为1.0000。脂肪、总碳水化合物为育种材料的营养品质的典范性状,应在育种低世代进行选择,而高世代应对粗蛋白、粗纤维性状进行选择。     

优质稻新品种引进对比试验初报

新引进24个晚季杂交水稻新品种在上杭进行大田展示及简比试验,结果表明：Y 两优5867比对照增产21.24%,花2优3301比对照增产15.3%,金农2优3号比对照增产5.96%,以上3个品种在上杭种植田间表现综合性状好,生育期适中,建议进一步扩大示范推广;对川优2189等在当地种植表现较好的9个品种,建议继续示范种植;对泰丰优2098等12个品种在当地种植产量、抗性表现一般,栽培上应根据品种特点,注意防虫防病。对参试品种生育期、经济性状、抗逆性等进行了评述。     

动物转基因技术在转基因牛中的研究进展

本研究综述了目前应用于转基因牛中原核显微注射法、体细胞克隆法、病毒载体法等传统动物转基因技术以及具有应用前景的ZFN技术、TALEN技术和iPS技术等。概述了20年来国内外转基因牛重要的研究进展,并就目前转基因牛在乳腺生物反应器、抗病育种、品种改良主要3个方面的应用进行了介绍。在此基础上,就目前转基因牛育种中存在的问题及今后发展趋势进行了讨论,以促进转基因牛研究的发展。     

果树渗透调节研究进展

本文评述了果树在水分胁迫下的渗透调节现象、渗透调节物质、影响渗透调节的因子以及渗透调节的局限性，并对目前研究中存在的问题和需要进一步研究的几个方面进行了讨论。     

着力打造粮库信息化体系

通过对东站粮库目前信息化管理存在的几个问题进行分析,从几个方面论述了建立粮库信息化管理体系的重要性,以及如何弥补体系建设中的不足,提出了建立粮库信息化体系的主要思路。     

再生稻头季和再生季稻米重金属含量的比较研究

稻米镉(Cd)和砷(As)污染已经引起了广泛的关注。再生稻种植面积逐渐扩大并且越来越受农民的欢迎。但是,目前关于再生稻稻米重金属污染的研究还很少。因此,本研究目的是分析再生稻稻米Cd和As含量并比较稻米Cd和As含量在头季和再生季之间的差异。该研究于2016年在湖北省12个主要再生稻种植地区进行,在每个采样点选取3块有代表性的农民种植的再生稻田块,取样并测定头季和再生季稻米Cd和As元素的含量。与头季相比,再生季稻米Cd含量在5个采样点显著增加,在3个采样点显著降低,在其他4个采样点没有显著变化。与稻米Cd含量表现不同的是,再生季稻米As含量在12个采样点中均显著低于头季。在12个采样点中,再生季稻米As含量为68.6～147.4μg kg^–1,比头季稻米As含量低36.5%～77.4%。值得注意的是,在所有采样点中,再生季稻米As含量都低于国家规定的稻米As限量标准(GB2762-2012)。试验结果表明,在再生稻生产中不管是头季还是再生季都有可能出现稻米重金属污染的问题,因此关于品种、环境、栽培管理特别是水分管理及这些因素的互作效应对再生稻稻米重金属含量的影响...     

三维激光扫描技术在植物建模中的应用

三维激光扫描技术已经被广泛应用到各个领域,然而针对植物对象的三维扫描以及数据处理,尚存在诸多问题。从植物三维建模的角度出发,分别应用三款不同类型的激光扫描仪对植物形态结构进行扫描实验,分别以代表性的植物对象叶片为实验对象,探索三维激光扫描技术在植物数据获取与模型三维重建中的应用,并且针对扫描实验及数据处理过程中出现的问题进行分析,提出相应的解决方案。     

马铃薯研究领域未来发展新方向分析

基于目前马铃薯研究领域的现状,分析了未来马铃薯研究发展新方向,即从目前集中关注马铃薯微观层面的研究,转向宏观领域的研究,尤其是在马铃薯遥感空间分布信息提取、单产模拟同化研究、空间格局动态变化机理、空间格局动态变化模拟等4个方面加强研究。此外,还列举了这4个方面目前的研究进展,同时指出综合运用遥感、地理信息系统、空间统计和计算机模拟等方法,着力研究马铃薯空间格局动态变化特征,有利于马铃薯种植结构与布局的优化,保障中国粮食安全。     

Density,Distance, and Division: Rural Poverty in a Developing‐Country Context

The 3Ds, namely, density, distance, and division, are important for regional economic development and are integrated into a “3D” analytical framework in the 2009 World Development Report. Few empirical studies have examined the relevance of the 3D framework for explaining rural poverty in a developing‐country context. The effects of density on poverty are seldom studied, and distances to different layers of city centers on poverty may vary across different contexts. This paper aims to fill these gaps. Examining the case of Guizhou Province in China and adopting methods of the ordinary least square, instrument variable, and spatial econometrics, we find the evidence of the 3D framework for explaining rural poverty at the county level. Population density has a negative effect on rural poverty, while division, as measured by share of the ethnic minority population, has a positive effect. The effects of distance are mixed. Distance to Guiyang, which is the provincial political‐economic center of Guizhou province, has a negative effect on rural poverty, whereas distance to the local city center has no effect. These results can provide important policy implications for local poverty‐alleviation.     

Theoretical and Empirical Considerations Regarding Space in Hedonic Housing Price Model Applications

Recent advances in spatial data analysis are making their way into a variety of applied research settings. Once purely the domain of specialists, increased availability of both spatial data and the software with which to handle them, spatial analysis techniques are diffusing into other areas of research. This article first details the rationale and need for spatial considerations in hedonic price models and focuses on the link between the context of the housing market and the statistical considerations necessary when dealing with spatial data. These issues are then explored via an application to the housing market of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. It was found, first, that explicit modeling of space is not always warranted. One of our two models shows no substantial signs of spatial misspecification. However, in the second model, where diagnostic tests call for the explicit modeling of space, some drastic differences were found between the space‐neglected model and the more correctly specified spatial hedonic model. This highlights the need to include spatial diagnostics as part of the standard model‐fitting procedure for hedonic house price applications.     

3D打印技术在食品工业中的应用概述

3D打印具有灵活、便捷、个性化的特点,在食品工业中得到较快发展,简述3D打印技术的原理,概述几种食品3D打印技术,并对可打印材料的特点进行分析,重点阐述了目前3D打印技术在食品领域中的应用,以期为食品3D打印技术的发展提供参考。     

The impact of R&D and knowledge spillovers on the economic growth of Russian regions

Russia presents an interesting case of a country which has strived to implement innovation policies since the transition period but so far has achieved mixed results. This study aims to analyze the impact of knowledge production and knowledge spillovers on regional growth in Russia within a framework of endogenous growth models. Applying GMM and spatial error panel modeling techniques to Rosstat data for 80 Russian regions from 2005 to 2013, the authors test the hypothesis about the relevance of R&D and expenditure on technological innovations (H1) and the hypothesis about the relevance of knowledge spillovers (H2) on the growth rates of GRP per capita. Hypothesis 1 was confirmed while Hypothesis 2 was rejected, indicating the absorptive capacities of innovatively lagging regions were not high enough for effective adaptation of new technologies from technologically innovative regions. Inclusion of indicators related to additional channels of knowledge diffusion in regressions resulted in the relevance of FDI and imports of goods and services for regional growth. Results of the study could form the basis for developing innovation policies for the Russian regions.     

Design and Implement of WebGIS Based on SVG

SVG based on XML is a kind of language describing 2D vector graphics.It is usability and applicability to set up WebGIS.The paper puts forward a system structure of WebGIS based on SVG,which has been applied to campus electronic map system of Chongqing University.It has been proved the method is feasibility and practicability.The paper sets forth some key techniques of implement of the system in detail: coding method of organizing SVG spatial data;generation of SVG electronic map;storage of SVG spatial data and implement of client.     

基于L-THIA和GIS的辽河源头区小流域非点源污染负荷变化分析

农业非点源污染是导致流域水质恶化的重要原因之一。笔者选择了辽河源区域作为研究目标,重点研究辽河流域的小型水系,使用所处位置的土地状况以及日降雨量数据,基于长期水文影响评价模型L-THIA,以GIS空间分析技术为平台,对研究区的总氮、硝态氮、总磷、COD和可溶磷5种非点源污染物的污染输出负荷进行估算,并分析了其空间分布特征。结果表明：总氮、硝态氮和总磷3种污染物的单位网格污染物输出负荷的空间分布较为一致,可溶磷和COD污染输出负荷分布各有特点。区内的农用地域污染一般都是农田抑或是村里闲置的土地。经研究发现,越是干旱的区域会使得调查数据分布影响越大,对总氮、硝态氮和总磷的贡献率分别达到了82.57%、80.02%和92.92%,村镇用地对可溶磷的污染负荷分布影响最大,而水田对COD污染输出负荷作用明显。根据不同污染物输出负荷并结合土地利用现状,采用GIS空间叠加和融合技术,将研究区划分为4个非点源污染控制区,分区结果能够为非点源污染控制提供科学依据。     

Interpersonal trust,invention, and innovation across European regions

Many studies in economics and regional science claim a positive link between interpersonal trust and innovation by demonstrating a positive effect of trust on patenting. This contrasts many findings from organization level studies on trust and innovation, who report a variety of findings including inverted-U type relations. A possible explanation is that trust exhibits different roles in invention and innovation, as the former relies on knowledge commons while the latter directly embeds commercialization and the market context. This study attempts to reconcile the two set of findings by studying indicators of invention and innovation in relation to trust at the same unit of observation, by using the regional variation in Europe. I study the relationship between interpersonal trust and patent applications (a measure of invention), trademark applications (a composite indicator) and the share of innovative sales in turnover by SMEs (a direct indicator of commercialization), across European regions. I show that trust positively affects trademark applications with an effect that is comparable to that on patent applications. However, trust exhibits an inverted-U type relationship with innovative sales. Results collectively point to a strong role of trust in all three creative activities, including a negative effect at the higher end when the indicator is directly contingent on commercialization and sales. I also estimate the extent of spatial spillovers in the effect of trust on all three creative outcomes.     

山西省60min年最大降水空间分布及重现期估算

为了研究全球气候变化背景下极端降雨规律,基于山西省1981—2012年60 min最大降雨量资料,利用极值分析、Gumbel分布函数拟合等方法,笔者分析研究了山西省60 min最大降雨量空间分布特征及50年、100年重现期估算等问题。结果表明:山西省最大降水概率分布为偏态铃形;极值空间分布特征与地理位置、地形关系密切;60 min最大雨量50、100年重现期估算值的空间分布形态具有一致性,高值区主要在山西省东南部。