Measurement of Fertilizer Leaching from the Root Zone Using an Automated Infiltration Soil Water Sampler in an Unsaturated Sandy Field

In sandy fields with vegetable cultivation, fertilizer leaching may occur and it should be well-controlled. The development of a direct soil water sampler is necessary to examine solute transport and fertilizer leaching in the vadose zone, since soil water reflects timely monitoring of data more accurately than groundwater. We developed a Suction-Controlled Flux Sampler to collect infiltration soil water in a sandy soil. In the present study, we monitored fertilizer leaching in an unsaturated sandy field during the rainy season, while evaluating the sampling performance of SCFS for the sampling of infiltration water. SCFS directly collected the infiltration water effectively over a period of several months in the sandy field and recorded the Water-Collecting Efficiency from 92 to 115% under various infiltration conditions during a period of 50 d. WCE was affected by the rainfall intensity as well as by previous rainfall, which enhanced WCE. The results obtained from the use of SCFS and several sensors demonstrated that the amount of leached water remained low as long as irrigation was applied according to the cultivation manual. However, an unexpected heavy rainfall event led to fertilizer leaching. The fertilizer leaching trend was effectively monitored by several sensors inserted into the soils, while detailed analysis of the components was performed after collection by using SCFS. Direct access to infiltration water enabled to examine the infiltration process and detailed variations in the amounts of discharged anions. The sensor-equipped monitoring system together with SCFS is suitable for precise management of fertilizer and irrigation application.     

Response of sediment biofilm to increased dissolved organic carbon supply in groundwater artificially recharged with stormwater

Purpose  

Best management practices encompass diverse artificial groundwater recharge (AGR) systems that heavily rely upon the capacity of the soil and vadose zone to retain large quantities of organic matter generated during stormwater runoff on urban catchments. However, the supply of stormwater-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at the water-table region of aquifers can enhance the rate of biogeochemical processes by fueling heterotrophic microbial metabolism. This study examined changes in the abundance and activity of sediment biofilm in response to increased DOC supply at the water table of an urban aquifer intentionally recharged with stormwater. Changes in microbial abundance and activity under field conditions were compared with those measured in laboratory slow filtration columns supplied with an easily biodegradable source of DOC.     

采煤扰动下潜水位及包气带水分变化特征

为更好地了解采煤扰动下潜水位及包气带水分变化规律,在陕北典型矿区开展了降雨、潜水位、包气带土壤含水率等水循环要素的野外原位观测试验,基于观测数据,采用Spearman秩相关系数检验、小波分析等方法,分析了未开采区及采空区潜水位和包气带水分的变化特征。结果表明：未开采区地下水位对于降水的响应明显且时间上存在4、5个月的滞后,采煤扰动后,地下潜水位持续下降,与降水响应关系微弱;在垂向上,未开采区较大降水可对100 cm以下埋深的土壤含水率产生影响,采空区土壤含水率总体减小,且同降水的响应程度不显著,含水率最大值相对于未开采区出现时间提前,50 cm以下埋深的土壤含水率对小强度降水无响应。采煤扰动潜水位下降后造成包气带增厚,包气带损耗的水量增加,随之造成降雨入渗补给地下水减少,进一步加剧了潜水位下降。     

Soil matric potential and salt transport in response to different irrigated lands and soil heterogeneity in the North China Plain

Purpose

In the lowland area of the North China Plain (NCP), increasing utilization of brackish water could promote the transformation of precipitation into available water resources, and alleviate the conflict between increase food production and freshwater scarcity. However, the processes of soil water movement and salt migration might be altered, because utilization of brackish water results in frequent changes in groundwater depth and thickness of vadose zone. Thus, it was necessary to understand soil water movement and salt migration when using brackish water for irrigation.

Materials and methods

In this study, soil matric potential (SMP) and total dissolved solids (TDS) at multiple depths were measured in situ to investigate the mechanisms of soil water movement and salt migration at one grassland (site 1) and at three typical irrigated croplands (sites 2, 3, and 4) with different soil textures and groundwater depths in a lowland area of the NCP.

Results and discussion

The study showed that deep soil water and groundwater were recharged generally following heavy precipitation during rainy season. SMP values increased quickly at site 4 due to relatively homogeneous soils, followed by site 3?>?site 2?>?site 1 with an obvious hysteresis response of SMP at multiple depths to precipitation. Soil water mainly moved downward in piston flow, and preferential flow also existed in the soil above 100 cm in the percolation process at four sites. Generally, SMP values followed the order of site 4?>?site 1?>?site 2?>?site 3 and exhibited an inverse trend for TDS, which was mainly due to soil heterogeneity and soil texture in vertical profiles. The differences in SMP among the four sites were mainly due to land use and groundwater depth. There were significantly differences in spatiotemporal distribution of water and salts between homogenous and heterogeneous soils. The processes of infiltration and water redistribution ended quickly in relatively homogeneous soils after heavy rains. However, there was obvious hysteresis in SMP with an increase in soil depth in heterogeneous soils.

Conclusions

Homogenous soils favored water infiltration, salt leaching, and groundwater recharge, and the flow of soil water flow was blocked and salt accumulated significantly in layered soils. The soil water movement and the transformation relationship between water and salt in the vadose zone provided a basis for utilization of brackish water irrigation in lowland region of the NCP.

     

Study of infiltration in a Sahelian gully erosion area using time-lapse resistivity mapping

Observing that concentrated runoff destroys indurate and impermeable surface horizons to form gullies on Sahelian slopes, we investigated whether these gullies are preferential places for deep infiltration and groundwater recharge processes. The primary aim of this study is to determine if resistivity mapping is an appropriate method to use for locating recharge zones from the surface. The study area, in northern Burkina Faso, is a typical (1 ha) gully erosion area located at the outlet of an 82-ha catchment with solonetz soils and a crystalline basement. Taking advantage of a long dry season followed by a short rainy season, we made use of a time-lapse approach to carry out electrical resistivity mapping and monitor apparent resistivity variations that occurred in the soils during the rainy season, between June and September. We made nine apparent resistivity maps in the year 2000 and two in January and March 2001. To monitor expected infiltration and percolation to depths of 5 m or more, we laid out Wenner array profiles with an inter-electrode spacing of 5 m. The time-lapse mapping was also controlled with: (i) neutron probe measurements; (ii) resistivity measurements on outcrops during infiltration tests; (iii) electrical resistivity logging in auger holes. Geophysical results showed that the apparent resistivity parameter can either decrease (typical case) or increase (unexpected case) after a rain. Neutron probe measurements indicated that infiltration varies within a few decimeters even at the centre of the main gully. Using one dimensional (1D) modelling based on resistivity variations monitored during infiltration tests, we concluded that apparent resistivity variations are linked to the presence of carbonate in the soils. When soluble carbonates are present, the resistivity of the infiltrated layer varies from 220 Ω m (dry state) to less than 5 Ω m (wet state), bringing about a decrease in apparent resistivity value for the 5m spacing. In the absence of carbonate, resistivity varies from 1500 to 180 Ω m, but produces an increase of the apparent resistivity value for the same spacing. Consequently, we found time-lapse apparent resistivity mapping to be an efficient way to delineate certain soil properties. It also provided additional information about punctual observations. However, our results have led us to conclude that the 5-m inter-electrode spacing is too large to monitor this type of shallow infiltration phenomenon and that the effect of temperature on resistivity should be considered when comparing maps over the period of a few months. Furthermore, this type of survey should be controlled using electrical loggings in auger holes, or electrical soundings in order to get a better understanding of in-depth resistivity variations. Finally, this survey indicated that deep infiltration processes are not occurring below the gully situated on the slope. Further studies are required downstream to identify the location of groundwater recharge in Sahelian crystalline contexts.     

层状包气带黏土层厚度对硝态氮迁移的影响

层状包气带结构中黏土层对污染物进入地下水具有阻滞作用,黏土层的厚度对硝态氮(NO_3~--N)在包气带迁移中的淋失、累积以及反硝化作用等具有非常重要的影响,而目前关于这方面的研究还不足。该研究通过设置高度为40 cm、砂土与黏土层厚度比分别为3∶1,1∶1,1∶3的"上粗下细"型以及全黏土型的4组填充土柱,采用稳定浓度的定水头淋滤试验,研究黏土层厚度不同的土柱NO_3~--N溶液入渗过程、土壤NO_3~--N淋滤、累积和反硝化特征,进而阐明层状包气带黏土层厚度对NO_3~--N迁移的影响。结果表明:湿润锋运移深度和累积入渗量与入渗时间的关系在溶液穿越砂黏土层界面前后由非线性趋于线性,累积入渗量随黏土层厚度增加而显著减小(P0.05);当土柱内黏土层厚度达到40 cm时,其对NO_3~--N淋滤的阻滞作用明显强于黏土层厚度为10～30 cm的土柱;淋滤试验过程中在砂黏土层界面形成水分滞留层,界面处黏土层中NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N累积量均达到峰值,且随着深度的增加,NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N累积量降低;黏土层厚度差不小于20 cm的土柱内NO_3~--N累积量差异显著(P0.05),而40 cm黏土层的土柱反硝化量[(0.15±0.05) g]显著高于黏土层厚度为10～30 cm的土柱(P0.05),说明当黏土层达到一定厚度时(如40 cm),对NO_3~--N的阻滞作用和反硝化作用具有显著影响,对防止NO_3~--N淋失进入地下水产生重要作用。该研究可为层状包气带土壤条件下农田施肥管理与地下水保护提供科学依据。     

地表水-地下水交互下傍河土壤硝酸盐氮迁移规律试验研究

为了研究地表水与地下水不同补给关系下硝酸盐氮在傍河农田的迁移规律,选取大沽河河床沙样作为沙槽试验介质,设计地表水与地下水相互补给装置,模拟无补给、地表水补给地下水和地下水补给地表水3种方式下硝酸盐氮在土壤中的迁移,通过测定各取样点硝酸盐氮含量和到达时间,分析了其迁移规律。结果表明:纯淋洗实验中,淋洗强度与沙样颗粒越小,硝酸盐氮在表层沙中的累积越明显,硝酸盐氮的迁移也越慢。地表水与地下水相互补给试验中,补给水位上升,硝酸盐氮的积累量增加、迁移到饱水带的时间缩短;补给水力坡度为0.5时,硝酸盐氮在细沙饱水带中迁移速度约为5.3 cm/min;水力坡度变为0.7时,迁移速度约为9.4 cm/min;补给水力坡度为0.5时,硝酸盐氮在中沙饱水带的迁移速度约为12.3 cm/min。硝酸盐氮在包气带中的积累量随着沙层深度的增加而减少;淋洗强度、水力坡度及沙样颗粒越大,硝酸盐氮在包气带和饱水带中的迁移速度越快;补给水位越高,硝酸盐氮迁移至饱水带的时间越短。     

Bodennutzung und Nitrat-Stickstoff in der Dränzone von Lößdecken der südlichen Niederrheinischen Bucht

Land use and nitrate-nitrogen in the vadose zone of loess deposits in the southern part of the Lower Rhenish Embayment Mean annual nitrogen-leaching was studied at seven experimental sites with grain-sugar beet crop rotation. Soil water simulation models and determination of the nitrogen content in the vadose zone below the rooting zone were combined to quantify the annual leaching rates. Leaching amounts to 11–18 kg NO₃^? N/ha · a at sites where only mineral fertilizer was applied, whereas sites with additional organic fertilizers show higher leaching rates of 30–36 kg NO₃^? N/ha · a.     

Vertikaler Wasser- und Nitrattransport in tiefere Bodenschichten süddeutscher Ackerstandorte

Vertical water and nitrate movement into deeper soil layers on fields located in the south of Germany In Southern Bavaria, selected fields from deep loess and sandy sediments were sampled to a depth of maximum 10 m every 4 months, in order to determine the basic processes of water and nitrate movement in the course of the year. The downward movement of water and nitrate followed the principle of piston flow only in the intermediate vadose zone of loess soils with a leaching distance amounting 0.8 m per year. On the other hand, an accelerated as well as a delayed transport was observed in the zone of evapotranspiration of loess soils and in the whole profile of sandy soils, not being in accordance with the simple simulation model FLOTRA based on the classic theories of transport (Darcy flow, convection-dispersion-equation). Preferential flow led to the leaching of nitrate from the top soil to the lower boundary of the evapotranspiration zone of loess soils in 2 m depth, in winter and spring. In sandy soils nitrate was leached to the groundwater table in 4–6 m depth after extensive rainfall.     

华北潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作包气带氮素淋溶机制

合理水氮管理可以实现作物目标产量和品质、维持土壤肥力和降低环境污染。然而,自20世纪90年代以来,我国农田过量施氮和大水漫灌等问题突出,引起农业面源污染日趋加重,地下水硝酸盐污染成为一个普遍现象。本文以华北潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系为研究对象,采用数据整合和文献分析的方法,阐明了典型农田硝态氮淋溶的时空特征及影响因素,研究了地表裂隙和土壤大孔隙对硝态氮淋溶的影响,定量了氮素在地表-根层-深层包气带-地下水的垂直迁移通量及过程。结果表明,农户常规管理的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮素盈余较高(299～358kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),导致土壤根区和深层包气带累积了大量的硝态氮。冬小麦季硝态氮的迁移主要受灌溉影响,以非饱和流为主,且迁移距离较短;春季单次灌溉量低于60 mm,可以有效控制水和硝态氮淋溶出根区。冬小麦耕作和灌溉引起的地表裂隙对水氮运移的贡献不大。雨热同期的夏玉米季,土壤水分经常处于饱和状态,再降雨就可以导致硝态氮淋溶出根层进入深层包气带。夏玉米季极易发生硝态氮淋溶事件(占全年总淋溶事件的81%左右),硝态氮淋溶量占全年总淋溶量的80%左右,且单次淋溶事件的淋溶量较高。大孔隙优先流对夏玉米季根区硝态氮淋溶的贡献率在71%左右,这些硝态氮脱离了作物根系吸收范围,反硝化作用对硝态氮去除具有一定作用。在华北气候-土壤条件下,特别应注意冬小麦收获后土壤不应残留过多硝态氮,以避免夏玉米季降雨发生大量淋溶;夏玉米季需要注意施氮与作物需氮的匹配。由于夏玉米追肥困难,生产上提倡一次性施肥措施,控释肥应该能够发挥更大作用。未来气候变化,导致夏季极端高强度降雨事件的频率增加,将会加剧包气带累积硝态氮通过饱和流或优先流向地下水的迁移。合理的水氮管理是从源头上减少硝态氮向深层包气带和地下水迁移的主要措施。     

Long-term nitrogen fertilization alters microbial community structure and denitrifier abundance in the deep vadose zone

Purpose

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in intensive agriculture has increased nitrate leaching into groundwater, but its impacts on N transformation processes and the associated microbial communities in the deep vadose zone remain unclear.

Materials and methods

Soil samples from 0–1050 cm depth were collected from a 20-year field experiment with two N fertilization treatments: 0 (N0) and 600 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 (N600). Amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses were performed to profile the vertical distribution of soil microbial communities and denitrification genes.

Results and discussion

The soil microbial community structure and diversity were strongly influenced by soil depth and N fertilization. The 250 cm depth was identified as a threshold depth, as dramatically different microbial communities were found below and above this depth. Quantitative PCR results showed that the absolute abundance of denitrification genes decreased with increasing soil depth.

Conclusion

This study elucidated the profound effects of long-term N input on the composition and diversity of the microbial communities and the abundance of denitrifiers in the deep vadose zone. Our results provide basic information for use in mitigating nitrate leaching by enhancing microbial denitrification in deep vadose zones in intensive agricultural areas.

     

田间施肥引起浅层土中氮的蓄积试验分析

田间施肥后,未挥发和被作物吸收的剩余N素易淋失运移,引起在浅层包气带土壤中的蓄积,且又易再释放进入下层土或地下水中形成污染,并主要受气候、土质结构、微生物作用等的影响。认识和掌握上述规律现象,将有助于研究农田施肥引起地下水污染的治理方法。对田间超量施肥灌溉后,作历时近1年的浅层包气带土壤中N的蓄积试验研究,结果显示:短期内土壤中N的显著蓄积主要发生在土层1.5m以浅部位,随时间、深度及入渗水量的变化而波动。这为探索根治由此引起的地下水污染,提供了较好的应用基础和科学依据。     

Quantification of infiltration processes in urban areas by accounting for spatial parameter variability

Background, Aims, and Scope  As a consequence of human living and activity, water infiltration to the urban subsurface occurs from a variety of different sources, like precipitation, irrigation, leaking pipes and sewers, septic tanks and rainwater infiltration ponds. This infiltration is strongly related with quality issues of the infiltrated water and further impact on groundwater quality. In order to set up an integrated urban water balance it becomes essential to estimate the infiltration processes, i.e. water flow and solute transport, from these different infiltration sources and to take into account the large spatial variability of sediment properties, the geometric settings of these sources and the groundwater table. For that purpose, the development of simple, physically-based quantification approaches is required in order to establish an efficiently working prediction and risk analysis tool within the framework of an integrated urban water management system. The scope of the presented work was to demonstrate the applicability of the developed approaches at urban scale. Methods  Since a detailed, three-dimensional, numerical quantification of the infiltration processes within the entire urban area is not possible, the individual sources were considered as independent within the EU AISUWRS project. Different models were developed for balancing infiltration from areal and point sources with respect to the related flow pattern. The analytical model UL_FLOW, based on one-dimensional, steady state analytical solutions, allows the estimation of conservative tracer residence times in layered sediments under varying infiltration rates. The numerical model WSTM, based on a three-dimensional random walk approach, calculates water and solute transport from pipe leaks. Additionally, the sources were classified in accordance to the spatial distribution of the parameters determining the infiltration processes. Results  UL_FLOW was applied to data sets from the city of Rastatt within a case study of the AISUWRS project. Each neighbourhood of water balance computation by the Urban Volume and Quality Model (UVQ) was defined as an areal infiltration source with unique parameter values for sediment depth, profile and properties, as well as infiltration rate time series. Groundwater recharge and residence time series were computed for each neighbourhood. Relevant statistical parameters obtained by time series analyses from those time series could be mapped by GIS. Point infiltration, particularly from sewers, was classified due to the sediment parameters and the distance to the groundwater table at each source location in order to reduce computational efforts. WSTM computations provided time series of groundwater recharge and tracer breakthrough for some specific cases. Discussion  The analytical model UL_FLOW provides fast and efficient computation of groundwater recharge and residence times accounting for storage effects within the unsaturated zone of urban areas. The reliability of this model has been shown by cross validation with HYDRUS1D. Because of the high computational effort, WSTM could provide only short-term simulations for some specific parameter sets for which residence time estimates could be derived. Conclusions  UL_FLOW provides an analytical modelling tool for balancing one-dimensional areal infiltration and estimating residence times under varying conditions including spatial parameter variability. These balances could be used for assessing the impact of those infiltration sources on groundwater quality. The tracer breakthrough from point infiltration sources computed by WSTM could also be used for such kinds of assessment. The larger spatial parameter variability associated with these sources could be handled by classification in GIS environments. Recommendations and Perspectives  Similar to the areal sources, a simple balance approach for point sources based on analytical solutions needs to be developed for estimating residence times in order to avoid large computational efforts. Such a model would complete the balancing of all kinds of infiltration sources in urban areas efficiently. Since the approaches are based on the balance of the physical processes, they have a large predictive capability and could be included into an integrated urban water balance and management system. The mapping of the statistical values of the residence times provides a tool to compare parts of the urban areas and to visualize differences between urban water management scenarios.     

再生水灌区调蓄工程对地下水盐分的影响

为了对再生水灌区调蓄工程选址提供依据,该文通过建立5个不同深度监测井研究了再生水灌区调蓄工程对地下水盐分的影响,再生水经包气带入渗后渗滤液氯离子、全盐、总硬度含量有所增加,12 m包气带厚度对总氮、总磷去除率达到97.3%和99.0%以上,但是渗滤液中全盐、总氮、氮磷、总硬度等含量指标接近地下水背景值,未发现再生水调蓄工程蓄水导致地下水水质发生明显变化,说明研究区域再生水渗滤进入地下水对盐分的影响与其他补给水源的影响效果无显著差异。再生水灌区调蓄工程应建设在具有包气带岩性粗细相间、防污性能较好的区域。     

Manure management practices applied to a seven‐course rotation on a sandy soil: effects on nitrate leaching

This experiment tested whether it was possible to incorporate broiler litter (BL) or cattle farmyard manure (FYM) into a 7‐yr arable rotation on a sandy soil without causing an increase in nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) leaching. Four manure treatments (with adjusted fertilizer inputs), varying in frequency and timing of application, were imposed on the rotation and compared with a control that received inorganic fertilizer according to recommended rates. Over seven winters, the annual average NO₃‐N leached from the inorganic fertilizer treatment (control) was 39 kg/ha in 183 mm drainage. Total manure N loadings over the period of the experiment ranged between 557 and 1719 kg/ha (80–246 kg/ha/yr) for the four treatments. Three of the four manure treatments significantly increased NO₃‐N leaching over the rotation (P < 0.001). Annual applications of FYM (1719 kg/ha manure N or 246 kg/ha/yr) increased NO₃‐N leaching by 39%. We hypothesize that this was due to increased mineralization of the organic N accumulating from repeated FYM applications. BL applied each year (1526 kg/ha manure N or 218 kg N/ha/yr) increased NO₃‐N leaching by 52% above the control; BL applied 5 of 7 yr (972 kg/ha manure N or 139 kg N/ha/yr on average) and including inadvisable autumn applications increased leaching by 50%. BL applied in late winter or early spring every 2–3 yr (557 kg/ha manure N or 80 kg N/ha/yr on average) resulted in NO₃‐N leaching similar to the control. This suggests that to avoid additional NO₃‐N leaching from manure use in an arable rotation, manure should not be applied every year and autumn applications should be avoided; there are real challenges where manure is used on an annual basis.     

Effect of subcritical hydrophobicity in a sandy soil on water infiltration and mobile water content

Recent research shows that most soils are more or less water repellent. Already subcritical water repellency may cause incomplete soil wetting and preferential flow. Both processes potentially reduce the residence time of water and solutes in the vadose zone, resulting in an enhanced risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of the present paper is, therefore, to evaluate the impact of reduced soil wettability on the soil water infiltration rate and to investigate the tendency towards preferential flow with the analysis of the immobile water content in the infiltration zone. In november 2002, a field experiment was done in a coniferous forest, 30 km N of Hannover, Germany. Soil hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the contact angles. The hydraulic conductivity of the podsolic sandy soil was measured depth‐dependent with a double‐ring tension infiltrometer in three soil horizons. To quantify possible preferential‐flow effects, a LiBr‐Tracer was added to the infiltrating water to evaluate the mobile water‐content fraction after infiltration. Additionally, infiltration rates of water were compared with infiltration rates of ethanol which were determined after water infiltration at the same locations. Results show that the actual water repellency of field‐moist soil was mainly subcritical (contact angle <90°). Water infiltration rates were reduced due to subcritical repellency by a factor of 3–170 compared with ethanol infiltration rates (exclusion of wetting effects). This spatially variable infiltration behavior was not clearly reflected neither by the small‐scale contact‐angle measurements nor by the analysis of the average immobile soil water content in the infiltration zone. We conclude that this specific infiltration behavior of water caused by small‐scale wettability effects may temporarily reduce the local connectivity of water‐flow pathways.     

Nitrogen fertilization and nitrate leaching into groundwater on arable sandy soils

Nitrate leaching depending on N fertilization and different crop rotations was studied at two sites with sandy soils in N Germany between 1995 and 2000. The leaching of NO was calculated by using a numerical soil‐water and N model and regularly measured N_min values as input data. Also the variability of N_min values on the sandy soils was determined along transects. They reveal the high variability of the N_min values and show that it is not possible to confirm a significant N_min difference between fertilizer treatments using the normal N_min‐sampling intensity. Nitrate‐leaching calculations of five leaching periods showed that even strongly reduced N‐fertilizer applications did not result in a substantially lower NO leaching into the groundwater. Strong yield reductions of even more than 50%, however, were immediately measured. Mean NO concentrations in the groundwater recharge are >50 mg L^–1 and are mainly due to mineralization from soil organic matter. Obviously, the adjustment of the N cycle in the soil to a new equilibrium and a reduced NO ‐leaching rate as a consequence of lower N inputs need a much longer time span. Catch crops are the most efficient way to reduce the NO concentrations in the groundwater recharge of sandy soils. Their success, however, strongly depends on the site‐specific development possibilities of the catch crop. Even with all possible measures implemented, it will be almost impossible to reach NO concentrations <50 mg L^–1 in sandy soils. The only way to realize this goal on a regional scale could be by increasing areas with lower nitrate concentrations in the groundwater recharge like grassland and forests.     

Effect of Long-Term Effluent Recharge on Phosphate Sorption by Soils in a Wastewater Reclamation Plant

The Soreq recharge basins, used for wastewater reclamation employing the Soil-Aquifer Treatment (SAT) system, have been recharged, on average, by about 1,800 m depth of secondary effluent during their operation period of ～25 years. An estimated amount of ～6 kg P m^?2 was added to the soil/sediment column during this period. The objective of this study was to compare phosphorous sorption characteristics of representative pristine soils in the Soreq recharge site to those of the basin soils sampled after a long period of effluent recharge. Batch isotherm experiments were conducted: samples of one g of soil were equilibrated with 25 mL of 0.02 M NaCl solution containing 0–3.2 mM of phosphate for 7 days at 25± 1^°C and P sorption was measured. Long-term effluent recharge significantly decreased the maximum P sorption capacity of the top sandy soil (0.15–0.3 m) and only very slightly decreased maximum P isotherm capacity of the deep clayey-sand soil (10–10.5 m). The retention of P in the basin sandy soil primarily involved sorption and surface precipitation reactions on soil carbonates. In the basin clayey-sand soil, P was retained by its sorption on surfaces of Fe, Al, Mn oxide/hydroxides and clay minerals. Long-term effluent recharge increased EPC₀, (the equilibrium P concentration in solution at which there is no sorption or desorption to or from the soil under the given conditions), of the basin soils compared to the pristine soils. Due to loading of the top horizons with P by prolonged recharge and reduced P concentration in the effluent, EPC₀ of the basin sandy soil is now equal to the average P concentration of the recharged effluents. If effluent P concentration will decrease further, the top sandy soil will become a source of P to the reclaimed water, rather than a sink. The clayey-sand layers and lenses in the vadose zone of the SAT system of the Soreq site offer a large capacity for P adsorption. With gradual leaching of carbonate minerals and synthesis of secondary clay minerals, driven by long-term effluent recharge, P retention mechanisms in the basin soil may be changed, but this process would be extremely slow.     

Nährstoffauswaschung aus Weinbergsböden an der Mittelmosel

Leaching of plant nutrients from vineyard soils Leaching of plant nutrients particularly of nitrate from vineyard, arable, and forest soils of the Middle-Mosel have been investigated over a two-year period. Nitrate concentration in the leachate of vineyards amounted to an average of 326 mg NO₃/l and was about 10 to 20 times higher than the nitrate concentration in the leachate of arable and forest soils. According to the hydro-dynamic model assumptions on groundwater flow in the slates of the Rhenish Massif, the data obtained for the groundwater recharge (158-180 mm/year as gained in spring) and leaching of nitrate (144 kg N/ha/year) must be considered as minimum values. Hydrodynamic model assumptions suggest nitrate leaching rates of about 200 kg N/ha. Main reasons for the high leaching of nutrients are heavy fertilizer application and high mineralization rates in the vineyard soils favoured by relatively high soil temperatures and a high soil permeability.     

采用氯离子示踪法计算沙漠降雨入渗量

为了研究巴丹吉林沙漠东南部地区的降雨入渗补给量,基于沙漠东南部两个剖面的氯离子质量浓度、质量含水率数据,利用氯离子示踪法计算了巴丹吉林沙漠东南部地区的降雨入渗补给量。结果表明乌海子、诺尔图地区的年平均补给率分别为0.81 mm/a和1.24 mm/a,仅占多年平均降雨量的0.9%和1.4%,因此当地现代降水对巴丹吉林沙漠东南部地区地下水的补给十分微弱,即当地现代降雨并非为此区域地下水的主要补给源。