软枣猕猴桃酵素可吸果冻加工工艺研究

以软枣猕猴桃为原料,经发酵、调配制作软枣猕猴桃酵素可吸果冻,在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验对工艺进行优化,通过感官品质评价确定软枣猕猴桃酵素果冻配方,通过测定总酚、类黄酮和VC指标,对本产品与市售猕猴桃可吸果冻、果汁的营养物质含量进行比较。结果表明,软枣猕猴桃酵素果冻的最佳工艺配方为:软枣猕猴桃酵素添加量35%,白砂糖添加量5%,柠檬酸添加量0.06%,卡拉胶添加量0.8%。由该配方制作的可吸果冻入口细腻、酸甜适口,具有软枣猕猴桃独特果香,且营养物质(总酚、类黄酮、VC)含量均显著高于市售产品。综上所述,该产品是一款风味独特、具有保健功能、有广阔发展前景的新型可吸果冻。     

苦荞叶荷叶排毒保健代餐粉的研究及工艺优化

将苦荞叶粉、荷叶粉、山药粉、木糖醇、脱脂奶粉混合调配,研制出苦荞叶荷叶排毒保健代餐粉的配方,以该产品的感官品质为评价指标,重点研究各种配料对其感官品质的影响。通过单因素试验找出各种配料的添加量对苦荞叶荷叶排毒保健代餐粉的感官品质影响规律和大致的添加范围值,再利用正交试验和验证试验确定苦荞叶荷叶排毒保健代餐粉的最佳调配配方。结果表明,苦荞叶粉添加量10%,荷叶粉添加量10%,山药粉添加量50%,木糖醇添加量10%,脱脂奶粉添加量20%时,苦荞叶荷叶排毒保健代餐粉的感官品质最佳。     

梨果加工制品市场调查情况分析

为了解梨加工品的种类及市场销售状况,课题组于2009年3—5月对中国北方7个省市的20家大型超市进行了调查。发现梨罐头产品有如下特点：生产厂家总体分散,局部集中;新颖包装,中型规格的产品成为主流;单价差异较大（7.6～21.6元/kg）。并采购有代表性的样品36个进行感官鉴评,保定家康的芝麻官系列和国色田乡的洋梨罐头受到专家一致好评。梨汁、梨膏、梨果脯等产品普及性较差。梨加工业值得重视的几个问题是：（1）提高罐头产品质量,发展制罐专用品种,加强软肉梨后熟技术;（2）生产、宣传双管齐下,培育和发展梨汁的国内市场;（3）推广已有的特色梨品种,加快新产品的研发。     

格氏乳球菌素LG 34在牛奶贮藏中的应用

研究新型广谱乳酸菌细菌素格氏乳球菌素LG34在牛奶贮藏中的应用。以细菌总数、酸度和感官指标为指标,评价在4℃和22℃下贮藏,添加格氏乳球菌素LG34对巴氏消毒乳贮藏效果的影响。结果表明,添加格氏乳球菌素LG34可显著延长巴氏消毒乳的保质期;在4℃和22℃下贮藏,较不添加格氏乳球菌素LG34的巴氏消毒乳保质期分别延长了24 h和12 h;与杀菌后添加格氏乳球菌素LG34相比,在杀菌前添加格氏乳球菌素LG34的牛乳,其贮藏时间显著延长。     

枣粉面包品质及质构特性研究

通过研究不同水量、酵母添加量、枣粉添加量对面包品质及质构特性的影响,得出枣粉面包品质及质构特征。结果表明,将红枣粉碎添加至面包中,最优工艺配方为酵母添加量8%,水添加量15%,枣粉添加量10%,此时产品品质好;各个参数对产品感官影响程度由大到小的依次为水量、枣粉添加量、酵母添加量;硬度与感官评分有相关性,当硬度为800～900 g时,产品感官评价好。     

真空浸渍法优化卤蛋加工工艺的研究

采用3次真空浸渍和烘干循环的新工艺来代替传统一次性常压卤煮入味和烘干工艺,生产的卤鹌鹑蛋感官评价得分88分,优于传统工艺的82分。入味更充分、口感弹牙有嚼劲、色泽均匀光亮。新工艺卤制烘干用时210 min,传统工艺用时300 min,批次生产效率高、周期短。卤汁配料中采用土鸡、猪龙骨、筒子骨先熬煮成高汤,香辛料液中添加水解植物蛋白、酵母抽提物、鸡精等新原料后卤制的鹌鹑蛋,营养丰富、风味醇厚浓郁,口味独特协调,添加的麦芽糊精在不影响产品风味的基础上使得卤汁固形物含量由8%增加15%,抽真空浸渍入味后有效缩短烘干时间,更快达到产品要求的水分含量。     

复合豆浆原料配比的研究

为了改善豆浆的口感和营养均衡性,研究用大豆、花生和大米混合配料加工豆浆。通过单因素试验可知,随着花生含量和大米含量的增加,豆浆固形物含量呈下降趋势;以大豆100为基准,花生配比为30%~50%,大米配比20%~40%,豆浆感官评分较高。通过二次通用旋转组合设计回归试验可知,复合豆浆原料最佳配比为以大豆100为基准,花生添加量39.44%,大米添加量23.89%,在此组合下豆浆的最大固形物含量为3.42%。     

马龙和沾益烟区土壤与烟叶铁元素分布特征及其对烟叶感官质量的影响

研究了曲靖烟区马龙和沾益2个县土壤与烟叶中铁元素含量的分布特征及其主要影响因素,分析了烟叶铁含量对烟叶感官质量的影响。结果表明,马龙和沾益植烟土壤有效铁含量较丰富,平均值为66.23mg/kg,变异系数为70.45%,有效铁含量不足区域占比较低,仅为7.17%,地区间差异显著;土壤有效铁含量与pH值间呈极显著负相关,烟叶铁含量与土壤有效铁含量间呈极显著正相关;烟叶铁元素含量对感官质量影响显著,随着烟叶铁元素含量的增加,烟叶香气质、香气量、余味、燃烧性和干燥感呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,烟叶杂气、刺激性、香型、成团性和柔和性呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。     

蜂蜜南瓜茶工艺优化

以南瓜为主要原料,辅以苦瓜、蜂蜜、柠檬酸、木糖醇等配料制备一款浓缩果茶产品。通过单因素及正交试验,以产品中多糖含量、固形物含量测定及感官评价为指标,确定出最佳配方和工艺。结果表明,最佳配方为水79.8%,苦瓜南瓜浆13.33%(质量比1∶4),木糖醇3.99%,蜂蜜2.66%,柠檬酸0.14%,黄原胶0.08%。最终产品多糖含量为0.739%,可溶性固形物含量为25%,产品呈浅红棕色半透明胶状,具有南瓜和苦瓜特有香味,酸甜可口。     

不同食品配料对冷冻面团手撕面包品质的影响

采用冷冻面团法制备手撕面包,研究山药粉、薏米粉、荞麦粉、魔芋粉、紫薯粉、谷朊粉等食品配料对面包感官品质、比容和失重率的影响。结果表明,当面粉添加量100%,山药粉添加量4%,薏米粉添加量2%,荞麦粉添加量2%,魔芋粉添加量0.4%,紫薯粉添加量2%,谷朊粉添加量2%时,手撕面包的口感良好,组织细腻均匀,比容较高,失重率较小。在小麦面包中添加具有一定生理功能的食品配料,可以改善面包的感官品质,提高面包比容,降低失重率,并使面包具有一定的保健功效。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...