科尔沁地区不同类型沙地土壤饱和导水率特征分析

土壤饱和导水率反映了土壤的入渗性质,是研究水分在土壤中运动规律的重要水力参数。利用Guelph入渗仪测量了科尔沁地区樟子松林、灌木林和草地0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm三个不同土层深度的土壤饱和导水率,分析了这三种类型沙地土壤饱和导水率的差异及其随土层深度的变化特征。结果表明:1)平均土壤饱和导水率樟子松林较大,草地次之,而灌木林较小,它们的平均取值在0.63～12.50mm/min范围内;随土层深度增加,樟子松林土壤饱和导水率逐渐增大,而草地的逐渐减少,灌木林的随土层深度变化不大;2)樟子松林和灌木林土壤饱和导水率与容重显著负相关;灌木林和草地土壤饱和导水率与细沙百分含量显著负相关,而与中沙百分含量显著正相关;樟子松林和草地土壤饱和导水率与粗沙百分含量显著正相关。     

黄土高原藓结皮覆盖土壤导水性能和水流特征

生物结皮具有特殊的水文物理性质,为探究其对土壤水分渗透性和水流特征的影响,以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上3种典型地表覆盖类型(裸地、藓结皮、藓结皮-草本植物混合)为对象,采用环刀法和染色示踪法对其导水性质与水流特征进行探究。结果表明:藓结皮对2种土壤类型0~5 cm土层土壤理化性质影响较大,与裸地相比土壤容重降低了9.85%~10.00%,土壤黏粒含量增加了1.01~1.29倍,表层有机质含量提高了2.73~3.02倍;藓结皮使0~5 cm土层土壤饱和导水率降低了61.32%~88.89%,而在5~10 cm土层饱和导水率则有明显上升。另外,由于草本植物的影响,藓结皮-草本植物0~5 cm土层与藓结皮土壤相比土壤饱和导水率提高了1.32~6.43倍;黄绵土藓结皮与藓结皮-草本植物的染色面积比均高于裸地,且水分下渗深度增加了10 cm,而风沙土藓结皮与风沙土裸地的染色面积比差异不明显。综上所述,藓结皮和藓结皮-草本植物的存在改变了表层土壤水分渗透性以及水流运动特征和水分下渗深度,影响着黄土高原土壤水分保持和生态恢复。     

生物炭对和田风沙土水力特性的影响

为探究生物炭的施入量对和田风沙土水力特性的影响,设置了5个生物炭施用量处理,质量比(生物炭质量/干土质量)分别为0%(CK)、4%(T1)、8%(T2)、12%(T3)、16%(T4),利用离心机法获取土壤水分与吸力关系,定水头法获得饱和土壤导水率,通过VG-M组合模型拟合土壤水分特征曲线,探究生物炭对风沙土持水性、土壤水分有效性、释水性和导水规律的影响。结果表明:生物炭显著影响了风沙土的持水特性,改变了其孔隙分布规律,对VG模型参数θ_s、θ_r、α、n均有不同程度的影响。随着生物炭的增加,田间持水量(体积含水量)由19.42%增加到30.64%,全有效水含量由18.15%增加到25.63%,萎蔫系数由1.27%增加到5.01%,饱和导水率平均降低80.93%,各处理的比水容量在PF=1.8～3.8(土壤水吸力对数值)阶段为T3T4T2T1CK,在相同的土壤含水量下各处理的非饱和导水率表现为CKT1T2T3T4,毛管孔隙比例与生物炭用量呈二次函数趋势变化。生物炭能够改善风沙土的孔隙结构,增大其有效水分含量,减小其入渗速率。从土壤水力特性角度出发,利用生物炭改良和田风沙土生物炭适宜的施入量为12%。     

北方农牧交错带沙地生物结皮研究

为了解我国北方农牧交错带生物结皮的生态意义,本文以宁夏盐池为例,采用样线调查法进行结皮及植被调查,并在有结皮和无结皮覆盖两种情况下进行入渗试验。研究表明:北方半干旱区生物结皮对植物生长存在先促进、后抑制的过程。在风蚀环境条件和不稳定的土壤条件下,生物结皮的出现可创造适合植物生长的微环境,为植物的生长提供了条件。方差分析显示有结皮时的植被盖度明显高于无结皮覆盖的植被盖度。当环境条件改善时,结皮开始抑制植物的生长,两者存在一种显著的线性负相关关系。研究区从封育边缘到核心,结皮盖度为核心>边缘,植被盖度正好相反,两者的相关系数高达-0.920;生物结皮对入渗具有明显的阻碍作用,结皮盖度与入渗深度之间呈线性负相关,相关系数为-0.765,说明结皮的存在使土壤水分呈现浅层化趋势。     

黄土地表生物结皮对土壤贮水性能及水分入渗特征的影响

采用双环法对山西省偏关县3种结皮覆盖下(苔藓藻结皮、藻结皮和薄层藻结皮)土壤的贮水性能和渗透特征进行了对比研究.结果表明:不同结皮覆盖下土壤的贮水能力受结皮厚度和孔隙度状况的影响较大,0～10 cm土层饱和贮水量为502.69～525.80 t/hm2 ,滞留贮水量为169.71～198.29 t/hm2;初渗速率的变化范围为5. 19～11.10 mm/min,无结皮最高,苔藓藻结皮最低;稳渗速率变化范围为1.6 7～2.67 mm/min.采用的3种入渗模型(Kostiakov模型、Horton模型和Ph ilip模型)中Horton模型的拟合值更接近于实测值, 决定系数R2在0.98～0.99,更适用于描述本研究区具有生物结皮土壤的入渗特征.     

黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析

切沟是黄土高原侵蚀沟的重要类型之一,对流域水文、植被、地貌和生态等地表过程具有深刻影响。为明确土壤物理参数对切沟地形、坡位和深度的响应,在陕北黄土高原选择典型切沟,根据其走向设置沟道、沟缘及坡面3条样线,对40个样点按照10 cm深度间隔采集0~30 cm各土层原状土样,利用定水头法和烘干法对土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量进行测定并分析。结果表明:(1)地形对容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量具有显著或极显著影响,3个参数随坡位自下而上均呈波浪式变化趋势;沟缘和坡面位置容重随坡位上升总体呈微弱减小趋势,沟缘表层坡下土壤含水量较其他坡位明显偏低;(2)沟缘和坡面位置不同土层深度饱和导水率及容重的大小变化规律与沟道恰好相反;(3)对于各土层深度而言,沟缘和坡面土壤含水量均与沟道内差异显著,且沟缘土壤含水量总是低于坡面。以上结果表明,切沟分布改变了土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量在坡面的空间格局,在黄土区坡沟系统内不同地形条件对相关土壤物理参数的影响不应忽视。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮影响下土壤水分的日变化

对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮影响下土壤水分的日变化特征进行了定量研究,结果表明:①无论是结皮覆盖区还是无结皮覆盖区,其土壤含水量随深度的变化均表现出明显的层次性,其中以距地表 20 cm处的土壤含水量最高.②结皮覆盖区距地表5 cm和10 cm处的土壤含水量显著高于无结皮覆盖区(LSD检验, p ＜0.05);而45 cm和60 cm处的土壤含水量则表现为结皮覆盖区极显著低于无结皮区(LSD检验,p＜0.05),说明生物结皮具有较强的保持土壤表层水分的能力.③结皮覆盖区与无结皮覆盖区土壤水分的日变化特征明显不同于距地表5 cm处,而其他各土层的变化趋势则较为一致.无结皮覆盖区距地表5 cm处土壤水分的日变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,而结皮覆盖区的变化则恰恰相反.     

黄土坡面不同土地利用下的降雨入渗模拟与数值计算

本文基于修正的Green-Ampt方程,给出了改进的Green-Ampt模型在黄土坡面变雨强条件下入渗过程方程与数值求解的算法,结合黄土高原纸坊沟小流域实测土壤数据,借助计算教学和计算机编程,建立了变雨强降雨入渗过程软件系统,从软件系统运行结果中分析了坡耕地、草地和林地的入渗量和入渗率变化情况,以及土壤初始含水率和饱和导水率对草地和林地入渗的影响.结果表明:相同降雨情况下,林地入渗量是草地的2倍,是农地的3倍;不同土地利用下土壤入渗率变化与入渗量类同;草地入渗率对土壤初始含水率变化比较敏感,林地入渗率对土壤饱和导水率变化比较敏感.     

黄土高原生物结皮对土壤水分入渗的影响

利用圆盘入渗仪测量6种处理（无生物结皮、生物结皮、长芒草、长芒草＋生物结皮、柠条、柠条＋生物结皮）下水分的入渗特征,并进行对比分析。结果表明：①无论有、无植被,生物结皮的存在都会阻碍水分的入渗,无生物结皮的稳定入渗速率和累积入渗量均大于有生物结皮;植被的存在,加剧了生物结皮的阻水性。②Kostiakov模型对无结皮、长...     

六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征

研究了六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征及其与海拔和林型的关系,结果表明:六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤有机质和饱和导水率显著高于针叶林地,土壤容重显著低于针叶林地,阔叶林地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤有机质和饱和导水率分别比针叶林地高27.7%、21.2%和38.0%、42.2%,容重比针叶林地低13.8%和7.6%;高海拔处林地土壤有机质含量较高,容重较低;研究区土壤饱和导水率不受海拔影响,土壤水稳性团聚体分布不受林型和海拔的影响;阔叶林地0~20 cm土层土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径平均值分别比针叶林地高3.46%和5.21%,但不受海拔影响,大团聚体数量与饱和导水率极显著正相关。研究表明六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤物理性状显著优于针叶林地,林地土壤结构的改良主要体现在大团聚体增加方面。     

Topographic differentiations of biological soil crusts and hydraulic properties in fixed sand dunes,Tengger Desert

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play an important role in surface soil hydrology. Soils dominated with moss BSCs may have higher infiltration rates than those dominated with cyanobacteria or algal BSCs. However, it is unnown whether improved infiltration in moss BSCs is accompanied by an increase in soil hydraulic conductivity or water retention capacity. We investigated this question in the Tengger Desert, where a 43-year-old revegetation program has promoted the formation of two distinct types of BSCs along topographic positions, i.e. the moss-dominated BSCs on the interdune land and windward slopes of the fixed sand dunes, and the algal-dominated BSCs on the crest and leeward slopes. Soil water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity were measured using an indoor evaporation method and a field infiltration method. And the results were fitted to the van Genuchten–Mualem model. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities under greater water pressure(–0.01 MPa) and water retention capacities in the entire pressure head range were higher for both crust types than for bare sand. However, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities in the near-saturation range(–0.01 MPa) showed decreasing trends from bare sand to moss crusts and to algal crusts. Our data suggested that topographic differentiation of BSCs significantly affected not only soil water retention and hydraulic conductivities, but also the overall hydrology of the fixed sand dunes at a landscape scale, as seen in the reduction and spatial variability in deep soil water storage.     

Soil hydraulic conductivity as affected by vegetation restoration age on the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced extensive vegetation restoration in the past several decades,which leads to great changes in soil properties such as soil bulk,porosity,and organic matter with the vegetation restoration age.And these soil properties have great effect on the soil infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity.However,the potential changes in soil hydraulic conductivity caused by vegetation restoration age have not been well understood.This study was conducted to investigate the changes in soil hydraulic conductivity under five grasslands with different vegetation restoration ages(3,10,18,28 and 37 years)compared to a slope farmland,and further to identify the factors responsible for these changes on the Loess Plateau of China.At each site,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were determined using a disc permeameter with a water supply pressure of –20 mm.Soil properties were measured for analyzing their potential factors influencing soil hydraulic conductivity.The results showed that the soil bulk had no significant changes over the initial 20 years of restoration(P0.05);the total porosity,capillary porosity and field capacity decreased significantly in the grass land with 28 and 37 restoration ages compared to the slope farmland;accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were significantly enhanced after 18 years of vegetation restoration.However,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity fluctuated over the initial 10 years of restoration.The increase in soil hydraulic conductivity with vegetation restoration was closely related to the changes in soil texture and structure.Soil sand and clay contents were the most influential factors on soil hydraulic conductivity,followed by bulk density,soil porosity,root density and crust thickness.The Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that the soil hydraulic conductivity was affected by multiply factors.These results are helpful to understand the changes in hydrological and erosion processes response to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau.     

保水剂对土壤的物理性质与水分入渗的动态影响

保水剂在农业上的应用对于缓解干旱具有重要的意义,但其应用后会发生降解而最终失去保水作用,因此了解其在降解过程中引起的土壤物理性质的动态变化及水分运动的机理,是其能否正确应用的关键,本试验以保水剂在农业应用中的典型用量为基础,研究了保水剂对土壤的物理性质动态影响及一维土壤水分。结果表明,保水剂施入土壤后其性能不断衰减是导致土壤物理性质不断变化的最根本原因;土壤中施用保水剂后土壤的质量饱和含水率明显增加,饱和导水率降低,但随着保水剂性能的逐渐衰减,饱和含水率呈现下降趋势,饱和导水率呈现上升趋势;施入保水剂后土壤的扩散率是一个曲面,并且随着保水剂自身性能的衰减,呈现逐渐扩展的趋势;施用保水剂后土壤入渗的湿润锋前进速度下降,这主要是由于施用保水剂土壤的饱和含水量增加和保水剂膨胀堵塞土壤孔隙造成的;通过对施用保水剂土壤的扩散率和导水率的分时段研究,最终建立施用保水剂土壤的一维水分运动方程,试验证明其可行,且精度在允许的范围内。     

黄土地与沙地生物结皮的发育特征及其生态功能异同

基于课题组已有研究成果,选取陕北水蚀风蚀交错区内气候条件相同但土壤质地迥异的试验区,探讨黄土地和沙地生物结皮发育特征及其生态效应的异同。结果表明:(1)苔藓结皮是2种土地生物结皮的重要类型,其中,黄土地的优势藓种为尖叶对齿藓[Didymodon constrictus(Mitt.)Saito.]、真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)、狭网真藓(B.algovicum Sendt.);沙地的优势藓种为黄色真藓(B.pallescens Scheich.)、弯叶真藓(B.recurvulum Mitt.)、银叶真藓(B.argenteum Hedw.)。沙地乔灌植物下生物结皮盖度(77.5%)、厚度(11.8 mm)及容重(1.9 g·cm~(-3))均高于黄土地生物结皮,而黄土地多年生草本植物下生物结皮抗剪强度(26.5 k Pa)高于沙地生物结皮,总体上,沙地生物结皮发育的更好。(2)黄土地的入渗增幅和0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅均显著高于沙地(P0.05),且在旱季和雨季其0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅分别比沙地高1.4%和1.9%。(3)两地生物结皮均表现出了较好的减蚀作用,其减蚀效率分别为81.0%和90.6%。     

新疆阿瓦提丰收灌区砂壤土非饱和土壤水分运动参数的测定与计算

采用负压计法和双环入渗法在田间分别测定了阿瓦提丰收灌区砂壤土土壤含水率及其对应的土壤水吸力和土壤饱和导水率,采用Sigmaplot软件拟合了Van Genuchten水分特征曲线公式.根据Mualem提出的非饱和土壤导水率公式,建立了该灌区砂壤土非饱和土壤导水率的计算公式,并间接推导了非饱和土壤扩散率和比水容量两个参数...     

Effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration of different soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The infiltration of water into soil is one of the most important soil physical properties that affect soil erosion and the eco-environment, especially in the Pisha sandstone area on the Chinese Loess Plateau. We studied the one-dimensional vertical infiltration of water in three experimental soils, created by mixing Pisha sandstone with sandy soil, irrigation-silted soil, and loessial soil, at mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. Our objective was to compare water infiltration in the experimental soils and to evaluate the effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration. We assessed the effect by measuring soil bulk density(BD), porosity, cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks). The results showed that Pisha sandstone decreased the infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity in the three experimental soils. Cumulative infiltration over time was well described by the Philip equation. Sandy soil mixed with the Pisha sandstone at a ratio of 1:3 had the best water-holding capacity. The results provided experimental evidence for the movement of soil water and a technical support for the reconstruction and reclamation of mining soils in the Pisha sandstone area.     

Effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration in different soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The infiltration of water into soil is one of the most important soil physical properties that affect soil erosion and the eco-environment, especially in the Pisha sandstone area on the Chinese Loess Plateau. We studied the one-dimensional vertical infiltration of water in three experimental soils, created by mixing Pisha sandstone with sandy soil, irrigation-silted soil, and loessial soil, at mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. Our objective was to compare water infiltration in the experimental soils and to evaluate the effect of Pisha sandstone on water infiltration. We assessed the effect by measuring soil bulk density (BD), porosity, cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The results showed that Pisha sandstone decreased the infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity in the three experimental soils. Cumulative infiltration over time was well described by the Philip equation. Sandy soil mixed with the Pisha sandstone at a ratio of 1:3 had the best water-holding capacity. The results provided experimental evidence for the movement of soil water and a technical support for the reconstruction and reclamation of mining soils in the Pisha sandstone area.