青岛口岸植物检疫及截获疫情概况

近年来,随着国际贸易的不断发展,青岛口岸从国外进口的大豆、大麦、木材、水果、苗木等植物产品日益增多,对山东的农林等多种产业的发展起到了重要的促进作用,但与此同时也增加了国外危险性有害生物传入的风险,给检验检疫工作提出了挑战。     

农药的安全应用与农业可持续发展

分析了化学农药在贵州省应用的现状、存在的问题以及加入WTO后所面临的机遇和挑战,根据未来农药发展的趋势,结合贵州省实际,提出了安全合理使用化学农药的方法和策略,促进农业可持续发展。     

卫士牌等6种手动喷雾器田间试验效果比较

施药器械是防治农作物病虫害的重要机具,其质量的好坏、性能的优劣和使用喷施技术直接关系到病虫防治效果以及农药的有效利用率,而且对施药人员、农产品质量和环境的安全也至关重要。都匀市是一个西部欠发达县级市,农民经济收入较低,农民对农业生产投入不足,施药器械的更新换代滞后。据调查,目前都匀市农村中农户拥有的施药器械,大多仍然是背负式手动喷雾器,有近70%的仍属旧式的工农-16型手动喷雾器,由于性能落后、质量较差,且使用年限大都超过3—5年,在施药中,“跑、冒、滴、漏”问题严重。     

武威市农药使用中存在的问题及对策

2006年3-5月份,笔者在武威市选择具有代表性的30个乡镇275户农户,对主栽作物小麦、玉米、蔬菜上的农药使用情况进行了问卷调查。通过调查看出,武威市在农药安全使用中依然存在诸多不容忽视的问题。加强农药市场与使用管理,控制、减少其负面影响,是发展绿色植保、促进灾害生物防治与自然及人和谐发展的关键点,也是我们植保工作者的重要职责。     

甲醛对果蝇发育和繁殖的影响

甲醛已被广泛用于人们的日常生活中,成为室内环境的主要污染源。为探讨甲醛对动物不同发育阶段的毒性,本文以模式生物果蝇Drosophila melanogaster为对象,研究了饲料中添加不同浓度甲醛对果蝇生长发育的影响。结果显示,当对照组发育至3龄幼虫(孵化后3d)时,与未添加甲醛的对照组相比,饲料中添加0.25%或0.50%的甲醛极显著降低了幼虫的体重(P<0.01),添加了0.50%甲醛的饲料组中发育出来的雌、雄成蝇体重也显著低于对照组,其中雌虫体重的差异达到极显著水平。此外,饲料中添加甲醛,还显著延长了幼虫发育的时间,即从胚胎到化蛹的发育时间、胚胎到羽化的发育时间都极显著长于对照组(P<0.01),而其蛹期变态发育时间在对照组和各实验组之间没有显著差异。饲料中添加甲醛,还极显著降低了果蝇的产卵量(P<0.01)。综上结果表明,饲料中含有甲醛可显著降低果蝇的发育速度,影响果蝇的生长和繁殖力,但对果蝇蛹期变态发育过程没有显著影响。     

日本松干蚧在吉林省的分布现状及其扩散可能性分析

根据吉林省全境的日本松干蚧[Matsucoccus matsumurae(Kuwana)]寄主分布现状和自然地理状况,对日本松干蚧在吉林省内的可能传播路线进行了分析.预测该虫在吉林省的扩散蔓廷主要有向北面疫区以外周边地区的平面推进和东南方向的链条武传播2种趋势.疫情的传播扩散将对长春、吉林2市区的森林资源及长白山国家级自然保护区、吉林白河自然保护区和天佛指山国家级自然保护区等构成严重威胁.     

民以食为天 食以安为先

民以食为天，食以安为先。现在食品安全吗？相信这是目前许多人都不敢直面回答的问题。随着现代农业的不断发展，在带给人们丰富食品的同时，也带来了诸多不和谐的音符：1996年肆虐英国的“疯牛病”；1998年席卷东南亚的猪脑病；2004年“毒鼠强”事件……国内农产品隐患四伏：生长激素催生出来的家禽和家畜；被雌性激素刺激出的牛奶；...     

新西兰延长农药数据保护期

新西兰当局正试图延长创新型有效成分新使用的数据保护期,对新使用和非创新型农药的再形成引入数据保护。这是农业和林业部发布讨论文件之后的新举措。正如讨论文件所指出,尽管对延长新有效成分5年的数据保护期并没有令人信服的理由,     

白莲腐败病综合防治技术

白莲产业是我乡农业生产的主导产业,种植面积933 hm2,占总耕地面积的65%。1989年以来已形成规模生产,经济效益明显,种100㎡白莲并可套种晚稻,平均收入达450元。农民的经济来源80%靠白莲收入,但因种植时间较长,土壤残留的莲根、茎、叶较多,有利于病菌在土壤中的兹生和繁殖。近5年来,白莲腐败病发生严重,每年30%-40%的面积都不同程度的腐败病发生,有10%-15%的面积为绝收,制约了白莲生产的发展。     

我国植物保护体系和机构的历史沿革

植物保护是控制害虫、病原微生物、杂草、农田害鼠等有害生物对农作物的为害,保护农业生产安全的重要措施,是农业生产过程中重要的环节.植保体系是农业领域中最重要的防灾减灾体系之一.植物保护工作涵盖的领域广泛,包括重大农业生物灾害的监测预警和防治控制,国内、外危险性有害生物的检疫检验和封锁扑灭,农药、药械的质量管理、安全使用以及农产品农药残留检测和控制等.     

Perspectives on transgenic,herbicide‐resistant crops in the United States almost 20 years after introduction

Herbicide‐resistant crops have had a profound impact on weed management. Most of the impact has been by glyphosate‐resistant maize, cotton, soybean and canola. Significant economic savings, yield increases and more efficacious and simplified weed management have resulted in widespread adoption of the technology. Initially, glyphosate‐resistant crops enabled significantly reduced tillage and reduced the environmental impact of weed management. Continuous use of glyphosate with glyphosate‐resistant crops over broad areas facilitated the evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds, which have resulted in increases in the use of tillage and other herbicides with glyphosate, reducing some of the initial environmental benefits of glyphosate‐resistant crops. Transgenic crops with resistance to auxinic herbicides, as well as to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, stacked with glyphosate and/or glufosinate resistance, will become available in the next few years. These technologies will provide additional weed management options for farmers, but will not have all of the positive effects (reduced cost, simplified weed management, lowered environmental impact and reduced tillage) that glyphosate‐resistant crops had initially. In the more distant future, other herbicide‐resistant crops (including non‐transgenic ones), herbicides with new modes of action and technologies that are currently in their infancy (e.g. bioherbicides, sprayable herbicidal RNAi and/or robotic weeding) may affect the role of transgenic, herbicide‐resistant crops in weed management. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

甘氨酸法制备草甘膦工艺改进

为了实现甘氨酸法合成草甘膦工艺中溶剂回收的便捷、经济化,并减少氯甲烷等副产物的排放,采用在酯化反应完成后直接从该无水体系中回收溶剂的工艺方法。结果表明,改进后的工艺在不影响草甘膦收率和品质的前提下,不仅可以回收98%以上的溶剂,而且回收后的溶剂可在不进行任何处理的情况下直接循环套用;同时可回收40％ ~63%的三乙胺,并使酸化水解时可以减排50％ ~81%的氯甲烷。相应地,草甘膦吨生产成本可下降10％ ~15%,并可有效降低环境污染。     

Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide

Since its commercial introduction in 1974, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] has become the dominant herbicide worldwide. There are several reasons for its success. Glyphosate is a highly effective broad-spectrum herbicide, yet it is very toxicologically and environmentally safe. Glyphosate translocates well, and its action is slow enough to take advantage of this. Glyphosate is the only herbicide that targets 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), so there are no competing herbicide analogs or classes. Since glyphosate became a generic compound, its cost has dropped dramatically. Perhaps the most important aspect of the success of glyphosate has been the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant crops in 1996. Almost 90% of all transgenic crops grown worldwide are glyphosate resistant, and the adoption of these crops is increasing at a steady pace. Glyphosate/glyphosate-resistant crop weed management offers significant environmental and other benefits over the technologies that it replaces. The use of this virtually ideal herbicide is now being threatened by the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Adoption of resistance management practices will be required to maintain the benefits of glyphosate technologies for future generations.     

Herbicide‐resistant weed management: focus on glyphosate

This review focuses on proactive and reactive management of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds. Glyphosate resistance in weeds has evolved under recurrent glyphosate usage, with little or no diversity in weed management practices. The main herbicide strategy for proactively or reactively managing GR weeds is to supplement glyphosate with herbicides of alternative modes of action and with soil‐residual activity. These herbicides can be applied in sequences or mixtures. Proactive or reactive GR weed management can be aided by crop cultivars with alternative single or stacked herbicide‐resistance traits, which will become increasingly available to growers in the future. Many growers with GR weeds continue to use glyphosate because of its economical broad‐spectrum weed control. Government farm policies, pesticide regulatory policies and industry actions should encourage growers to adopt a more proactive approach to GR weed management by providing the best information and training on management practices, information on the benefits of proactive management and voluntary incentives, as appropriate. Results from recent surveys in the United States indicate that such a change in grower attitudes may be occurring because of enhanced awareness of the benefits of proactive management and the relative cost of the reactive management of GR weeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Saflufenacil efficacy on horseweed and its interaction with glyphosate

Saflufenacil is a new herbicide on the market and its effectiveness on horseweed, several populations of which have evolved resistance to glyphosate, is not clear. In this research, the effect of adjuvants on the control of horseweed with saflufenacil in the field, the effect of the interaction between glyphosate and saflufenacil on glyphosate‐resistant and glyphosate‐susceptible horseweed and the patterns of uptake and translocation of glyphosate applied alone and in combination with saflufenacil in horseweed were evaluated. The addition of methylated seed oil to saflufenacil provided the best control of horseweed, with crop oil concentrate being intermediate in effect and non‐ionic surfactant ranking as the least‐effective adjuvant. The interaction between glyphosate and saflufenacil was additive with regards to the control of glyposate‐resistant horseweed. The glyphosate‐susceptible horseweed population absorbed 6–13% more ¹⁴C‐glyphosate than the glyphosate‐resistant population. The addition of saflufenacil reduced ¹⁴C‐glyphosate translocation in both the glyphosate‐resistant and the glyphosate‐susceptible horseweed populations by at least 6%; however, due to the exceptional efficacy of saflufenacil, these reductions did not reduce the level of control. Saflufenacil holds great potential as an alternative control option for glyphosate‐resistant horseweed and is a valuable tool in the management of resistant weeds.     

类黄酮在草甘膦诱导的苦荞膜脂过氧化中的作用

研究了草甘膦对苦荞类黄酮次生代谢的影响及类黄酮与草甘膦作用下膜脂过氧化伤害的关系，以探讨植物类黄酮代谢的意义及在草甘膦伤害中的作用机制。结果表明，分别用浓度为0．1、0．3、1mmoL／L的草甘膦处理苦荞幼苗，苦荞类黄酮代谢受到明显抑制，处理3天时类黄酮含量比对照分别下降58．1％、65．8％和76．5％。草甘膦处理导致苦荞膜脂过氧化加剧，0．1mmoL／L草甘膦处理使苦荞相对电导率增加275．4％、丙二醛（MDA）含量增加134．1％、超氧自由基O2^-产生速率增加121．7％，且随草甘膦浓度升高而增加幅度加大，说明草甘膦伤害与膜脂过氧化程度有关。0．3mmoL／L草甘膦处理后再用0．1mmoL／L类黄酮物质芦丁处理，电解质外渗下降34．2％，MDA含量下降51．1％，O2^-产生下降33．9％，明显减轻了草甘膦的伤害，这说明草甘膦作用下类黄酮含量的下降与草甘膦对苦荞组织伤害有一定的关系。     

抗草甘膦杂草的抗性机理研究进展

草甘膦因其独特而优异的理化特性,自上市起便受到广泛的关注,现在已经成为全世界应用最广的除草剂之一.但是随着草甘膦抗性杂草的不断出现,草甘膦的应用前景受到严峻的挑战.文章综述了草甘膦生产及应用现状、草甘膦作用机理和草甘膦抗性杂草的发展,重点阐述了草甘膦抗性杂草的抗性机理.最后对如何通过延缓草甘膦抗性杂草的出现,保护草甘膦提出建议.     

抗草甘膦杂草及其检测方法发展现状

草甘膦在世界范围的多年大量使用已经引起了抗草甘膦杂草的产生。本文针对全球迄今为止发现的21种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展状况进行了论述。探讨了抗草甘膦杂草抗药性检测方法,分别从整株生物测定及生物化学等方面介绍了抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究现状,为抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的发展及其抗性监测方法的建立提供参考。     

Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum I: population biology of a rare resistance trait

Despite frequent use for the past 25 years, resistance to glyphosate has evolved in few weed biotypes. The propensity for evolution of resistance is not the same for all herbicides, and glyphosate has a relatively low resistance risk. The reasons for these differences are not entirely understood. A previously published two‐herbicide resistance model has been modified to explore biological and management factors that account for observed rates of evolution of glyphosate resistance. Resistance to a post‐emergence herbicide was predicted to evolve more rapidly than it did to glyphosate, even when both were applied every year and had the same control efficacy. Glyphosate is applied earlier in the growing season when fewer weeds have emerged and hence exerts less selection pressure on populations. The evolution of glyphosate resistance was predicted to arise more rapidly when glyphosate applications were later in the growing season. In simulations that assumed resistance to the post‐emergence herbicide did not evolve, the evolution of glyphosate resistance was less rapid, because post‐emergence herbicides were effectively controlling rare glyphosate‐resistant individuals. On their own, these management‐related factors could not entirely account for rates of evolution of resistance to glyphosate observed in the field. In subsequent analyses, population genetic parameter values (initial allele frequency, dominance and fitness) were selected on the basis of empirical data from a glyphosate‐resistant Lolium rigidum population. Predicted rates of evolution of resistance were similar to those observed in the field. Together, the timing of glyphosate applications, the rarity of glyphosate‐resistant mutants, the incomplete dominance of glyphosate‐resistant alleles and pleiotropic fitness costs associated with glyphosate resistance, all contribute to its relatively slow evolution in the field.