基于模糊C均值聚类的牛肉图像中脂肪和肌肉区域分割技术

介绍了一种自适应分割牛肉眼肌切面图像中脂肪和肌肉区域的图像处理技术。通过CCD摄像头获取以黑色平板为背景的牛肉眼肌切面彩色RGB图像。先根据彩色图像R分量的灰度直方图，利用最大方差自动取阀值法(OSTU)把黑色背景与整块牛肉图像分割开来；接着把处理后的图像变成灰度图像，用模糊C均值聚类算法(FCM)计算出牛肉脂肪像素和肌肉像素灰度值的聚类中心，以各个像素点灰度值与两个聚类中之间的绝对值距离来区分出图像中的脂肪和肌肉像素。结果表明，FCM方法是分割肌肉和脂肪区域的有效方法。     

基于参数优化改进型可能聚类的遥感图像分割

可能聚类算法（PCA）和可能C-均值聚类算法（PCM）对初始值非常敏感,容易产生一致性聚类。改进型可能C-均值聚类算法（IPCM）能解决PCM的问题,然而IPCM的执行更依赖于参数。IPCM必须计算参数两次,因此聚类时间长。为了克服PCA和IPCM的缺点,进而应用于复杂的遥感图像分割,将PCA和IPCM相结合,提出了一种基于参数优化的改进型可能聚类算法（IPCAOP）。实验表明,IPCAOP在处理遥感图像分割方面明显优于模糊C-均值聚类（FCM）和IPCM。     

基于局部判别映射算法的玉米病害识别方法

如何快速准确检测到作物病害信息是作物病害防治中的一个首要问题,根据作物叶片症状识别作物病害是作物病害检测的一个基本方法。由于病害叶片颜色、形状和纹理之间的差异很大,使得很多经典的模式识别方法不能有效地应用于作物病害识别中,为此提出了一种基于局部判别映射(local discriminant projects,LDP)的作物病害识别方法。首先,利用区域增长分割算法分割病害叶片中的病斑图像;然后,将病斑图像重组为一维向量,再由LDP对一维向量进行维数约简;最后,利用最近邻分类器识别作物病害类别。利用LDP算法将高维空间的一维向量样本点映射到低维子空间时,能够使得类内样本点更加紧凑,而类间样本点更加分离,从而得到最佳的低维分类特征。利用该方法在5种常见玉米病害叶片图像数据库上进行了病害识别试验,识别精度高达94.4%。与其他作物病害识别方法(如基于神经网络、主分量分析+概率神经网络和贝叶斯方法)和监督子空间学习算法(如算法局部判别嵌入和判别邻域嵌入)进行了比较。试验结果表明,该方法对作物病害叶片图像识别是有效可行的,为实现基于叶片图像处理技术的作物病害的田间实时在线检测奠定了基础。     

基于优化模糊C均值聚类算法的路面不平度识别

模糊C均值(fuzzy C-mean,FCM)聚类算法具有良好的抗噪声性能,但FCM是一种局部搜索算法,易陷入局部最优,而遗传算法则具有全局优化搜索的优点。基于此该文提出了一种改进的FCM算法与遗传算法结合的聚类方法,先运用遗传算法得到聚类中心,然后用改进的FCM聚类算法得到最优解。并基于真实采集的道路谱数据,利用该算法对路面不平度进行识别。试验结果表明,改进的FCM算法与遗传算法结合的聚类算法路面识别率为94.54%,比FCM聚类算法高出4.98个百分点,比改进FCM算法高出4.67个百分点,具有更好的处理噪声数据的能力,提高了聚类的准确率和路面的识别率。     

基于多示例图的小麦叶部病害分割方法

图像分割是作物病害自动识别的难点之一,传统的基于阈值或聚类的分割方法分割精度较低,为了提高作物病害的分割效果,该文提出了一种基于多示例图的分割模型,将作物病害的分割问题转化为在多示例框架下图的分割问题,同时在对作物病害图像分割的过程中引入空间信息,采用像素点信息和邻域信息的融合值形成特征空间,通过在包空间的有效度量方式将多示例学习与图的分割方法有效结合进行小麦叶部病害图像的分割,从而更好地度量示例包的内部差异和示例包之间的差异,同时兼顾了图像的局部信息和全局信息,通过对小麦锈病和白斑病图像的分割试验表明,所提出的模型具有较好的鲁棒性,并且分割效果明显高于传统的分割方法。     

基于改进均值漂移算法的绿色作物图像分割方法

针对绿色农作物图像背景复杂且分割难的问题,提出一种基于改进均值漂移算法的分割方法。采用均值漂移算法对图像进行平滑和分割时,带宽的选择直接影响平滑和分割的结果。传统的均值漂移分割方法需要人为地设定空域带宽和值域带宽这2个参数。该文首先根据绿色作物图像的颜色特点,提取图像的颜色指数;然后采用均值漂移算法,将图像的颜色信息与空间信息结合起来,根据作物图像颜色分布的丰富程度定义自适应空域带宽,采用渐近积分均方差来获得自适应值域带宽,对图像进行平滑滤波;最后采用 Otsu 方法将平滑后的图像分成两部分：绿色部分和背景部分。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地分割出绿色作物,并在分割性能上明显优于常规的颜色指数方法,作物图像的错分率均小于6.5%。     

基于混沌优化K均值算法的马铃薯芽眼的快速分割

为提高芽眼分割的准确性,该文实现了基于混沌优化K均值算法的马铃薯芽眼的快速分割。K均值算法具有有效性及易于实现的优点,但是容易陷入局部最优值的缺点造成了其聚类结果的不准确。混沌系统由于其遍历性和不重复性,能够以较快的速度执行全局搜索。该文提出的算法的主要思想就是将混沌变量映射到K均值算法的变量中,用混沌变量代替其寻找全局最优值。分割试验结果表明:该文提出的算法,不仅在分割准确性上优于当下流行的K均值算法和模糊C均值算法,而且在运行时间上也更胜一筹,K均值算法和模糊C均值算法分割一幅马铃薯芽眼的图像所需的平均时间分别为2.895 5 s和3.556 4 s,而该文提出的算法仅需1.109 s。当聚类数大于3时,该文提出的算法在运行时间上受聚类数目的影响非常小,这一特点可用于其他一些适合聚类数大于3的农作物上。试验结果还表明,对于该文中的样本,最佳聚类数不宜超过3。最后,精度试验验证了该文提出的算法能够对样本中的马铃薯芽眼实现完全,无遗漏的分割,总的分割精度为98.87%,其中,对正常的马铃薯芽眼分割精度可达100%,对特殊马铃薯的芽眼分割精度为91.67%,总体分割精度较好。因此,该文提出的算法能够为后续种薯的自动切块提供参考。     

杏鲍菇形态特征获取的图像分割算法

食用菌工厂化生产中,菇房环境对食用菌生长的影响很大,由工人根据食用菌的形态特征来判断菇房环境是否适宜,会由于个体主观差异或人为因素不能及时判断,造成菇房环境调节滞后,影响了食用菌的产量和质量。以杏鲍菇为研究对象,提出了获取杏鲍菇形态特征的蚁群算法改进的模糊C均值（FCM）聚类分割算法,该算法能够针对杏鲍菇生产中获取的图像,进行有效地分割,从而满足自动获取杏鲍菇形态特征的需要。     

基于熵权法加权的模糊C均值聚类算法研究

针对模糊C均值聚类算法不能区分数据各属性之间的不平衡性,提出了一种基于熵权法加权的模糊C均值聚类算法。该算法首先应用熵权法计算各属性的权重系数,然后对标准化之后的原始数据进行加权,最后应用模糊C均值聚类算法对加权之后的数据进行聚类。实验表明,该算法聚类准确率要明显高于未加权的模糊C均值聚类算法。     

采用K均值聚类和环形结构的狭叶锦鸡儿木质部提取算法

针对木质部交互统计误差大、效率低、重现性差、劳动强度高和传统图像处理算法精度不理想等问题,该文以狭叶锦鸡儿木质部切片图像为研究对象,根据木质部特点提出基于K均值聚类算法和环形结构提取算法相结合,实现木质部准确提取的方法。首先通过动态巴特沃斯同态滤波法对30幅供试图像进行光照不均校正,然后采用K均值聚类法对光照补偿后图像初分割,最后采用环形结构提取算法实现木质部提取计数。试验结果表明:采用K均值聚类算法对光照补偿后的木质部图像初分割分割误差R(section error, R)、过分割误差OR(over-segmentation error, OR)和欠分割误差UR(under-segmentation error, UR)均值分别为5.15%、1.48%和6.46%,优于未光照补偿和3R-G-B算法;该文提出的环形结构提取算法对初分割后木质部图像检测的平均相对误差为2.26%,比分水岭法低11.69个百分点,比凹点匹配法低4.93个百分点。从速度上看,该算法平均耗时3.17 s,比分水岭法快1.40 s,比凹点匹配法快4.88 s。该算法检测的均方根误差RMSE(root mean squared error, RMSE)为0.52%,约相当于分水岭法的1/3,约相当于凹点匹配法的1/2,该算法优于其他2种分割算法;在图像结构复杂、光照不均匀、内部分布不均等缺陷条件下,该文算法也能很好地实现木质部的分割和提取。该方法不仅能对狭叶锦鸡儿木质部自动分割和提取,也可为其他植物木质部分割提取提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.