大麦黄条点花叶病毒传播方式和传播特性研究初报

大麦黄条点花叶病毒(Barley yellow striate mosaic virus,BYSMV)是我国小麦产区新发现的一种病毒,为了明确该病毒的发生流行规律并建立相应的防治方法,在温室条件下对该病毒的传播方式、介体传毒特性进行了研究。初步研究结果表明:BYSMV仅由介体昆虫灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus Fallén)传播,不能通过机械摩擦、土壤和病残体传播。该病毒在灰飞虱体内的循回期最短为6 d,接种后20 d达到传毒发病盛期。灰飞虱最短获毒和传毒时间均为1 min,病毒在小麦苗中的最短潜育期为5 d。由此可见,灰飞虱对BYSMV具有较强的获毒和传毒能力。本研究为下一步进行该病毒的寄主范围、病害的发生规律等方面的研究提供了技术手段,也为生产上预防和控治由该病毒引起的病害提供了理论依据。     

人工饲养不同世代灰飞虱群体传播水稻黑条矮缩病毒的比较

为明确人工饲养对灰飞虱传毒能力的影响,本文利用人工饲养至第55代、23代和8代的3个无毒灰飞虱群体,研究灰飞虱携带和传播RBSDV能力的差异。每个群体经饲毒、度过循回期后,选择雌、雄成虫各50头,单头单苗接种1叶1心期健康玉米。接种4 d回收灰飞虱,利用RT-PCR检测带毒率,并调查灰飞虱死亡率;接种43~50 d后调查玉米粗缩病发病率。结果表明:人工饲养55代、23代和8代的灰飞虱群体平均带毒率分别为68.24%、58.93%和62.09%,统计分析表明差异不显著;3个群体平均传毒率分别为31.22%、20.32%和29.91%,55代和8代群体均显著高于23代(P0.05);3个群体平均死亡率分别为54.19%、65.24%和77.72%,其中55代群体极显著低于8代(P0.01),二者与23代群体差异不显著。3个群体灰飞虱的带毒率63.09%高于传毒率27.15%,差异极显著(P0.01)。结论:人工群体饲养至第55代的灰飞虱与仅饲养至第8代的灰飞虱在携带和传播RBSDV方面未发现显著差异,且均保持了较好的能力。     

小麦丛矮病毒对灰飞虱雌、雄虫体繁殖力影响的初步观察

 灰飞虱是小麦丛矮病毒病的传毒介体。1969年yamada和Shikata报道过丛矮病毒可在灰飞虱虫体内繁殖。     

应用RT-PCR和dot-ELISA方法检测单头灰飞虱体内水稻条纹病毒

本文比较了RT-PCR和dot-ELISA两种方法对单头灰飞虱携带水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus,RSV)的检出率、检测灵敏度和检测成本。结果表明,两种方法均能检测到单头灰飞虱体内的RSV,RT-PCR检测单头灰飞虱体内RSV的阳性检出率比dot-ELISA方法低11.79%~15.77%,但RT-PCR的检测灵敏度比dot-ELISA高10倍,RT-PCR技术的检测成本比dot-ELISA的高。结果暗示,对于单头介体昆虫中的病毒检测,RT-PCR技术的检出率不一定比dot-ELISA的高。综合考虑后,如对室外大批量灰飞虱进行带毒率检测时可采用dot-ELISA方法,如需准确分析单头灰飞虱体内RSV时可采用RT-PCR方法。     

介体灰稻虱传小麦丛矮病毒特性的研究

小麦丛矮病是我国小麦的重要病害之一,通过灰稻虱(Laodelphaz striatellus Falén)在病株上吸毒和在介体内注射病毒证实能传本病。除灰稻虱外,是否还有别的介体?灰稻虱的传毒特性又怎样?本文是1979～1981年对这方面研究的总结。材料和方法毒源是在1979年8月从浙江省临安县上溪公社高山夏播小麦典型病株上,用无毒灰稻虱反复饲毒和接种所得的病株。虫源是在杭州室内分离的灰稻虱无毒虫。供试寄主用感病品种小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)浙麦1号,二棱裸大麦(Hor     

大麦黄矮病毒-GAV在燕麦植株体内运动规律的初步研究

 利用RT-PCR方法研究了大麦黄矮病毒-GAV在燕麦植株内的移动规律。先将介体麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)在BYDV-GAV新鲜病叶上饲毒,再将获毒蚜虫放置到二叶期的健康燕麦植株接种48h,随后分期提取接种植株的第1~6片叶和根组织的总RNA,利用特异引物扩增BYDV-GAV的外壳蛋白(CP)基因以检测病毒在燕麦植株内的复制和移动。结果表明,在接种5d后,接种叶片(第2片叶)呈现阳性,接种7d后,植株新生的第4片叶被侵染,接种9d后,部分的第3片叶呈现阳性,至接种16d,几乎所有的叶片均呈现阳性。仅在接种的第5、7和9d收集的根组织呈现阳性,而所有的第1片叶均为阴性,可能是由于这些组织内病毒含量太低所致。本研究初步揭示了BYDV-GAV长距离运动的规律并且发现该病毒在燕麦根部从接种到系统发病都没有进行大量增殖,为今后进一步研究病毒运动机制选取适当的植物材料提供了基本信息。     

小麦丛矮病氨基酸含量的初步分析

材料和方法:选用同期播种的小麦植株,病株为接过传毒介体灰飞虱的显症病株。采用从典型丛矮病株上饲毒的灰飞虱介体,接芽期小麦,经30天后启用。健株置防虫条件下,同期取用,为对照。 将供试材料洗净,去根。按鲜重含20％干物质及干物质中含5％的全氮量计算。按病株、健株各取含氮5毫克的材料,每毫克的全氮量加1毫升6 N盐酸计算,全部装入     

浙江省水稻条纹叶枯病发生发展态势与防控对策措施

水稻条纹叶枯病[rice stripe Tenuivirus,(RSV)],是由灰飞虱[Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)]为传毒媒介的病毒病,具有暴发性、间歇性和迁移性。其病原由灰飞虱以持久性方式传播。病毒可经卵传递。获毒灰飞虱在第6年的第40代仍有较高的传毒能力。带毒的灰飞虱在水稻上取食数分钟即能染病,经过13～17d的潜伏期后显症。得病早的病株全株枯死,得病迟的不易抽穗或抽出畸形穗,结实很少。该病一旦侵染,难以防治,具有毁灭性,因而被称为水稻上的癌症。1浙江省水稻条纹叶枯病的发生情况与发展态势近年来,由于耕种栽培制度改变等多种因素影响,水…     

灰飞虱体内水稻条纹病毒的检测

为评价灰飞虱体内水稻条纹病毒检测方法的适用范围,利用已经制备的水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus,RSV)的多克隆抗体SV21和单克隆抗体3B9,采用多孔板间接ELISA、DIBA和Western blotting等三种方法进行单头灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén(SBPH)体内RSV检测。结果表明,检测灵敏度以多孔板间接ELISA最高,其次为DIBA,Western blotting最低;用单克隆抗体3B9检测灵敏度高于多克隆抗体SV21。RT-PCR、IC-RT-PCR和DB-RT-PCR三种方法中,RT-PCR对单头灰飞虱稀释到400倍可检测到病毒;IC-RT-PCR在多克隆抗体SV21稀释浓度大于500倍时检测不出RSV,单克隆抗体3B9稀释浓度大于800倍时检测不到RSV;DB-RT-PCR检测结果显示,单头灰飞虱在稀释400倍后均无阳性反应。     

灰飞虱VAP-B蛋白的抗体制备及体内外应用

灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus的囊泡相关膜蛋白相关蛋白B(VAP-B)是内质网膜蛋白家族的蛋白,其主要参与调节囊泡运输、脂类的转运代谢以及未折叠蛋白应答等。本研究克隆了灰飞虱VAP-B基因,构建了pCold-SUMO-VAP-B原核表达载体,再将其转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞Rosetta(DE3),经过IPTG低温诱导表达得到了含有HIS和SUMO标签的VAP-B可溶性蛋白,经过Ni²⁺-NTA亲和层析柱纯化后的蛋白再利用rTEV酶去除SUMO标签,得到无标签的VAP-B蛋白。通过免疫新西兰雄兔制备了VAP-B的多克隆抗体。Western blot检测结果表明该抗体可以特异性检测到灰飞虱的VAP-B蛋白;同时利用该抗体进行免疫荧光标记,发现其能特异性定位灰飞虱唾液腺内的VAP-B蛋白。研究结果表明制备的VAP-B抗体能够成功用于该蛋白的体内外检测,为阐明VAP-B在灰飞虱体内的关键作用奠定了基础。     

引起玉米粗缩病的水稻黑条矮缩病毒河南分离物的分子特征

<正>目前已报道的造成玉米粗缩病的病原有3种,分别是玉米粗缩病毒(Maize rough dwarf virus,M RDV),水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV)和南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV)[1]。我国于1954年在新疆和甘肃发现该病,上世纪60年代曾在中东部夏玉米区流行,至70年代以来各玉米产区已陆续发生[2],近年来在黄淮海夏玉米区特别是套播或晚春播、早夏播玉米田发生危害严重。     

抑制南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒非结构蛋白P5-1的表达阻碍病毒在昆虫体内的增殖

为明确南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV)编码的非结构蛋白P5-1参于SRBSDV在介体白背飞虱体内侵染过程中的作用机制,通过原核表达蛋白制备SRBSDV编码的非结构蛋白P5-1的多克隆抗体,并应用Western blot和免疫荧光标记法检测抗体的特异性,以注射法将来源于P5-1基因的dsRNA(ds P5-1)注入获毒1 d的白背飞虱体内,5 d后通过免疫荧光标记法检测ds P5-1对SRBSDV在白背飞虱体内增殖的影响,同时以注射来源于GFP基因的dsRNA(ds GFP)为对照。结果显示,Western blot和免疫荧光标记分别检测到SRBSDV侵染水稻和白背飞虱表达的P5-1蛋白,表明所制备的P5-1抗体具有特异性。ds GFP处理的对照组白背飞虱带毒率高达81%,而ds P5-1处理的白背飞虱带毒率仅为21%,且P5-1蛋白的表达和SRBSDV在昆虫体内的增殖均受到抑制。表明P5-1蛋白是病毒在昆虫体内增殖的关键因子,可作为阻断病毒在昆虫体内增殖的理想靶标。     

A selective barrier in the midgut epithelial cell membrane of the nonvector whitefly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trialeurodes vaporariorum</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</Emphasis> uptake

We studied the presence of a potential transmission barrier that blocks Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in the nonvector greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Because T. vaporariorum can ingest and retain the virus after acquisition feeding on an infected plant, comparable to the vector whitefly Bemisia tabaci, circumstance evidence suggested that a transmission barrier presents at location(s) where the virus moves from the digestive tract lumen to the hemolymph. To provide direct evidence for the site of a transmission barrier in the nonvector insect, we compared the accumulation levels and localization of the virus between the two species of whiteflies. Quantitative real-time and conventional PCR analysis showed that accumulation of the virus during acquisition feeding and retention after a short acquisition period were indistinguishable between the two species, but the circulation of the virus within the whiteflies differed significantly between the species. In an immunofluorescence analysis using an antibody specific to the coat protein of the virus, the virus was restricted to the luminal surface of the midgut epithelial cells and did not enter their cytoplasm or that of the salivary glands in T. vaporariorum. In contrast, the virus was localized within the cytoplasm of the midgut epithelial cells and in the paired salivary glands of B. tabaci adults. This direct evidence shows that a selective transmission barrier at the luminal membrane surface of midgut epithelial cells in the nonvector whitefly blocks entrance of the virus into the midgut epithelial cells, resulting in incompetence as a vector of the virus.     

Presence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 in primary salivary glands of the mealybug vector Planococcus citri suggests a circulative transmission mechanism

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a mealybug-transmissible ampelovirus. Though the transmission mechanism has been described as semipersistent on the basis of temporal parameters, definitive proof of this mechanism has never been provided. In the present study, we carried out preliminary assays to establish the location of the virus in its vector, Planococcus citri. After dissecting the insects, GLRaV-3 was detected by means of IC-RT-PCR in the salivary glands, intestine and Malpighian tubes, but not in the sucking apparatus. Immunogold labelling of the capsid protein revealed the presence of the virus in some cells of the primary salivary glands, but not in the alimentary channel of the stylet, or in the accessory salivary glands. The strong labelling of the electron-dense secretion vesicles in some cells of the primary salivary glands, together with the non-detection of the virus in the sucking apparatus suggests that the transmission mechanism may be different from that previously described. We propose a circulative transmission mechanism based on a specific transportation route for the viral particles from the midgut or hindgut to the salivary glands. As the transmission mechanism is generally a common feature of a viral genus, the existence of a circulative transmission mechanism for other mealybug-transmitted ampeloviruses is expected. Organ by organ analysis of GLRaV-1, another ampelovirus not transmissible by P. citri, showed the absence of the virus in the salivary glands, thus providing further, though indirect, evidence in favour of circulative transmission for this virus genus.     

Dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus Replication in the Alimentary Canal of Two Thrips Species

ABSTRACT Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is dependent on virus uptake in the midgut prior to virus movement to the salivary glands. Replication of TSWV in the alimentary canal of tobacco thrips (TT, Frankliniella fusca) and western flower thrips (WFT, F. occidentalis) was investigated by immunolocalization of the nonstructural protein (NSs) encoded by the small RNA of TSWV and fluorescence microscopy. Analysis of cohorts during development from larva to adults following virus acquisition by first instar larva indicated that virus replication followed a specific time-course pattern in the foregut, regions of the midgut, salivary glands, and ligaments between the midgut and salivary glands. Initial virus replication occurred only in epithelial cells of midgut-1 but, upon infection of muscle cells, the virus moved to the midgut-2, foregut, midgut-3, and salivary glands. The ligaments between the midgut and salivary glands appeared to be a route for virus to invade the salivary glands. No virus replication was observed in the hindgut, Malpighian tubules, or tubular salivary glands. The dynamics of TSWV replication, as measured by NSs accumulation, were similar in both TT and WFT.     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒检测方法的比较

为明确南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, SRBSDV）检测方法的最佳适用范围,对其现有检测方法Real time RT-PCR、RT-LAMP、RT-PCR的灵敏性及特异性进行了比较,并分析了依据SRBSDV单克隆抗体3F1建立的斑点免疫结合印迹（dot immunobinding assay, DIBA）方法对检测植物寄主和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horvth的特异性。结果表明,灵敏性以Real time RT-PCR方法最高,其次为RT-LAMP方法,而普通RT-PCR方法相对较低。这3种方法均可特异性检测SRBSDV植物寄主和白背飞虱;DIBA方法可以满足SRBSDV和水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Rice black-streaked dwarf virus, RBSDV）植物寄主和白背飞虱大量样品的检测,但不能区分SRBSDV和RBSDV。Real time RT-PCR方法实现了短时间内对SRBSDV RNA拷贝数的相对定量;RT-LAMP方法全程恒温反应,无需热循环仪。     

Screening of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars for resistance to rice black streaked dwarf virus using quantitative PCR and visual disease assessment

Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) causing rice black streaked dwarf disease is transmitted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) in a persistent propagative manner. The disease is considered among the most destructive in rice production in east and southeast Asia. For sustainable control of the disease, planting resistant cultivars is the most economical and efficient method. The virus content in different rice cultivars was quantified using a TaqMan RT‐qPCR assay under greenhouse conditions and the disease was visually assessed in these cultivars in both greenhouse and field conditions. Results revealed significant positive moderate correlation (r = 0.3787; P = 0.0009) between the virus content and visual disease assessment in the greenhouse under forced inoculation. Among 66 rice cultivars, there was no significant difference in RBSDV genome equivalent copies (GEC) in seven cultivars, namely Lian‐dao 9805 (200.2 ± 12), Liangyou 3399 (206.6 ± 28), Ningjing 4 (206.6 ± 28), DaLiang 207 (302.0 ± 61), X 008 (354.0 ± 30), Shengdao 301 (658.4 ± 69) and Liangyou 1129 (679.5 ± 98). These cultivars were also visually assessed as resistant under greenhouse and field conditions. These cultivars could be used in disease management to reduce the likelihood of epidemics.     

水稻黑条矮缩病毒外壳蛋白基因的克隆、原核表达及抗体制备

为探讨水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV）的种群变异,采用RT-PCR方法从感染RBSDV山东分离物RBSDV-JN1的水稻中克隆该病毒的S10片段,并进行序列分析,进而构建包含RBSDV-JN1的CP基因的原核表达载体,导入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）诱导表达;并以表达的融合蛋白为抗原,制备病毒的多克隆抗体。结果显示：S10片段全长为1 801 bp,包含1个1 677 bp编码框,编码558个氨基酸的外壳蛋白（CP）;与GenBank已注册的19个RBSDV的CP基因序列相比较发现,病毒各分离物间核苷酸的序列相似性为90.5%~99.8%,氨基酸的序列相似性为95.9%~100.0%;地理位置较近的分离物间序列相似性较高,RBSDV种群分布呈现区域性差异。原核表达载体pET-RBSDV-CP经IPTG诱导,获得了分子量约为63 kD带有His标签的目的蛋白。用该蛋白制备的多克隆抗体经ELISA、Western blot和Dot-blot ELISA检测显示,效价为1：81 000,且具有良好的特异性。