甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种甜单303的选育

甜单303是甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种.该品种在2002～2003年的黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,16点次的平均块根产量为39877.8kg/hm2,比对照种甜研303和甜单二号平均高12.16%;平均含糖率16.47%,比对照低0.46度;平均理论产糖量为6667.5 kg/hm2,比对照高8.77%.在2003年的黑龙江省甜菜品种生产示范试验中,4个试验点平均块根产量为41273.9 kg/hm2,比对照种甜单二号提高17.88%;平均含糖率16.89%,比对照低0.52度;平均理论产糖量为7135.6 kg/hm2,比对照高14.18%.该品种抗褐斑病性与对照种相仿.2004年初通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定命名.     

甜菜品种H809引种鉴定试验

H809是黑龙江省九三科研所引自荷兰安地公司的二倍体单粒型杂交种。2008年进行鉴定试验,平均块根产量52364.8kg/hm2,比对照甜研309增产28.9%;平均含糖率为17.7%,比对照低0.7度;平均产糖量9268.6 kg/hm2,比对照品种增糖24.0%。2009-2011年,参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为55987.9 kg/hm2和57260.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种增产13.1%和11.1%;平均含糖率分别为15.9%和17.3%,比对照品种分别高0.1和0.4度;平均产糖量分别为8959.7 kg/hm2和9865.9 kg/hm2,比对照提高13.9%和13.7%。该品种丰产性好、产糖量高、抗褐斑病、根腐病,糖汁纯度高。适宜种植区域:哈尔滨、绥化、佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、黑河等地。     

甜菜品种PLUTONE引种试验

PLUTONE是黑龙江省九三科研所从荷兰安地公司引进的二倍体多粒杂交种,2005～2007年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均块根产量分别为46918.2kg/hm2和47078.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309增产34.9%和57.6%;平均舍糖率为16.2%和17.1%,区域试验、生产试验均比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量为7606.0kg/hm2和7874.6kg/hm2,比对照提高29.0%和59.6%.该品种具有丰产性好,产糖量高,耐根腐病、丛根病,苗期立枯病发病率低,适应性强.适宜在黑龙江省的哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、牡丹江、黑河等地区种植.     

丰产优质抗病甜菜新品种ZM202的选育

ZM202是美国BetaSeed公司和中国农业科学院甜菜研究所合作选育的甜菜二倍体多胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性突出,含糖性状优良,抗丛根病,耐根腐病和褐斑病,适应性广,块根品质好。在2005～2006年的黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个试验点次平均根产量44019.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高37.2%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.8度;平均产糖量7285.6kg/hm2,比对照品种提高31.7%;对丛根病、根腐病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2007年的黑龙江省甜菜品种生产试验中,5个试验点ZM202平均根产量45754.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高48.7%;平均含糖率17.1%,比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量7729.2kg/hm2,比对照品种提高45.2%。该品种适宜在黑龙江省的齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆、黑河等甜菜产区种植推广。     

甜菜品种H004引种试验

H004是黑龙江省农垦总局九三农业科学研究所从荷兰安地公司引进的甜菜二倍体单胚杂交种,2011—2013年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为57280.0kg/hm2和51183.0kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309分别增产13.5%和13.3%,平均含糖率为16.9%和16.1%,比对照品种甜研309增加0.4度和0.2度,平均产糖量为9702.2kg/hm2和8200.2kg/hm2,比对照甜研309分别提高16.1%和14.4%。H004抗褐斑病、根腐病,苗期立枯病发病率低,适应性强。适宜在黑龙江省的黑河、哈尔滨、佳木斯、绥化、齐齐哈尔等地区种植。     

优质丰产抗病甜菜新品种ZD210的选育

ZD210是德国KWS公司和中国农业科学院甜菜研究所合作选育的甜菜二倍体多胚雄不育杂交种。在2002～2003年的国家甜菜品种区试中,全国两年34个点次平均根产量61950.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高25.3%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量10128.6 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高24.6%;对根腐病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2002～2003年的黑龙江省区试中,两年15个点次平均根产量41104.9 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高20.3%;平均含糖率17.0%,比对照品种低0.6度;平均产糖量6978.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高15.8%。褐斑病病情为0.5级,根腐病罹病率为1.2%,明显低于对照品种。该品种适宜在东北、西北和华北三大甜菜产区种植推广。     

甜菜雄性不育多倍体新品种ST9818的选育

ST9818是石河子甜菜研究所选育的多倍体雄性不育杂交种,2001～2003年参加国家甜菜新品种区域化试验及生产试验.在两年13点次的区域化试验中,平均根产70716.8kg/hm2,比对照增产12.7%,11个点次表现增产;平均含糖率14.7%,较对照低0.3度;产糖量10158.0kg/hm2,比对照提高13.3%.     

甜菜新品种SR-411引种试验

SR-411是黑龙江省九三科研所从荷兰安地公司引进的二倍体单胚型杂交种。2009—2010年参加国家甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,并于2011年1月通过国家农作物品种鉴定。2011又参加黑龙江省甜菜品种生产试验,平均块根产量为57583.2kg/hm2,比平均对照品种增产11.0%;平均含糖率均为17.1%,比对照高0.5度;平均产糖量为9851.1kg/hm2,比对照提高15.0%。该品种综合性状好,产量和含糖高,稳定性强,适应性广。抗褐斑病、白粉病等叶部病害,高度耐丝核菌、镰刀菌等病菌引发的根腐病。钾、钠、氨态氮含量非常低,甜菜品质优,工艺损失小,易加工。适宜在黑龙江省的哈尔滨、佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、黑河等地区种植。     

优良甜菜新品种Beta866的引进

Beta866是美国BetaSeed公司选育,中国农业科学院甜菜研究所引进的甜菜二倍体单胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性好,块根含糖较高,属标准偏丰产型品种;抗丛根病和褐斑病,耐根腐病;块根形状整齐,品质好,出糖率高,产质量稳定,适应性广。在2010—2011年的国家甜菜品种区域试验中,全国三大甜菜产区两年42个试验点次平均根产量72506.8kg/hm2,比对照品种提高25.4%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.4度;平均产糖量11867.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高23.2%;对丛根病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病、根腐病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2009—20011年的黑龙江省区域试验中,Beta866两年15个点次平均根产量55565.3 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高9.8%;平均含糖率16.0%,比对照品种高0.2度;平均产糖量8910.1kg/hm2,比对照品种提高11.8%。该品种适宜在黑龙江的绥化、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、佳木斯、黑河、牡丹江,河北的张北,内蒙古的包头,新疆的伊犁、昌吉等地区种植推广。     

甜菜新品种新甜18号的选育

新甜18号是石河子甜菜研究所选育的抗丛根病二倍体雄性不育多粒型杂交种,在2006～2007年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个点次的块根产量平均为82156.5kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产3.99%,含糖率平均15.21%,比对照低0.09度.产糖量平均12745.5kg/hm2,比对照增糖4.3%.在丛根病抗性鉴定中,两年平均块根产量为102182.3kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产33.92%,含糖率15.10%,比对照低0.08,度产糖量平均18475.5kg/hm2,较对照增糖35.0%.该品种丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应范围广.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.