Ⅱ-32A/B花器性状和柱头外露特性初步研究

以水稻三系不育系冈46A及其保持系冈46B为对照,研究了水稻三系不育系Ⅱ-32A及其保持系Ⅱ-32B的花器性状和柱头外露特性。结果表明,Ⅱ-32A和Ⅱ-32B的单边柱头外露率、双边柱头外露率、总柱头外露率及柱头长度、面积、体积和上部颖花开颖角度均显著大于对照冈46A和冈46B。Ⅱ-32B/冈46BF2群体(498株)的总柱头外露率呈连续分布,表明水稻总柱头外露率是受多基因控制的数量性状。     

优质高异交率籼稻不育系泸002A的选育

泸002A是以Ⅱ-32A为母本,Ⅱ-32B/K17B//金23B的F3代优良单株为父本测交,经多代择优回交转育而成的优质高异交率籼稻三系不育系。表型育性稳定,不育株率100%,开花习性好,柱头外露率高,异交结实率高,米质好,配合力强。2010年通过四川省技术鉴定,所配组合泸优5241于2011年通过重庆市品种审定委员会审定（审定编号：渝审稻2011005）。     

水稻三系不育系绵7A的选育与应用

绵7A是绵阳市农业科学研究院以不育系绵5A为母本,Ⅱ-32B/绵2B的杂交后代为父本,经测交和连续回交选育而成的新不育系。该不育系花粉败育彻底,农艺性状优良,柱头外露率高,配合力好,杂种优势强,2008年8月通过四川省技术鉴定。所配组合绵优281于2009年通过云南省品种审定,绵优616、绵优725分别于2010年通过贵州省、云南省品种审定。     

籼稻不育系博ⅡA的选育

通过以博B为母本、Ⅱ 32B为父本杂交制保改良不育系博A育成的新不育系博ⅡA ,具有不育性稳定、开花习性好 (花时主要集中在 0 9:0 0～ 12 :0 0 )、柱头外露率高 (82 .18% )、抗性好、米质优等特点 ,所配组合杂种优势强 ,其中博优 96 8(博ⅡA× 0 8)已于 1999年通过广西区品种审定     

优质糯稻不育系辐糯2A的选育和利用

辐糯2A是四川达丰种业科技有限公司用60Coγ射线诱发Ⅱ-32B糯性突变,经筛选、杂交和回交转育而成的优质糯稻不育系。表现配合力高,不育性稳定,可恢性好,柱头外露率80%以上,异交结实率高。所配组合辐糯优396(辐糯2A/糯恢396)表现优质高产,2008年1月通过重庆市品种审定。     

籼型三系不育系泉6A生育特性初步观察

通过对不育系泉6A的生育特性的初步观察发现：泉6A主茎总叶片数为16叶,与Ⅱ-32A相同;播始历期比Ⅱ-32A长3d左右,属迟熟籼型三系不育系;该不育系花期集中,花时早,柱头外露率高,开颖角度大,有利于繁殖制种获得高产。     

野败型籼稻不育系中新A的选育

中新A是以中浙A为母本,印32B/协青早B的F4代优良单株为父本,经测交和多代回交转育而成的中籼不育系。中新A于2006年通过浙江省科技成果鉴定,表现株型适中、柱头外露率高、开花习性好、配合力好。特别适宜与含粳稻成分较多的恢复系配组,组配的组合生育期明显短于协青早A所配组合,对解决籼粳亚种间杂交F1代生育期过长具有积极意义。     

几个优质籼型三系不育系特征特性的观察

通过对新育成的不育系1026A、1032A、1062A、29A与Ⅱ-32A的特征特性进行观察和比较分析,结果表明:1062A柱头外露率低,单株穗粒数多,其他性状与Ⅱ-32A相当;29A性状表现不如Ⅱ-32A;1026A和1032A株叶形态与开花习性等综合性状表现较好,具有较大的应用潜力。     

籼稻不育系巴1A的选育

巴1A是以珍汕97B为母本,冈46B为父本杂交制保后与珍汕97A测交并连续回交转育而成的野败型籼稻不育系。该不育系育性稳定,柱头外露率高,综合农艺性状优良,2013年通过重庆市农作物品种审定委员会鉴定。所配组合巴优99(巴1A/内恢99-14)于2013年通过重庆市农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

籼型优质水稻不育系绵2A的特征特性及繁殖技术

绵2A是四川省绵阳市农科所育成的籼型水稻不育系,具有不育性稳定、花粉败育彻底、开花习性好、柱头外露率高、米质较优、配合力高等特点,所配组合在各级试验中表现突出。总结了其特征特性及高产繁殖技术。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.