不同保鲜薄膜袋包装对‘松风本’龙眼果实低温贮藏效果的影响

以福建省晚熟龙眼品种‘松风本’龙眼果实为材料,研究微孔复合保鲜薄膜袋、高密度聚乙烯薄膜袋、普通聚乙烯薄膜袋等3种保鲜薄膜袋包装对龙眼果实在（5±1）℃下低温贮藏效果的影响。结果表明：微孔复合保鲜薄膜袋内较高的O2含量可明显改善龙眼果实外观品质,保持较高的龙眼果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C等营养物质含量;高密度聚乙烯薄膜袋内较高的CO2含量能延缓龙眼果肉自溶和果实病害发生,但果肉乙醇含量积累会影响龙眼果实品质,加速龙眼果实果皮褐变;普通聚乙烯薄膜袋内的O2含量最低而CO2含量最高,会导致果肉乙醇含量积累过多、果实发病率最高和好果率最低。综合结果可知,3种保鲜薄膜袋包装对‘松风本’龙眼果实在（5±1）℃低温下贮藏保鲜效果为微孔复合保鲜薄膜袋＞高密度聚乙烯薄膜袋＞普通聚乙烯薄膜袋。     

Histological development of the sunflower fruit pericarp as affected by pre- and early post-anthesis canopy shading

The dynamics of pericarp development compared to that of the embryo, as well as the effect of pre-anthesis and post-anthesis shading on pericarp histogenesis and dry weight dynamics of fruits from two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid cultivars along three capitulum positions, peripheral, mid and central were studied. During fruit formation, the cell division phase of the carpel takes place before anthesis. Eight days after anthesis the pericarp reached its final size, while its cell wall's sclerification was almost complete 13 days after anthesis. Pre-anthesis shading affected the carpel cell division period reducing (17–33%) the number of pericarp middle layer strata and increased the thickenings of the cell wall of the mid (19%) and central (33–63%) fruits. In central fruits, the dry weight accumulation period was reduced. In contrast, post-anthesis shading reduced both the cell wall thickness (16–64%) and the number (38–58%) of pericarp middle layer sclerified strata of fruits in the three positions of the capitulum. In the mid and central fruits, the dry weight accumulation period extended 11–16 and 3–4 days, respectively, over those of the control. Both shading treatments produced thinner and lighter pericarps, but with different anatomical features that were associated with differences in the efficiency of use of the fruit for industrial oil extraction.     

低温贮藏对‘松风本’龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响

本文以‘松风本’龙眼果实为试验材料,研究贮藏温度对龙眼果实贮藏品质和耐贮性的影响。采后龙眼果实经过挑选、清洗等预处理后晾干,用聚乙烯保鲜袋（0.015 mm厚）包装,分别置于室温(25±0.5)℃和低温(3±0.5)℃下贮藏。贮藏期间定期取样测定龙眼果实的营养品质和耐贮性指标。结果表明：与(25±0.5)℃室温贮藏相比,(3±0.5)℃低温贮藏可以有效延缓龙眼果实采后呼吸强度,保持较高的果皮色素（叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷、类黄酮）含量和果肉营养物质（可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、还原糖、维生素C）含量。此外,(3±0.5)℃低温贮藏还能延缓采后龙眼果肉自溶和果皮褐变,以及抑制龙眼果实失重率的升高,维持较高的龙眼果实商品率。据此认为,(3±0.5)℃可以作为‘松风本’龙眼果实低温贮运的推荐温度条件,以保持‘松风本’龙眼果实的贮藏品质和延长其保鲜期。     

Complementary physical and chemical treatments as an alternative to fungicide use to control postharvest decay incidence and fruit quality of Montenegrina tangerines

Heat treatments affect the germination and development of pathogens and enhance the ability of fruits to resist infection after harvest. In the present work, the effects of heat, in combination with other alternative decay control methods, were studied on ‘Montenegrina’ tangerines along with the effects on the cuticular surface of the fruit. Different treatment combinations using hot water (60 °C), brushing, and immersion in chloride dioxide, imazalil, sodium bicarbonate, and hand-applied carnauba wax were used. The tangerines were then put in cold storage for 20 days at 5 °C and retrieved to ambient conditions for 7 more days. Fruit samples were analyzed for total soluble solids, titratable acidity, epidermal color, weight loss, and decay incidence; an analysis of fruit surface was done through scanning electron microscopy. Heat treatments significantly reduced the number of tangerines with decay symptoms and enhanced the efficacy of the tested products. Carnauba wax significantly increased the number of rotten fruits, exerting a protective effect on the fungi by covering their structure. Sodium bicarbonate in combination with heat exerted a good control on decay incidence. The heat treatments partially removed the hyphae and spores of pathogens on the surface and also melted the cuticular waxes that cover stomata and cracks, reducing possible entry points for pathogens.     

人工疏果对龙眼果实大小、内源激素和细胞壁成分的影响

在花后1个月内分2次对储良龙眼(Dimocarpus Longan Lour.cv.Chuliang）进行人工疏果处理（总疏果幅度50%左右）。结果表明,人工疏果可以促进果实的生长（与对照相比,横径和果实重量至采收分别增加了7.1%和22.5%）。果实中GA4 7和ZRs含量均表现为疏果处理大于对照,其差异在出现含量高峰时增大,而IAA含量也是疏果处理大于对照,但其差异主要出现在花后45d和花后100d。在整个果实发育期间,疏果处理与对照果皮中细胞壁成分变化的趋势基本相似,处理只是在后期才增加了果皮细胞壁中果胶,半纤维素和纤维素的含量,分别出现在花后90d后、60d和75d后,疏果处理对可溶性糖的含量无影响。根据试验结果推测：在果实发育前期,疏果处理显增加的内源细胞分裂素类水平,可能有利于促进细胞分裂和细胞数量;而在果实发育后期,增加的果皮细胞壁成分则为人工疏果促进果实生长（主要表现为细胞的膨大）提供了物质基础。     

荔枝褐变损失估计研究

荔枝褐变损失估计是荔枝褐变控制的重要环节,以兰竹荔枝为材料,研究由于果皮褐变导致荔枝的损失;在调查兰竹荔枝褐变情况的基础上,分析果皮褐变对荔枝感官品质和销售价格的影响.结果表明:当褐变等级达到Ⅲ级时会对荔枝的感官品质和销售价格产生显著影响.按照不同褐变等级与损失率之间的关系,采用回归分析,建立的兰竹荔枝果肉风味、可溶性固形物和经济的损失率最佳估测模型分别为:逻辑斯蒂模型FALR=62.279 8/[1+EXP(5.086 8-1.241 0X)]、逻辑斯蒂模型TSSLR=37.120 6/[1+EXP(5.474 0-1.689 7X)]和线性模型ELR=-24.671 0+19.347 0X.采用上述模型对福建省兰竹荔枝常温下贮藏的逐日经济损失进行了量化估计,结果发现,随贮藏时间的延长兰竹荔枝的经济损失逐日加重.本研究为荔枝褐变的控制提供了理论依据.     

Dyeing properties and colour fastness of wool dyed with indicaxanthin natural dye

This research work involves the dyeing of wool with indicaxanthin, a natural dye extracted from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to mix 50 g of Juice from cactus pears with 100 mL of 80% aqueous ethanol as solvent for dye extraction. Liquid chromatography was applied for the separation. Two main dyes were obtained, which were identified as indicaxanthin (75 mg per 50 g) and betanin (5 mg per 50 g). The effect of dye bath pH, salt concentration, dyeing time and temperature were studied. The optimal conditions for wool dyeing with indicaxanthin dye were carried out at 70 °C for 90 min with the pre-treatment of various metal salts as mordant. The colour yields of the dye on the wool were found to be highly dependent of the pH, optimum results being obtained at pH 4. The K/S of wool increased in the order of the dyeing using KAl (SO₄)₂ > MnSO₄ > CoSO₄ > FeSO₄ > none > ZnSO₄ > CuSO₄. Un-mordanted samples have good properties of water and washing fastness. Mordants KAl (SO₄)₂ and CoSO₄ were found to give good light fastness (rating 5).     

SO2释放剂对龙眼贮藏效果及采后生理的影响

用适量SO2释放剂处理龙眼（DimocarpuslonganaLour．）果实,显著地提高了果实的好果率,降低了果实的呼吸强度和果皮PPO（多酚氧化酶）活性,从而减少了果实的营养消耗,抑制了果皮捣变,改善果实外观。SO2处理刺激了果皮SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性升高并使之保持在较高水平,但同时也导致果皮MDA（丙二醛）含量持续升高。     

Characterization of depolymerized residues from extremely low acid hydrolysis (ELA) of sugarcane bagasse cellulose: Effects of degree of polymerization, crystallinity and crystallite size on thermal decomposition

Sugarcane bagasse cellulose was subjected to the extremely low acid (ELA) hydrolysis in 0.07% H₂SO₄ at 190, 210 and 225 °C for various times. The cellulose residues from this process were characterized by TGA, XRD, GPC, FTIR and SEM. A kinetic study of thermal decomposition of the residues was also carried out, using the ASTM and Kissinger methods. The thermal studies revealed that residues of cellulose hydrolyzed at 190, 210 and 225 °C for 80, 40 and 8 min have initial decomposition temperature and activation energy for the main decomposition step similar to those of Avicel PH-101. XRD studies confirmed this finding by showing that these cellulose residues are similar to Avicel in crystallinity index and crystallite size in relation to the 110 and 200 planes. FTIR spectra revealed no significant changes in the cellulose chemical structure and analysis of SEM micrographs demonstrated that the particle size of the cellulose residues hydrolyzed at 190 and 210 °C were similar to that of Avicel.     

Control of Penicillium expansum with potassium phosphite and heat treatment

Potassium phosphite (Phi) was evaluated for its in vitro activity against Penicillium expansum and for its potential long-term efficacy against postharvest blue mold infections on apple fruit. Phi amended to malt extract agar medium at 2 and 4 mg/ml completely inhibited mycelial growth and conidial germination, respectively. Conidia of P. expansum suspended for 3 min in a solution of 2 mg/ml Phi at 20 °C or heated to 50 °C germinated at 53 and 0%, respectively. Disease incidence of P. expansum on Elstar apples wounded and inoculated with a thiabendazole-resistant isolate was reduced significantly (P = 0.01) following a curative treatment with Phi at 2 mg/ml. When applied on freshly harvested unwounded Elstar apples, Phi (2 mg/ml) reduced blue mold incidence about three-fold compared to the control and was found to be as effective as thiabendazole against natural blue mold infections after six months of storage at 2 °C. Our results suggest that potassium phosphite has a potential to be part of the general management program implemented for the control of postharvest blue mold infections on pome fruits.     

火龙果果实发育期间营养元素含量的变化

以红肉火龙果新品种‘紫红龙’为试验材料,研究果实发育期间鳞片、果皮、果肉中N（氮）、P（磷）、K（钾）、Ca（钙）、Mg（镁）、Fe（铁）、Zn（锌）、Mn（锰）、Cu（铜）、B（硼）营养元素含量的变化。结果表明：火龙果花后3 d鳞片和果肉K含量维持较高水平,之后呈下降趋势,果皮K含量在果实成熟时最高。在整个果实发育期间,K含量比其他营养元素的含量高。火龙果花后3 d果肉的Ca含量最高,在果实发育中,呈明显的下降趋势。从10种营养元素在鳞片、果皮和果肉生长发育中的变化规律来看,在幼果期,果实中多种元素的含量均处于最高水平,此后,随着幼果的快速增大,矿质元素含量逐渐下降。直至果实成熟期,各种矿质元素含量趋于稳定。     

Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate

In the moderate climate of Poland it is recommended that milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) be grown on fertile soils. The plant, however, develops a strong root system, so a working hypothesis has developed that cultivation can be extended to light soils with periodic water deficits. The aim of the present research was to determine the effects of sowing milk thistle on light soil at different dates and rates on the achene yield and flavonolignan content. This experiment was carried out during 2004-2006 at the Mochelek Experiment Station of the University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz (53°13′ N; 17°51′ E). The average fruit yields were 1.23 t ha⁻¹; those of silymarin were 26.5 kg ha⁻¹. The moisture and thermal conditions during the research years caused the fruit yields to range from 0.55 to 1.68 t ha⁻¹ and silymarin yields from 13.3 to 35.4 kg ha⁻¹. Delaying sowing from early to mid-April increased the plant density and decreased numbers of inflorescences and fruits per inflorescence; as a result, no effect of sowing date on fruit yield was found. Delaying the sowing date increased silymarin content by about 0.4% and its yield by 5.3 kg ha⁻¹. Increasing the sowing rate from 12 to 24 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in a slight (40 kg ha⁻¹) but significant increase in achene yield; however, it did not affect the silymarin content. The average silymarin content in fruits was 2.18%. The ratio of silydianin to silychristin was 1:2.2, and the ratio of silydianin to the sum of silybinin and isosilybinin was 1:3.3.     

荔枝果实干制加工的热烫和无硫护色工艺

荔枝是我国南方一种重要的热带、亚热带水果,具有较高的营养价值和商业潜力.然而,在高温高湿季节,采后荔枝果实极易发生腐烂变质、果皮褐变、病原菌侵染等品质劣变现象.因此,荔枝果实除鲜食外,常被加工成不同的商业产品,特别是荔枝果干.干制荔枝由于干制加工时间较长,易发生果皮褐变,导致其外观色泽、产品质量和风味丧失,最终限制荔枝...     

龙眼种质资源果实经济性状的稳定性评价

为了探讨龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)种质果实性状的稳定性,连续3a对40份不同基因型龙眼种质果实数量性状的年际间表现进行测定比较。结果表明,在气候条件差异较大的不同年份,单果重、果皮重、果肉重、种子重、果皮厚、可食率、可溶性固形含量等果实性状均表现丰富的多样性,并存在年际间的显著或极显著水平差异,气候条件对果实数量性状有显著影响;不同性状的稳定性有差异,其中可食率的稳定性最高,其次是可溶性固形物含量。通过聚类分析,可将40份龙眼种质按果实性状稳定性分成7类。     

能量供应对‘南岛无核’荔枝果实采后能量代谢及衰老的影响

以‘南岛无核’荔枝果实为材料,研究促进和抑制能量水平条件下,荔枝果实采后贮藏过程中呼吸、失水、果皮细胞膜损伤、能量产生及其关键酶活性与衰老的关系。结果表明:2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）解偶联剂抑制了能量供应,可促进荔枝果皮失水,加速果皮细胞膜损伤,能荷下降快,明显促进了荔枝果实衰老。而外源ATP处理降低了果皮失水和细胞膜损伤,果实贮藏期间保持了相对较高的能荷,延缓了荔枝果实采后衰老。DNP的解偶联作用使线粒体制造ATP受阻,直接诱导了贮藏前期细胞色素C氧化酶（COX）、H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性增强,贮藏后期这些ATP关键酶活性下降,对延缓果实衰老不利。而外源ATP处理,果实贮藏前期COX活性较低,贮藏后期COX、H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性增强,均对延缓荔枝果实衰老具有积极作用。总之,荔枝采后贮藏后期energy charge（EC）下降、ATP供应不足是导致荔枝果实衰老的重要因素,适当提高贮藏后期果实电子传递与氧化磷酸化过程中COX、H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase等ATP相关酶的活性,对抑制荔枝果皮衰老、延长贮藏期更有利。     

Postharvest decay control and quality retention in litchi (cv. McLean's Red) by combined application of modified atmosphere packaging and antimicrobial agents

The effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) [bioriented polypropylene (BOPP-1 or BOPP-2)] in combination with antimicrobial agents Bacillus subtilis, 10⁷ colony-forming units (cfu) ml⁻¹; ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, calcium disodium salt hydrate (EDTA) (0.1%); or 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) (0.15%) on postharvest decay control and quality retention of litchi cv. McLean's Red were assessed as possible replacements for commercial SO₂ fumigation. Fruits dipped in B. subtilis, EDTA or 4-HR (5 min) separately, blow dried (25 °C, 3 min), packed in BOPP-1, held for 18 d at 2 °C, 95% RH, and 2 d at 14 °C, 75% RH were significantly less decayed. The antagonist–BOPP-1 combination also promoted the best bacterial survival during storage. B. subtilis was observed to survive effectively in BOPP-1 (16% O₂, 6% CO₂; 90% RH), but its survival was adversely affected in BOPP-2 (5% O₂, 8% CO₂; 93% RH). Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium spp. were the major decay-causing fungi in BOPP-1 treatments, and Candida, Cryptococcus and Zygosaccharomyces were the predominant yeasts in BOPP-2 treatments. Combination treatments EDTA, 4-HR or B. subtilis in BOPP-1 inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and significantly reduced pericarp browning and severity. Although the combination treatments EDTA, 4-HR or B. subtilis in BOPP were equally effective in controlling decay and browning, the EDTA and 4-HR affected the natural pinkish-red colour of the pericarp by showing higher h° values (orange–pink). Among the combination treatments, B. subtilis+BOPP-1 had the best potential to control decay, retain the colour and the overall litchi fruit quality during a marketing chain of 20 d.     

海南荔枝种质资源果实主要性状多样性分析

对中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所、海南省农业科学院热带果树研究所种质圃的荔枝品种（种质）和海南的霸王岭、尖峰岭等地采集的野生荔枝果实的主要性状进行了鉴定评价。结果表明：海南荔枝品种（种质）的果实形状、果实大小、果皮龟裂片、果皮颜色、果实可食率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量等方面均存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

Comprehensive utilization of the hydrolyzed productions from rice hull

The study based on pretreatment, hydrolyzation and separation processes with the raw material rice hull, provides a comprehensive utilization of the hydrolyzed productions, such as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) from cellulose, silica (SiO₂), and byproduct crystalline sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O). The optimum hydrolysis conditions are as follows: the concentration of H₂SO₄ is 72% (wt.%), the temperature is 50 °C, the ratio of H₂SO₄ solution volume (mL) to the rice hull mass (g) is 10:1 and the time is 5 min, the glucose yield rate reaches 45.6% (wt.%). The concentration of glucose solution could be 0.1 g/mL after neutralization measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-VIS). Silica powder was below 50 nm characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main byproduct crystalline sodium sulfate was featured by XRD and photographs.     

Isolation, identification and dyeing studies of betanin on modified acrylic fabrics

Mature red fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica contain two soluble pigment, betanin and indicaxanthin. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to mix 50 g of juice from cactus pears with 100 mL of acidified water as solvent for dye extraction. Two main dyes were purified from the pigment extract by chromatography and identified by UV-vis, HPLC and LC-MS techniques as indicaxanthin (15 mg per 100 g) and betanin (280 mg per 100 g). The effect of dye bath pH, salt concentration, dyeing time and temperature was studied. The optimal conditions for dyeing modified acrylic fabrics with betanin dye were carried out at 50 °C for 45 min at pH 5. Un-mordanted samples have good properties of water and washing fastness. Mordant CoSO₄ was found to give good light fastness (rating 5).     

Control of brown rot of stone fruits by brief heated water immersion treatments

The effectiveness of brief (30 or 60 s) immersion in water at 24, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 °C was evaluated for the control of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, on California-grown peaches, nectarines, and plums. Inoculated fruits were treated and either stored at 20 °C for 5 days or at 0 °C and 95% RH for 30 days followed by 5 days at 20 °C to simulate commercial marketing conditions. Immersion in water at 55 °C for 60 s or at 60 °C for 30 or 60 s significantly reduced both decay incidence and severity among the remaining wounds that developed the disease. Water temperatures of 65 °C or higher were phytotoxic and caused moderate to severe surface injuries. Immersion in water at 60 °C for 60 s was effective for plums and it reduced the incidence of brown rot from more than 80% among control fruit to less than 2%. In nectarines, this treatment reduced decay incidence from 100 to less than 5% on fruit stored at 20 °C and from 73 to 28% on cold-stored fruit. Therefore, brief immersion in heated water can be an effective approach to manage postharvest brown rot of stone fruits, especially for the organic fruit industry.