气象因子对高香气烤烟品种主要香味前体物含量的影响

为研究气象因子对高香气烤烟品种主要香味前体物质含量的影响,以烤烟品种‘云烟87’为对照,对高香气烤烟品种‘豫烟11号’在5个不同地点的主要香味前体物质含量进行了比较,并分别对2个品种的香味前体物质与气象因子进行了关联度分析。研究结果表明:‘豫烟11号’主要香味前体物质含量在每个地点均显著高于‘云烟87’。烟叶类胡萝卜素在低纬度地区的含量显著低于高纬度地区,多酚类物质的含量随着海拔降低、成熟期光照时数增加而逐渐增加,叶片腺毛分泌物整体上高纬度地区的含量显著高于低纬度地区,以河南卢氏的含量最高。2个品种的烟叶类胡萝卜素含量受成熟期日照时数、旺长期平均气温等光温因素影响较大,而烟叶大田生长期间日照时数的长短对多酚类物质含量影响较大。2个品种的烟叶石油醚提取物和腺毛分泌物含量与气候因素的灰色关联度趋势有较大差异,‘豫烟11号’烟叶石油醚提取物含量受烟叶生长期间的日照时数影响较大,‘云烟87’则受平均气温的影响较大。‘豫烟11号’烟叶腺毛分泌物含量受成熟期日照时数和旺长期平均气温等的影响较大,‘云烟87’则受伸根期平均气温、成熟期蒸发量和成熟期平均气温等的影响较大。高香气烤烟品种‘豫烟11号’在选择种植区域时,应充分考虑成熟期日照时数和旺长期平均气温对品质的影响。     

优化施氮对旺长期和成熟期烤烟地上部氮素挥发的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用地上部氮挥发研究装置研究施氮量和基追比[对照处理:不施氮;传统施氮处理:施氮量为0.30 g(N).kg 1(土),基追肥比为7︰3;优化施氮处理:施氮量为0.15 g(N).kg 1(土),基追肥比为3︰7]对烤烟"粤烟97"在旺长期和成熟期地上部氮素挥发的影响。结果表明,与不施氮处理和传统施氮处理相比,优化施氮处理显著提高了成熟期烤烟地上部NO的挥发速率;但是3种施氮处理下成熟期烤烟对NO2表现为净吸收,且平均吸收速率差异不显著。3种施氮处理中,传统施氮处理无论是旺长期还是成熟期烤烟地上部平均N2O挥发损失量最高,其次是优化施氮处理,对照处理最小;传统施氮处理和优化施氮处理成熟期烤烟地上部平均N2O挥发损失量分别是旺长期的3.06倍和6.12倍。旺长期3种施氮处理之间烤烟地上部NH3挥发没有显著差异;但成熟期时,与传统施氮处理相比,优化施氮处理显著提高了烤烟地上部NH3挥发速率。减少施氮量和优化基追比例可减少旺长期和成熟期烤烟地上部N2O挥发,但增加成熟期NH3挥发。上述结果表明,优化施氮(氮肥后移)尽管促进烤烟中后期氮素吸收,但也促进了烤烟内源N2O形成、排放。因此,优化施氮(氮肥后移)对抑制烤烟氮素挥发的调控作用不明显。     

塔里木河上游绿洲农田不同生育期玉米根茎叶生态化学计量特征

研究绿洲农田玉米生态化学计量特征可揭示玉米对环境变化的响应,为绿洲农田生态系统的优化管理与绿洲资源的保护提供理论依据。以塔里木河上游绿洲农田玉米为研究对象,分析了不同生育期根、茎、叶的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征。结果表明:玉米C,N,P含量均值分别为311.97,16.41,2.54mg/g。玉米各器官C,N含量均表现为叶茎根,P表现为茎叶根,C∶N和C∶P比值大小顺序均为叶根茎,N∶P则为叶茎根。不同生育期玉米叶的C含量在拔节期最高,茎的C含量无显著差异,根的C含量是拔节期显著低于其他3个生育期;拔节期叶和茎的N元素含量显著高于其他生育期,根的N含量无显著差异;乳熟期叶的P含量显著高于其他3个生育期,乳熟期茎的P含量最低,成熟期根的P含量最高;成熟期玉米叶的C∶N显著高于其他生育期,乳熟期根和茎的C∶P均显著高于其他生育期,乳熟期叶的N∶P显著低于其他生育期,成熟期根和茎的N∶P显著低于其他生育期。各生育期中叶片所对应的N∶P小于14,可知玉米生长更易受N元素限制。GLM分析表明,生育期对P,C∶N和C∶P,生境对C,N和N∶P的影响最大。     

大气CO2浓度和温度升高对水稻植株碳氮吸收及分配的影响

气候变化会对作物生长及养分吸收利用产生显著影响。本研究利用开放式气候变化野外试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度和温度升高对不同生育期水稻植株C、N含量,积累量和分配的影响。试验平台的小区处理有大气CO2浓度升高(500μmol/mol)、温度升高(+2℃)和大气CO2浓度和温度同时升高处理。结果表明:1大气CO2浓度升高显著增加了水稻植株中C含量,C、N积累量及水稻茎鞘中C、N分配;显著降低了水稻植株中N含量及穗中C、N的分配;2温度升高显著增加了拔节期和成熟期水稻叶片中C含量及各生育期水稻植株中N含量,拔节期植株中N积累量及成熟期茎鞘和叶片中C、N分配;显著降低了开花期和成熟期稻穗中C含量,开花期和灌浆期水稻植株中C积累量,成熟期水稻植株中N积累量,开花和灌浆期茎鞘中C素分配及成熟期穗中C、N分配;3大气CO2浓度和温度同时升高显著增加了灌浆期水稻植株中C含量及成熟期茎鞘中C、N分配并降低了叶片中N的含量和穗中C、N的分配,而C、N积累量则无显著变化。     

钼氮配施对烤烟钼吸收和分配的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了钼、氮配施对烤烟钼吸收、积累和分配的影响。结果表明,3个氮水平下,施钼均可显著增加烤烟团棵期、旺长期、打顶期和成熟期的烟叶钼含量和钼累积量,且钼含量和钼累积量随施钼量增加而增加;钼、氮对烟叶的钼含量和钼累积量有显著的负交互效应,随着氮水平的提高,烤烟烟叶的钼含量和积累量呈下降趋势;旺长期到打顶期是烤烟烟叶的钼累积速率快速增长期,烟叶的钼累积高峰均出现在移栽后62 d;在N2(0.24 g/kg)和N3(0.42 g/kg)水平下施钼可增加钼在上部叶中的分配比例,降低钼在下部叶的分配比例。     

土壤水分对烤烟生长、物质分配和养分吸收的影响

采用室内盆栽试验研究了不同土壤含水率对烤烟生长、物质分配和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,烤烟株高随土壤含水率的增加而增高;生物量随土壤含水率的降低而减小,其减幅为叶茎根,而根冠比则与土壤含水率成反比,反映了烟草对土壤水分含量差异响应的整体特征。不同生育期叶绿素对土壤含水率的响应不同,团棵期、旺长期和成熟期的土壤相对含水率分别为70%～75%、80%～85%和50%～55%时,各处理中叶绿素含量最高。各处理烤烟对养分的吸收表现为对N、K吸收量显著大于P,且当土壤含水率低于烤烟所需的适宜含水率时,随着土壤含水率的降低,烤烟茎、根的养分吸收量均有不同程度的升高,但叶中却有所下降;而各生育期根、茎、叶在土壤含水率过高的情况下,对养分N、P、K的吸收均显著降低。     

不同林龄马尾松人工林碳、氮、磷、钾养分含量及其生态化学计量特征

  【目的】  探讨林龄及器官对马尾松 (Pinus massoniana) 碳 (C)、氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 生态化学计量特征的影响，可为马尾松人工林的合理养分管理提供数据支持。  【方法】  以黔中地区孟关林场不同林龄 (幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林) 马尾松人工林为研究对象，采用空间代替时间的方法，在不同年龄林分中分别设3个20 m × 20 m的典型样地，采集叶、茎和根样品，并测定各器官C、N、P、K含量及化学计量比，分析它们在不同器官中的分布特征及随林龄的动态变化。  【结果】  1) 各器官的元素含量及化学计量比随林龄增加呈现一定变化。叶片C、N含量随林龄增加呈上升趋势，P、K含量先上升后下降；茎中C含量随林龄增加呈上升趋势，N、K含量先下降后上升，P含量变化不显著 (P > 0.05)；根中C含量随林龄变化不显著 (P > 0.05)，N含量呈先下降后上升趋势，P含量先上升后下降，K含量呈“下降—上升—下降”的趋势。叶C∶N随林龄增加呈下降趋势，N∶P先下降后上升，P∶K先上升后下降再略上升；茎C∶N随林龄增加变化不显著 (P > 0.05)，N∶P先下降后上升，P∶K先上升后下降；根部C∶N、P∶K随林龄增加先上升后下降，N∶P先下降后上升。各器官C∶P、C∶K、N∶K随林龄变化均不显著 (P > 0.05)。2) 不同器官C含量436.6～468.2 g/kg，茎 > 叶 > 根；N含量1.45～2.90 g/kg，茎 > 根 > 叶；P、K含量分别为0.14～1.05、0.53～5.06 g/kg，均为叶 > 根 > 茎；C∶N为165.4～311.4，叶 > 根 > 茎；C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K分别为440.1～3745、92.14～1311、1.48～23.4、0.31～7.97，均为茎 > 根 > 叶；P∶K为0.20～0.36，茎 > 叶 > 根。3) 叶、茎和根中C∶N与N含量，C∶P与P含量，C∶K与K含量均呈极显著负相关 (P < 0.01)，C∶N、C∶P、C∶K与C含量相关性均不显著 (P > 0.05)。  【结论】  与亚热带同纬度地区相比，本研究区域马尾松植株C、N、K含量相对较低，P含量相对较高；不同林龄阶段马尾松不同器官养分含量及化学计量比存在差异；在调查区域，马尾松针叶片中N∶P计量特征值处于1.11～1.85范围，表明其生长过程中主要受氮素限制。因此，在幼、中龄林阶段，建议施用氮肥满足其健康生长，也可辅以施少量钾肥以增强植株光合作用及抗逆性，不需施磷肥。     

红花吸收矿质元素及其在器官中分配研究

以红花株系‘2-3’为材料,通过检测红花幼苗期、花蕾期、成熟期不同器官N、P、K、Na、Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd等矿质元素含量,探计了红花生长过程对矿质元素的吸收及吸收后矿质元素在不同器官中的分配特点。结果表明:不同生育时期红花对矿质元素吸收、器官分配差异明显;不同生育时期不同器官N、P、K含量不同,幼苗期叶中N含量最高,茎中P、K含量较高,从幼苗期到成熟期N、P、K向花和蕾转移,根、茎、叶N、P、K含量呈下降趋势,而花中K含量上升最快;N、P、K需求量高于Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等元素,氮磷钾三元素比较,花蕾期累积能力为P> K> N,成熟期累积能力为P> N> K,Na在红花的根和茎中累积能力最强,Ca在叶中累积能力最强,Fe和Cu在幼苗期累积能力最强,Fe、Cu、Zn在花蕾期和成熟期均以花蕾和种子生长中心累积能力最强。     

模拟酸雨对福州平原水稻田土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征影响

为阐明酸雨对水稻田土壤碳(TC)、氮(TN)、磷(TP)含量及其生态化学计量学特征影响,以福州平原水稻田为研究对象,在早稻和晚稻生长期中,设置对照(CK)、模拟酸雨(pH为2.5,3.5,4.5)处理,对酸雨影响下福州平原水稻田土壤TC、TN和TP含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:综合早稻和晚稻生长期来看,酸雨处理下土壤TC、TN和TP含量均值均大于CK组(P<0.05),水稻成熟期各处理土壤TC含量均值均小于返青期和拔节期(P<0.01),水稻拔节期各处理土壤TN含量均值均小于返青期和成熟期(P<0.01),水稻成熟期各处理土壤TP含量均值均小于返青期和拔节期(P<0.01);整个生长期内,酸雨处理下土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的变化范围分别在7.87~10.86,8.38~9.91,0.82~1.26,早稻各生长期酸雨处理下土壤C/N、C/P和N/P均小于CK组(P<0.05);与早稻相比,晚稻N/P有显著下降,且C/N、C/P和N/P在返青期均大于CK组(P<0.05);早、晚稻拔节期各处理土壤C/N均大于返青期和成熟期(P<0.01);早、晚稻各生长期内C/P差异不显著;早、晚稻拔节期各处理土壤N/P均小于返青期和成熟期(P<0.01)。总体来看,酸雨处理提高了稻田土壤各生长期土壤碳、氮、磷含量,且稻田土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征受酸雨影响显著,并具有较为明显的生长期变化。     

开放式空气CO2浓度升高对水稻土壤可溶性C、N和P的影响

采用 FACE (Free air carbon dioxide enrichment)技术,研究了不同 N 施肥水平下,大气 CO2浓度升高对水稻/小麦轮作中水稻土壤可溶性 C、N、P 的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使土壤表层可溶性 C 含量增加,土壤 5 ~ 15 cm 的可溶性 C 含量倾向于降低,增加 N 肥施用(常规 N 处理)更易于使土壤可溶性 C 含量降低。CO2浓度升高使水稻土壤中的可溶性 N 含量降低,在低 N 处理和土壤表层降低幅度较大,N 肥施用仍有提高的余地。CO2浓度升高使水稻成熟期土壤可溶性 P 含量增加,但是常规N 处理下会降低水稻生长前期和土壤表层的可溶性 P,增加 N 肥施用有利于水稻对 P 的吸收。     

不同灌水处理条件下不同小麦品种氮素积累、分配与转移的差异

利用15N同位素示踪技术,研究了不同灌水处理条件下2个高产小麦品种吸收利用不同来源氮素的差异。结果表明:1)同一灌水条件下,泰山23(T23)植株氮素总积累量、来自肥料氮的量、来自土壤氮的量、肥料氮和土壤氮开花期在营养器官中的总积累量及成熟期在子粒中的积累量均显著高于山农664(S664)。2)泰山23底墒水+拔节水处理(W1)营养器官中积累的肥料氮向子粒的转移量显著高于底墒水+拔节水+开花水处理(W2),土壤氮的转移量W1与W2处理无显著差异;山农664营养器官中积累的肥料氮和土壤氮的转移量均为W2显著高于W1处理。3)泰山23的子粒蛋白质含量、灌溉效益和水分利用效率为W1显著高于W2处理,子粒产量、蛋白质产量和氮素利用效率在W1与W2处理间无显著差异;山农664的子粒产量和蛋白质产量为W2显著高于W1处理,子粒蛋白质含量、氮素利用效率、灌溉效益和水分利用效率在W1与W2处理间无显著差异。从子粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮素与水分利用效率等方面综合分析,W1和W2处理分别是泰山23和山农664高产高效的灌水方式。     

Antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and related compounds in different fruit juices and homogenates prepared from 29 different pomegranate accessions

Pomegranate juice is well known for its health beneficial compounds, which can be attributed to its high level of antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content. Our objective was to study the relationships between antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, total anthocyanins content, and the levels of four major hydrolyzable tannins in four different juices/homogenates prepared from different sections of the fruit. To this end, 29 different accessions were tested. The results showed that the antioxidant activity in aril juice correlated significantly to the total polyphenol and anthocyanin contents. However, the homogenates prepared from the whole fruit exhibited an approximately 20-fold higher antioxidant activity than the level found in the aril juice. Unlike the arils, the antioxidant level in the homogenates correlated significantly to the content of the four hydrolyzable tannins in which punicalagin is predominant, while no correlation was found to the level of anthocyanins.     

Antioxidants, phenolic compounds, and nutritional quality of different strawberry genotypes

Strawberry contains high levels of micronutrients and phytochemical compounds. These exhibit functional roles in plant growth and metabolism and are also essential for the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of the fruit. The aim of the present work was to better characterize the phytochemical and antioxidant profiles of the fruit of nine different genotypes of strawberry, by measuring the total flavonoid, anthocyanin, vitamin C, and folate contents. Cultivar effects on the total antioxidant capacities of strawberries were also tested. In addition, the individual contribution of the main antioxidant compounds was assessed by HPLC separation coupled to an online postcolumn antioxidant detection system. This study showed the important role played by the genetic background on the chemical and antioxidant profiles of strawberry fruits. Significant differences were found between genotypes for the total antioxidant capacity and for all tested classes of compounds. The HPLC analyses confirmed qualitative and quantitative variability in the antioxidant profiles. These studies show that differences exist among cultivars, applicable in dietary studies in human subjects.     

河北省坝上不同土地利用方式土壤可蚀性研究 —以河北省丰宁县大滩乡三道河为例

计算研究河北省坝上不同土地利用方式土壤可蚀性结果表明 ,弃耕地潜在可蚀性 (其值 6 3.85 5 % ) >人工林地 (5 4 .2 12 % ) >耕地 (5 3.0 2 0 % ) >草地 (5 0 .787% ) ,表明草地为最适合该区发展的土地利用方式。     

Methylmercury in hair samples from different riverine groups,Amazon, Brazil

The present study was aimed to evaluate comparatively the levels of methylmercury (MeHg) in human hair, collected from different groups of Amazonian populations exposed to contamined fish. The study was undertaken in fishing villages and gold mining areas, mainly in the Tapajós and Madeira river basins, two of the main tributaries of Amazon river. The study population included 125 hair samples, chosen from a collection of over one thousand samples collected in different periods. Hair analyses were conducted with a new efficient extraction technique and measured with ECD-gas chromatographer. This analytical method presented good accuracy and precision when compared with standard hair samples from IAEA. A highly significant correlation was found at the interlaboratory exercise between National Institute for Minamata Disease and our laboratory at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The results of the present study showed, through hair analysis, a relationship between environmental contamination by mercury and methylmercury and dietary habits of the Amazon population. The highest levels of MeHg in hair samples were found in riverine population from upper Tapajós river and in riverine population from some tributaries of Madeira river, followed by population of fishing villages from Madeira river. Majority of the women of child-bearing age presented high MeHg concentration in hair samples (10 mg.kg-1). On the other hand, Yanomami Indians presented MeHg concentration below the limit tolerable of 6 mg.kg-1.     

The dynamic state of the ionome in roots,nodules, and shoots of soybean under different nitrogen status and at different growth stages

The relative distribution of 22 mineral elements in the roots, nodules and shoots of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Tsurumusume) at R1 (beginning of the flowering stage) and R7 (beginning of the mature stage) was investigated in response to ammonium and manure N treatment. Plants receiving only atmospheric nitrogen served as the negative control. The addition of ammonium sulfate to the soil caused soil acidification, induced Al and Mn toxicities, and significantly reduced the biomass production in roots and nodules. Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in shoots, and those of Mo and Co higher in nodules. The addition of manure to the soil significantly enhanced the levels of Sr, Ba, Cr, and Cd in shoots, whereas the concentration of Cs was decreased at R7. Moreover, when the soybean developed from R1 to R7, the levels of essential elements in nodules decreased, whereas those of nonessential elements increased, irrespective of the nitrogen source. Furthermore, the variation in the concentrations of many elements was not consistent for nodules and roots when soybean developed from R1 to R7. The variation of Mn, Zn, B, and Al concentrations was independent of N treatments. However, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mo, and Se levels were affected strongly by N treatments. This study is the first to document the dynamic variation of the soybean ionome in nodules, roots, and shoots from vegetative to reproductive stage of soybean.     

Soil fertility,enzyme activity,and microbial community structure diversity among different soil textures under different land use types in coastal saline soil

Purpose

This investigation assessed the responses of soil fertility, enzyme activity, and microbial community diversity to soil texture and land use type.

Materials and methods

The tested soils included five soil textures (sandy loam, medium loam, heavy loam, light clay, and medium clay soils) with two land use types (uncultivated and paddy soils) in the coastal zone of Zhejiang Province, China.

Results and discussion

Soil texture had a significant effect on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK), catalase and protease activities, total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and microbial diversity (MD). The clay content was significantly positively correlated to soil EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase activity, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD but significantly negatively associated with soil pH and protease activity. Land use type also had significantly influenced soil pH, EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase, protease and urease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial, actinomycetes, and fungal PLFAs, and MD. The paddy soil had higher OC, TN, AN, AP, catalase, protease and urease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD but lower soil pH, EC, and AK than the uncultivated soil. The interaction with soil texture and land use type had significantly affected soil pH, EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase and protease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD.

Conclusions

Soil texture and land use type could be considered important factors in improving soil fertility, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity in coastal saline soils.

     

不同年代冬小麦品种产量性状和生理生态指标差异分析

以河北省30多年来不同年代广泛种植、有代表性的冬小麦品种为供试材料,通过分析其产量、产量构成因素及生理生态指标,研究了冬小麦品种更新的变化规律。结果表明:随着品种更替,冬小麦产量水平显著提高;单位面积上粒数的增加对产量提高起主要作用;穗粒数和千粒重在不同年代间没有显著变化,对产量提高所做的贡献并不明显;产量与收获指数呈显著正相关,收获指数的提高主要依赖于株高的降低;20世纪90年代以后,冬小麦地上部分生物学产量没有随株高的降低而减少;品种更新对蜡质含量、SPAD值、叶水势的影响不明显;不同年代冬小麦品种的比叶重和灰分含量差异显著,其中灰分含量与产量存在相关性。     

Uptake,distribution, and binding of cadmium and nickel in different plant species

For better understanding of mechanisms responsible for differences in uptake and distribution of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) in different plant species, nutrient solution experiments were conducted with four plant species [bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), rice (Oryza saliva L.), curly kale (Brassica oleracea L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)]. The plants were grown in a complete nutrient solution with additional 0.125 and 0.50 μM Cd or 0.50 and 1.00 μM Ni. Large differences in Cd and Ni concentrations in shoot dry matter were found between plant species. Maize had the highest Cd concentration in the shoots, and bean the lowest. Contrary to Cd, the Ni concentrations were highest in the shoots of bean and the lowest in maize. A gradient of Cd concentrations occurred in bean and rice plants with the order roots > > stalk base >> shoots (stems/sheaths > leaves). A similar gradient of Ni concentrations was also found in maize and rice plants. In the xylem sap, the Cd and Ni concentrations were positively correlated with Cd and Ni concentrations in the shoot dry matter. In the roots of maize, about 60% of Cd could be extracted with Tris‐HCl buffer (pH 8.0), while in roots of other plant species this proportion was much lower. This higher extractability of Cd in the roots of maize is in accordance with the higher mobility as indicated by the higher translocation of Cd from roots to shoots and also the higher Cd concentrations in the xylem sap in maize than in the other plant species. Similarly, a higher proportion of Ni in the soluble fraction was found in the roots of bean compared with maize which is in agreement with the higher Ni accumulation in the shoots of bean. The results of gel‐filtration of the soluble extracts of the roots indicated that phytochelatins (PCs) were induced in the roots upon Cd but not Ni exposure. The higher Cd concentrations and proportions of Cd bound to PC complexes in the roots of maize compared with the other plant species suggest that PCs may be involved in the Cd trans‐location from roots to shoots.